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Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally,
Cryptography
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a
Public-key_cryptography
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical
History_of_cryptography
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem
Quantum_cryptography
Approach to public-key cryptography
Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
cryptosystem) such as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt
RSA_cryptosystem
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic
Key_(cryptography)
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend
Salt_(cryptography)
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can
Encryption
and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines
Outline_of_cryptography
Financial cryptography is the use of cryptography in applications in which financial loss could result from subversion of the message system. Financial
Financial_cryptography
Laws relating to encryption
Cryptography is the practice and study of encrypting information, or in other words, securing information from unauthorized access. There are many different
Cryptography_law
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
The resistance to such search is quantified as security strength: a cryptographic hash with n {\displaystyle n} bits of hash value is expected to have
Cryptographic_hash_function
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel and was one of the first protocols as conceived
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Topics referred to by the same term
Classical cryptography may refer to: Classical ciphers, a type of cipher that was used historically but is easy to break with modern computers Cryptography that
Classical_cryptography
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very
Strong_cryptography
Algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of
Symmetric-key_algorithm
British designation for intelligence from decrypted enemy communications
chief engineer Harold Keen. After the war, interrogation of German cryptographic personnel led to the conclusion that German cryptanalysts understood
Ultra_(cryptography)
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In
Cryptanalysis
Placeholder characters
fictional characters commonly used as placeholders in discussions about cryptographic systems and protocols, and in other science and engineering literature
Alice_and_Bob
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by
Data_Encryption_Standard
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
Lattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself
Lattice-based_cryptography
International standard
The Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) is the IETF's standard for cryptographically protected messages. It can be used by cryptographic schemes and protocols
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Cryptographic technique
Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted
Visual_cryptography
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer
Cryptographic_primitive
import of cryptography tools. Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons: Imported cryptography may have
Restrictions on the import of cryptography
Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
In cryptographic protocol design, cryptographic agility or crypto-agility is the ability to switch between multiple cryptographic primitives. A cryptographically
Cryptographic_agility
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was announced
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
known to the recipient. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions
Digital_signature
Articles related to cryptography include: A5/1 • A5/2 • ABA digital signature guidelines • ABC (stream cipher) • Abraham Sinkov • Acoustic cryptanalysis
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Single-use value in secure communications
In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number
Cryptographic_nonce
Aspect of cryptography
A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences
Cryptographic_protocol
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating
Message_authentication_code
Books on cryptography have been published sporadically and with variable quality for a long time. This is despite the paradox that secrecy is of the essence
Bibliography_of_cryptography
Institution of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Cryptography Administration (SCA) is a national bureau of the State Council of China that is responsible for cryptography. It is under the Chinese
State Cryptography Administration
State_Cryptography_Administration
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines
Key_size
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
In cryptography, padding is any of a number of distinct practices which all include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior to
Padding_(cryptography)
American cryptographer (born 1944)
of public-key cryptography along with Martin Hellman and Ralph Merkle. Diffie and Hellman's 1976 paper New Directions in Cryptography introduced a radically
Whitfield_Diffie
In cryptography, an accumulator is a one way membership hash function. It allows users to certify that potential candidates are a member of a certain set
Accumulator_(cryptography)
Transfer of cryptography technology from one country to another
The export of cryptography is the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related to cryptography. In the early days of the Cold
Export_of_cryptography
Computing without having input or output
In cryptography, blinding first became known in the context of blind signatures, where the message author blinds the message with a random blinding factor
Blinding_(cryptography)
Topics referred to by the same term
commonly refers to: Cryptography, the practice and study of hiding information Cryptocurrency, a type of digital currency based on cryptography Crypto or krypto
Crypto
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network, such as the Internet.
