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Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally,
Cryptography
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a
Public-key_cryptography
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend
Salt_(cryptography)
Approach to public-key cryptography
Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle
Cryptographic_hash_function
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode. This process converts
Encryption
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic
Key_(cryptography)
and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines
Outline_of_cryptography
Financial cryptography is the use of cryptography in applications in which financial loss could result from subversion of the message system. Financial
Financial_cryptography
Aspect of cryptography
A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences
Cryptographic_protocol
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very
Strong_cryptography
Cryptographic technique
Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted
Visual_cryptography
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
cryptosystem) such as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt
RSA_cryptosystem
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical
History_of_cryptography
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating
Message_authentication_code
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel. It is named after Whitfield Diffie and Martin
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Concept in cryptography
Hash-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives based on the security of hash functions. It is of interest as
Hash-based_cryptography
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In
Cryptanalysis
Classified U.S. cryptographic algorithms
NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released". "Suite A will be used for the protection
NSA_Suite_A_Cryptography
Single-use value in secure communications
In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number
Cryptographic_nonce
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer
Cryptographic_primitive
Laws relating to encryption
Cryptography is the practice and study of encrypting information, or in other words, securing information from unauthorized access. There are many different
Cryptography_law
Cryptographic algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Books on cryptography have been published sporadically and with variable quality for a long time. This is despite the paradox that secrecy is of the essence
Bibliography_of_cryptography
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
Lattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself
Lattice-based_cryptography
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
came from a known sender. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions
Digital_signature
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
authenticate information transmitted between them. It is based on using a cryptographic hash or symmetric encryption algorithm. The authentication key is only
Message_authentication
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
In cryptographic protocol design, cryptographic agility or crypto-agility is the ability to switch between multiple cryptographic primitives. A cryptographically
Cryptographic_agility
Institution of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Cryptography Administration (SCA) is a national bureau of the State Council of China that is responsible for cryptography. It is under the Chinese
State Cryptography Administration
State_Cryptography_Administration
International standard
The Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) is the IETF's standard for cryptographically protected messages. It can be used by cryptographic schemes and protocols
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Topics referred to by the same term
Classical cryptography may refer to: Classical ciphers, a type of cipher that was used historically but is easy to break with modern computers Cryptography that
Classical_cryptography
Type of data structure
In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data
Merkle_tree
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
work (also written as proof-of-work, and abbreviated PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers)
Proof_of_work
Cryptographic component of a computer system
A cryptographic module is a component of a computer system that securely implements cryptographic algorithms, typically with some element of tamper resistance
Cryptographic_module
Placeholder characters
fictional characters commonly used as placeholders in discussions about cryptographic systems and protocols, and in other science and engineering literature
Alice_and_Bob
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by
Data_Encryption_Standard
In cryptography, an accumulator is a one way membership hash function. It allows users to certify that potential candidates are a member of a certain set
Accumulator_(cryptography)
Class of cipher
In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet
Grille_(cryptography)
American cryptographer (born 1944)
of public-key cryptography along with Martin Hellman and Ralph Merkle. Diffie and Hellman's 1976 paper New Directions in Cryptography introduced a radically
Whitfield_Diffie
Transfer of cryptography technology from one country to another
The export of cryptography is the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related to cryptography. In the early days of the Cold
Export_of_cryptography
Software inventory list
Cryptographic bill of materials (CBOM—also cryptography bill of materials) is a structured inventory of all cryptographic assets present in a software
Cryptographic bill of materials
Cryptographic_bill_of_materials
Repeated basic operation in a cryptosystem
In cryptography, a round or round function is a basic transformation that is repeated (iterated) multiple times inside the algorithm. Splitting a large
Round_(cryptography)
Cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute
Timing_attack
World Wide Web Consortium cryptography standard
The Web Cryptography API is the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) recommendation for a low-level interface that would increase the security of web applications
Web_Cryptography_API
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
In cryptography, padding is any of a number of distinct practices, all of which include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior
Padding_(cryptography)
Computer communications authentication algorithm
In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as hash-based message authentication code or keyed-hash message authentication code) is a specific type of
HMAC
British designation for intelligence from decrypted enemy communications
chief engineer Harold Keen. After the war, interrogation of German cryptographic personnel led to the conclusion that German cryptanalysts understood
Ultra_(cryptography)
Scientific organization for research in cryptology
cryptography, and one symposium: Crypto (flagship) Eurocrypt (flagship) Asiacrypt (flagship) Fast Software Encryption (FSE) Public Key Cryptography (PKC)
International Association for Cryptologic Research
International_Association_for_Cryptologic_Research
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Articles related to cryptography include: A5/1 • A5/2 • ABA digital signature guidelines • ABC (stream cipher) • Abraham Sinkov • Acoustic cryptanalysis
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Cryptography using tropical algebra
tropical cryptography refers to the study of a class of cryptographic protocols built upon tropical algebras. In many cases, tropical cryptographic schemes
Tropical_cryptography
San Francisco based cryptography company
Cryptography Research, Inc. was a San Francisco based cryptography company specializing in applied cryptographic engineering, including technologies for
Cryptography_Research
American computer scientist (born 1963)
"kid sister cryptography", writing in the Preface to Applied Cryptography that: There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will
Bruce_Schneier
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was announced
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Cryptography primitive
