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Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is an algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value, such as a master key, a password,
Key_derivation_function
Key derivation function
cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used to reduce
PBKDF2
Password-based key derivation function
password-based key derivation functions - where the output is then used for the purpose of password hashing rather than just key derivation. Password hashing
Bcrypt
Password cracking dataset
common defense against this attack is to compute the hashes using a key derivation function that adds a "salt" to each password before hashing it, with different
Rainbow_table
Method to set encryption keys
key from a shared secret, the key derivation function is typically used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The term
Pre-shared_key
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
are not limited to: cryptographic keys, cryptographic hash function, asymmetric (public key) encryption, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), End-to-End
Cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
parallelizable tree hashing, a stream cipher, personalization, and a key derivation function. In October 2010, an attack that combines rotational cryptanalysis
Skein_(hash_function)
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
HKDF is a multi-purpose key derivation function (KDF) based on the HMAC message authentication code. HKDF follows "extract-then-expand" paradigm, where
HKDF
2009 password-based key derivation function
cryptography, scrypt (pronounced "ess crypt") is a password-based key derivation function created by Colin Percival in March 2009, originally for the Tarsnap
Scrypt
Security profile for Real-time Transport Protocol
necessary session keys are generated by applying the key derivation function. Periodic application of the key derivation function prevents an attacker
Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
Secure_Real-time_Transport_Protocol
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
the key derivation system to go unaltered and should choose an appropriate number of hashes for the lifespan of the system). CPU-bound hash functions are
Key_stretching
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
Percival, C.; Josefsson, S. (August 2016). The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function (Report). RFC Editor. doi:10.17487/rfc7914. How powerful was the
Proof_of_work
Cryptographic key management algorithm
based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as a hash function, and is therefore called a
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Cryptographic hash function
a key derivation function NANO, a cryptocurrency, uses BLAKE2b in the proof of work, for hashing digital signatures and as a key derivation function Polkadot
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
a Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF) with an approved Pseudorandom Function such as HMAC with SHA-3 as the hash function of the HMAC. The
Pepper_(cryptography)
Computer communications authentication algorithm
of a message. An HMAC is a type of keyed hash function that can also be used in a key derivation scheme or a key stretching scheme. HMAC can provide
HMAC
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
deterministic algorithm called a key derivation function (KDF) uses a password to generate the secure cryptographic keying material to compensate for the
Key_(cryptography)
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
specific user. Bitcoin mining Cryptographic key length Distributed.net Hail Mary Cloud Key derivation function MD5CRK Metasploit Express Side-channel attack
Brute-force_attack
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
is rated secure against preimage attacks. Special hashes called key derivation functions have been created to slow searches. See Password cracking. For
Preimage_attack
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
and the password (or its version after key stretching) are concatenated and fed to a cryptographic hash function, and the output hash value is then stored
Salt_(cryptography)
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
based on DES. FIPS PUB 198-1 The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) NIST SP800-185 SHA-3 Derived Functions: cSHAKE, KMAC, TupleHash, and ParallelHash
Message_authentication_code
Message authentication code algorithm
15 December 2018 – via GitHub. "Ruby C extension for the AES-CMAC keyed hash function (RFC 4493): louismullie/cmac-rb". 4 May 2016 – via GitHub. RFC 4493
One-key_MAC
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
Diffie–Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel. It is named after
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
set. Because cryptographic hash functions are typically designed to be computed quickly, special key derivation functions that require greater computing
Cryptographic_hash_function
Disk encryption software
featuring resilience to header corruption, and using the Argon2 key derivation function by default, whereas LUKS1 uses PBKDF2. Conversion between both
Linux_Unified_Key_Setup
Simple and widely known encryption technique
communications security. Wikifunctions has a Latin alphabet Caesar cipher function. The transformation can be represented by aligning two alphabets; the cipher
Caesar_cipher
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
vulnerable to another attack based on a hash collision. The vulnerable hashing functions work by taking the input message, and using it to transform an internal
Length_extension_attack
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is an obsolete cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers
MD2_(hash_function)
Block cipher
Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition. Threefish
Threefish
2015 password-based key derivation function
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel
Argon2
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007. The
Galois/Counter_Mode
Block cipher
initialized with a key. It is good practice to have this key hashed with a hash function before use. In one application Blowfish's slow key changing is actually
Blowfish_(cipher)
Cryptography construction
\mathrm {F} } be the round function and let K 0 , K 1 , … , K n {\displaystyle K_{0},K_{1},\ldots ,K_{n}} be the sub-keys for the rounds 0 , 1 , … , n
Feistel_cipher
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
is used to control the number of iterations used by the header key derivation function, thereby making brute-force attacks potentially even more difficult
VeraCrypt
Type of cryptographic attack