Transport_Layer_Security
American cryptologist and academic (born 1945)
cryptologist and mathematician, best known for his invention of public-key cryptography in cooperation with Whitfield Diffie and Ralph Merkle. Hellman is a longtime
Martin_Hellman
List of academic journals related to cryptography
List of cryptography journals includes notable peer-reviewed academic journals that focus on cryptography, cryptanalysis, information security, and related
List_of_cryptography_journals
Relativistic quantum cryptography is a sub-field of quantum cryptography, in which in addition to exploiting the principles of quantum physics, the no-superluminal
Relativistic quantum cryptography
Relativistic_quantum_cryptography
Transfer from the United States to another country of technology related to cryptography
The export of cryptography from the United States to other countries has experienced various levels of restrictions over time. World War II illustrated
Export of cryptography from the United States
Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States
World Wide Web Consortium cryptography standard
The Web Cryptography API is the World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) recommendation for a low-level interface that would increase the security of web applications
Web_Cryptography_API
Type of data structure
In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data
Merkle_tree
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Repeated basic operation in a cryptosystem
In cryptography, a round or round function is a basic transformation that is repeated (iterated) multiple times inside the algorithm. Splitting a large
Round_(cryptography)
American computer scientist (born 1963)
"kid sister cryptography", writing in the Preface to Applied Cryptography that: There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will
Bruce_Schneier
Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography
A cypherpunk is one who advocates the widespread use of strong cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies as a means of effecting social and political
Cypherpunk
Scientific organization for research in cryptology
cryptography, and one symposium: Crypto (flagship) Eurocrypt (flagship) Asiacrypt (flagship) Fast Software Encryption (FSE) Public Key Cryptography (PKC)
International Association for Cryptologic Research
International_Association_for_Cryptologic_Research
Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography. 600-500 – Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as
Timeline_of_cryptography
SM9 is a Chinese national cryptography standard for Identity Based Cryptography issued by the Chinese State Cryptographic Authority in March 2016. It
SM9_(cryptography_standard)
Allied cryptanalysis project during World War II
began sending technical assistance to upgrade their communications and cryptography capabilities. One part was to send them modified Enigma machines to secure
Magic_(cryptography)
San Francisco based cryptography company
Cryptography Research, Inc. was a San Francisco based cryptography company specializing in applied cryptographic engineering, including technologies for
Cryptography_Research
Surveillance strategy
the improvement in decryption technology need not be due to a quantum-cryptographic advance; any other form of attack capable of enabling decryption would
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Computer communications authentication algorithm
In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific
HMAC
Book by Simon Singh
The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography is a book by Simon Singh, published in 1999 by Fourth Estate and Doubleday
The_Code_Book
American mathematician (1916–2001)
cryptography, with his work described as "a turning point, and marked the closure of classical cryptography and the beginning of modern cryptography"
Claude_Shannon
In cryptography, the white-box model refers to an extreme attack scenario, in which an adversary has full unrestricted access to a cryptographic implementation
White-box_cryptography
Fraudulent cryptography claim
In cryptography, snake oil is any cryptographic method or product considered to be bogus or fraudulent. The name derives from snake oil, one type of patent
Snake_oil_(cryptography)
Israeli cryptographer (born 1952)
differential cryptanalysis and has made numerous contributions to the fields of cryptography and computer science. In 2002, Ron Rivest, Len Adleman, and he won the
Adi_Shamir
Application programming interface
Windows platform specific Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (also known variously as CryptoAPI, Microsoft Cryptography API, MS-CAPI or simply
Microsoft_CryptoAPI
Field of asymmetric cryptographic primitives
Multivariate cryptography is the generic term for asymmetric cryptographic primitives based on multivariate polynomials over a finite field F {\displaystyle
Multivariate_cryptography
Military code use and breaking during the Second World War
Cryptography was used extensively during World War II because of the importance of radio communication and the ease of radio interception. The nations
World_War_II_cryptography
Number of standards related to cryptography
There are a number of standards related to cryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications
Cryptography_standards
Cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute
Timing_attack
Cryptographic component of a computer system
A cryptographic module is a component of a computer system that securely implements cryptographic algorithms, typically with some element of tamper resistance
Cryptographic_module
Cryptography software library
NaCl (Networking and Cryptography Library, pronounced "salt") is a public domain, high-speed software library for cryptography. NaCl was created by the
NaCl_(software)