Panama is a cryptographic primitive which can be used both as a hash function and a stream cipher, but its hash function mode of operation has been broken
Panama_(cryptography)
Book by Simon Singh
The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography is a book by Simon Singh, published in 1999 by Fourth Estate and Doubleday
The_Code_Book
Number of standards related to cryptography
There are a number of standards related to cryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications
Cryptography_standards
Surveillance strategy
the improvement in decryption technology need not be due to a quantum-cryptographic advance; any other form of attack capable of enabling decryption would
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Server on which public keys are stored for others to use
a key server is a computer that receives and then serves existing cryptographic keys to users or other programs. The users' programs can be running
Key_server_(cryptographic)
Elliptic curve used in Internet cryptography
In cryptography, Curve25519 is an elliptic curve used in elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) offering 128 bits of security (256-bit key size) and designed
Curve25519
American cryptologist and academic (born 1945)
cryptologist and mathematician, best known for his invention of public-key cryptography in cooperation with Whitfield Diffie and Ralph Merkle. Hellman is a longtime
Martin_Hellman
Newsgroup relevant to the discussion of cryptography and related issues
discussions about cryptography and related issues. sci.crypt — an unmoderated forum for discussions on technical aspects of cryptography. sci.crypt.research
Cryptography_newsgroups
Cryptographic application programming interface
Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used for implementing cryptography in computer programs. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming
Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)
Application programming interface
Windows platform specific Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (also known variously as CryptoAPI, Microsoft Cryptography API, MS-CAPI or simply
Microsoft_CryptoAPI
import of cryptography tools. Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons: Imported cryptography may have
Restrictions on the import of cryptography
Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography
German cipher machine during World War II
letter is encrypted with a different cryptographic key, making it highly resistant to conventional cryptographic attacks based on patterns the keys leave
Enigma_machine
American mathematician, cryptologist and computer scientist (born 1971)
Berkeley (1995), where he studied under Hendrik Lenstra. The export of cryptography from the United States was controlled as a munition starting from the
Daniel_J._Bernstein
Chinese block cipher
商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China. It is used in the Chinese National Standard for Wireless LAN
SM4_(cipher)
Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography. 600-500 – Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as
Timeline_of_cryptography
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Cryptography, the practice and study of techniques for secure communication CRYPTO, an annual cryptography conference Crypto++, a cryptographic algorithm
Crypto
Application of group theory to cryptography
Group-based cryptography is a use of groups to construct cryptographic primitives. A group is a very general algebraic object and most cryptographic schemes
Group-based_cryptography
Cryptography practises of the USA's National Security Agency
in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product
NSA_cryptography
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
a type of cryptographic electronic money called ecash. Later, in 1995, he implemented it through Digicash, an early form of cryptographic electronic
Cryptocurrency
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007
Galois/Counter_Mode
In cryptography, the white-box model refers to an extreme attack scenario, in which an adversary has full unrestricted access to a cryptographic implementation
White-box_cryptography
Framework for encryption and keys
The Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) is an officially released Standard Extension to the Java Platform and part of Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)
Java_Cryptography_Extension
Cryptography concept
A cryptographic anchor refers to binding digital objects together using cryptographic techniques, such as cryptographic hashing or digital signatures
Cryptographic_anchor
of cryptographic software, including software, libraries, protocols, algorithms, services, and operating-system components used for cryptography, encryption
List of cryptographic software
List_of_cryptographic_software
Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography
A cypherpunk is one who advocates the widespread use of strong cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies as a means of effecting social and political
Cypherpunk
In computing, the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is a framework for working with cryptography using the Java programming language. It forms part
Java Cryptography Architecture
Java_Cryptography_Architecture
Military code use and breaking during the Second World War
Cryptography was used extensively during World War II because of the importance of radio communication and the ease of radio interception. The nations
World_War_II_cryptography
Field of asymmetric cryptographic primitives
Multivariate cryptography is the generic term for asymmetric cryptographic primitives based on multivariate polynomials over a finite field F {\displaystyle
Multivariate_cryptography
Branch of cryptography
Neural cryptography is a branch of cryptography dedicated to analyzing the application of stochastic algorithms, especially artificial neural network algorithms
Neural_cryptography
Pseudonym of the creator of Bitcoin
but many have speculated that he is actually a British software and cryptography expert who worked on bitcoin in the United Kingdom. If Nakamoto is an
Satoshi_Nakamoto
Event in cryptography
In cryptography, a key ceremony is a ceremony held to generate or use a cryptographic key. A public example is the signing of the DNS root zone for DNSSEC
Key_ceremony
Set of cryptographic hash functions
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published
SHA-2
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from
Pepper_(cryptography)
American mathematician (1916–2001)
cryptography, with his work described as "a turning point, and marked the closure of classical cryptography and the beginning of modern cryptography"
Claude_Shannon
Message authentication code algorithm
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "PMAC" cryptography – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn
PMAC_(cryptography)
Computing without having input or output
In cryptography, blinding first became known in the context of blind signatures, where the message author blinds the message with a random blinding factor
Blinding_(cryptography)
Fraudulent cryptography claim
In cryptography, snake oil is any cryptographic method or product considered to be bogus or fraudulent. The name derives from snake oil, one type of patent
Snake_oil_(cryptography)
Group of public-key cryptography standards
Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) are a group of public-key cryptography intervendor standards first developed by RSA Security, with involvement
PKCS
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines
Key_size
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
Homomorphic encryption can be viewed as an extension of public-key cryptography, because ciphertexts can be manipulated algebraically to produce an encrypted
Homomorphic_encryption
IEEE standardization project for public-key cryptography
standardization project for public-key cryptography. It includes specifications for: Traditional public-key cryptography (IEEE Std 1363-2000 and 1363a-2004)
IEEE_P1363
SM9 is a Chinese national cryptography standard for Identity Based Cryptography issued by the Chinese State Cryptographic Authority in March 2016. It
SM9_(cryptography_standard)
Key derivation function
In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used
PBKDF2
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