other. For example, each encryption key can be generated from the underlying key material using a key derivation function. For example, a replacement for
Related-key_attack
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
carefully chosen to never be used more than once for a given key. This is because CCM is a derivation of counter (CTR) mode and the latter is effectively a stream
CCM_mode
Collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle
the adversary can change the key-distribution depending on the values the hashing function has assigned to the previous keys, the adversary can not force
Pseudorandom_function_family
Password-based key derivation function
is a cryptographic key derivation function used for password hashing on Fedora Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, and Arch Linux. The function is more resistant to
Yescrypt
Number of standards related to cryptography
in 224, 256, 384, and 512-bit variants HMAC keyed hash PBKDF2 Key derivation function (RFC 2898) Digital Signature Standard (DSS), based on the Digital
Cryptography_standards
Substitution cipher
as it lacks any sort of key. If multiple collating orders are available, which one was used in encryption can be used as a key, but this does not provide
Atbash
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
this function are: Not equal (NEQ), modulo 2 addition (without 'carry') and modulo 2 subtraction (without 'borrow'). Vernam's cipher is a symmetric-key algorithm
Lorenz_cipher
Hybrid encryption in cryptography
g^{y}} . Alice then computes a symmetric key k {\displaystyle k} using this information and a key derivation function (KDF) as follows: k = KDF ( g x y ) {\displaystyle
Integrated_Encryption_Scheme
Set of cryptographic hash functions
mobile networks, HMAC-SHA-256 is utilized as a key derivation function (KDF) to generate cryptographic keys essential for securing communications. This process
SHA-2
Block cipher
v[0] and v[1] and 128 bits of key[0] - key[3] */ void encipher(unsigned int num_rounds, uint32_t v[2], uint32_t const key[4]) { unsigned int i; uint32_t
XTEA
Type of cryptographic attack
resistance of the function to birthday attacks (exploiting uneven key distribution). However, determining the balance of a hash function will typically require
Birthday_attack
Cryptographic attack
correlations between key and encryption time. Some versions of Unix use a relatively expensive implementation of the crypt library function for hashing an 8-character
Timing_attack
Cryptographic hash function
identical to the encryption itself, except the AddRoundKey function is replaced by an AddRoundConstant function that adds a predetermined constant in each round
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
Cryptographic key management scheme
a distinct key, but all of the initialization keys of an entire family of devices are derived from a single key, the base derivation key (BDK). To decrypt
Derived unique key per transaction
Derived_unique_key_per_transaction
Type of data structure
use many more child nodes under each node. Usually, a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-2 is used for the hashing. If the hash tree only needs to protect
Merkle_tree
Block cipher
developed by Sony. Its name is derived from the French word clef, meaning "key". The block size is 128-bits, and the key size can be 128-bit, 192-bit or
CLEFIA
Computer password or cryptographic key
to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages. To make unique session and message keys the shared
Shared_secret
Key agreement protocol
protocols based on ECDH derive a symmetric key from x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} using some hash-based key derivation function. The shared secret calculated
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures used to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke
Public_key_infrastructure
German cipher machine during World War II
between the keys and the lights with each keypress. In essence, the rotor's motion means every letter is encrypted with a different cryptographic key, making
Enigma_machine
Simple encryption method
are 26 letters in the basic Latin alphabet and 26 = 2 × 13, the ROT13 function is its own inverse: ROT 13 ( ROT 13 ( x ) ) = x {\displaystyle
ROT13
Aspect of cryptography
a key setup phase, where a symmetric encryption key is formed by employing public-key cryptography; and an application-level data transport function. These
Cryptographic_protocol
Cryptographic algorithm
of the functions for each round can greatly reduce the chances of a successful attack.[citation needed] It is also possible to increase the key length
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Public-key cryptosystem
at random and use that to derive a secret key using a key derivation function H {\displaystyle H} , roughly as follows: Key generation: As above. Encapsulation
Key_encapsulation_mechanism
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
One-way hash function, sometimes also called as one-way compression function—compute a reduced hash value for a message (e.g., SHA-256) Symmetric key cryptography—compute
Cryptographic_primitive
Message-digest hashing algorithm
Wikifunctions has a function related to this topic. The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5
MD5
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
Disk encryption Encrypted function Enigma machine Export of cryptography Geo-blocking Indistinguishability obfuscation Key management List of cryptography
Encryption
Tool to change passwords on Unix-like OSes
user's password. The password entered by the user is run through a key derivation function to create a hashed version of the new password, which is saved
Passwd
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
numbers. Codes typically have direct meaning from input to key. Codes primarily function to save time. Ciphers are algorithmic. The given input must
Cipher
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
integrity even if nonces are repeated. To accomplish this, encryption is a function of a nonce, the plaintext message, and optional additional associated data
AES-GCM-SIV
Cryptography algorithm
It derives a hash of the additional authenticated data and plaintext using the POLYVAL Galois hash function. The hash is then encrypted an AES-key, and
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Encrypted information
symmetric-key system, Bob knows Alice's encryption key. Once the message is encrypted, Alice can safely transmit it to Bob (assuming no one else knows the key)
Ciphertext
Publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions
possible with high-end graphics processors. Special hashes called key derivation functions have been created to slow brute force searches. These include pbkdf2
Hash function security summary
Hash_function_security_summary
Type of symmetric key cipher
A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher
Stream_cipher
Type of cipher used in World War I
repeating sections of ciphertext to derive information about the likely length of the key that was being used. Where the key was an even number of letters in
ADFGVX_cipher
Cryptographic hash extension
Skein and RadioGatún. XOFs are used as key derivation functions (KDFs), stream ciphers, and mask generation functions. By their nature, XOFs can produce related
Extendable-output_function
Cryptographic hash function
The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1990. The digest length is 128 bits. The algorithm has
MD4
Method of encryption
using a key, scrambling the order of characters like the shuffled pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The resulting message is hard to decipher without the key because
Transposition_cipher
Hash function phenomenon
case is derived from a hash function which takes a data input and returns a fixed length of bits. Hash is typically used as a many-to-one function, with
Hash_collision
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
inputs is that differential possible. Suppose we have a non-linear function where the key is XOR'ed before evaluation and the values that allow the differential
Differential_cryptanalysis
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext
S-box
Israeli computer scientist, cryptographer
faster than a brute-force attack. In 2015 he developed the Argon2 key derivation function with Daniel Dinu and Dmitry Khovratovich. Since 1994 Alex Biryukov
Alex_Biryukov
Puzzle
puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters. A printed code key form (the alphabet with a blank under each letter to fill in the substituted
Cryptogram
checksum. Hash function security summary Secure Hash Algorithms NIST hash function competition Key derivation functions (category) "Hash functions". www.azillionmonkeys
List_of_hash_functions
Property of some cryptosystems
a key generation function, E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} be an encryption function, and D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} be a decryption function. Let
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Type of substitution cipher
exchanges letters for symbols which are fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the grid. The Pigpen cipher
Pigpen_cipher
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated fashion, sometimes by
Autokey_cipher
Digital signature scheme
Typically a Schnorr group is used. All users agree on a cryptographic hash function H : { 0 , 1 } ∗ → Z / q Z {\displaystyle H:\{0,1\}^{*}\rightarrow \mathbb
Schnorr_signature
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
shared-secret-key created from exponentiation of some number, modulo a prime number. However, they left open the problem of realizing a one-way function, possibly
RSA_cryptosystem
Short sequence of bytes used to authenticate or look up a longer public key
cryptographic hash function to a public key. Since fingerprints are shorter than the keys they refer to, they can be used to simplify certain key management tasks
Public_key_fingerprint
Block cipher
basic round function and operate on a 64-bit block. One of the earliest designs is now termed FEAL-4, which has four rounds and a 64-bit key. Problems were
FEAL
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
In public key infrastructure (PKI) systems, a certificate signing request (CSR or certification request) is a message sent from an applicant to a certificate
Certificate_signing_request
Theory of cryptography
In cryptography, a sponge function or sponge construction is any of a class of algorithms with finite internal state that take an input bit stream of any
Sponge_function
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
(CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example: key generation initialization vectors nonces salts in certain signature schemes
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Cryptographic hash function
JH is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Hongjun Wu. Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition
JH_(hash_function)
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
tag size). In the ChaCha20-Poly1305 construction, ChaCha20 is used to derive a key stream that is XORed with the plaintext. The ciphertext and the associated
ChaCha20-Poly1305
encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt the underlying data. Derived key - keys computed by applying a predetermined hash algorithm or key derivation function to
Glossary of cryptographic keys
Glossary_of_cryptographic_keys
Memory-hard key derivation function
Balloon hashing is a key derivation function presenting proven memory-hard password-hashing and modern design. It was created by Dan Boneh, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs
Balloon_hashing
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
KeyExpansion – round keys are derived from the cipher key using the AES key schedule. AES requires a separate 128-bit round key block for each round,
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
as digital authenticator, is used as an integrity check based on a secret key shared by two parties to authenticate information transmitted between them
Message_authentication
Early block substitution cipher
very little security. The Playfair cipher uses a 5 × 5 table containing a key word or phrase. Memorization of the keyword and 4 simple rules was all that
Playfair_cipher
Hiding messages in other messages
lack a formal shared secret are forms of security through obscurity, while key-dependent steganographic schemes try to adhere to Kerckhoffs's principle
Steganography
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
An oblivious pseudorandom function (OPRF) is a cryptographic function, similar to a keyed-hash function, but with the distinction that in an OPRF two
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
Hash functions
pseudorandom function and can also be used as a secure message authentication code (MAC). SipHash, however, is not a general purpose key-less hash function such
SipHash
Stream ciphers
core function maps a 256-bit key, a 64-bit nonce, and a 64-bit counter to a 512-bit block of the key stream (a Salsa version with a 128-bit key also exists)
Salsa20
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
Lattice Based Hash Function (LASH). Selected schemes for the purpose of key exchange, also called key establishment, key encapsulation and key encapsulation
Lattice-based_cryptography
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