Classified U.S. cryptographic algorithms
NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released". "Suite A will be used for the protection
NSA_Suite_A_Cryptography
Cryptography practises of the USA's National Security Agency
in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product
NSA_cryptography
Server on which public keys are stored for others to use
a key server is a computer that receives and then serves existing cryptographic keys to users or other programs. The users' programs can be running
Key_server_(cryptographic)
Branch of cryptography
Neural cryptography is a branch of cryptography dedicated to analyzing the application of stochastic algorithms, especially artificial neural network algorithms
Neural_cryptography
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a
Cipher
1939–1945 global conflict
problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German
World_War_II
Cryptography primitive
Panama is a cryptographic primitive which can be used both as a hash function and a stream cipher, but its hash function mode of operation has been broken
Panama_(cryptography)
Cryptographic application programming interface
Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used for implementing cryptography in computer programs. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming
Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)
Pseudonym of the creator of Bitcoin
but many have speculated that he is actually a British software and cryptography expert who worked on bitcoin in the United Kingdom. If Nakamoto is an
Satoshi_Nakamoto
Class of cipher
In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet
Grille_(cryptography)
Mapping arbitrary data to fixed-size values
terms of data integrity. Hash tables may use non-cryptographic hash functions, while cryptographic hash functions are used in cybersecurity to secure
Hash_function
Newsgroup relevant to the discussion of cryptography and related issues
discussions about cryptography and related issues. sci.crypt — an unmoderated forum for discussions on technical aspects of cryptography. sci.crypt.research
Cryptography_newsgroups
In cryptography, an adversary's advantage is a measure of how successfully it can attack a cryptographic algorithm, by distinguishing it from an idealized
Advantage_(cryptography)
Non-commutative cryptography is the area of cryptology where the cryptographic primitives, methods and systems are based on algebraic structures like semigroups
Non-commutative_cryptography
Cryptography using tropical algebra
tropical cryptography refers to the study of a class of cryptographic protocols built upon tropical algebras. In many cases, tropical cryptographic schemes
Tropical_cryptography
Model of computation
In cryptography the standard model is the model of computation in which the adversary is only limited by the amount of time and computational power available
Standard_model_(cryptography)
Simple and widely known encryption technique
of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext
Caesar_cipher
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input)
Substitution_cipher
The tables below compare cryptography libraries that deal with cryptography algorithms and have application programming interface (API) function calls
Comparison of cryptography libraries
Comparison_of_cryptography_libraries
Hiding messages in other messages
Steganographia, a treatise on cryptography and steganography, disguised as a book on magic. The advantage of steganography over cryptography alone is that the intended
Steganography
prime order group that is suitable for public key cryptography, including elliptic curve cryptography. Let g a {\displaystyle g^{a}} be Alice's long-term
YAK_(cryptography)
Measure of cryptographic strength
In cryptography, security level is a measure of the strength that a cryptographic primitive — such as a cipher or hash function — achieves. Security level
Security_level
In cryptography, a padded uniform random blob or PURB is a discipline for encrypted data formats designed to minimize unintended information leakage either
PURB_(cryptography)
Torus-based cryptography involves using algebraic tori to construct a group for use in ciphers based on the discrete logarithm problem. This idea was first
Torus-based_cryptography
Technique in cryptography
Pairing-based cryptography is the use of a pairing between elements of two cryptographic groups to a third group with a mapping e : G 1 × G 2 → G T {\displaystyle
Pairing-based_cryptography
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a digital asset that uses cryptography to control its creation and management rather than relying on central authorities.
History_of_bitcoin
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
Male
Italian
Italian name of Germanic origin, ALDOBRANDINO means "little old sword."
Male
English
English surname transferred to unisex forename use, derived from the French baronial name Courtenay, from the byname court nez, COURTNEY means "short nose."Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Kartikeyan | காரà¯à®¤à®¿à®•à¯‡à®¯à®¨
Lord Murugan
Boy/Male
Indian, Marathi
All God
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Gaelic, German, Hindu, Indian, Irish
Lively; Cheerful; Happy; Foreigner; Stranger
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
British, English
Elf Power
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Indian
Temple of Female Lord on Height
Girl/Female
Indian
Scholar, A narrator of Hadith
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
CRYPTOGRAPHY
n.
The act or art of writing in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher.
n.
The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.
a.
Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.
a.
Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical.