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Encrypted information
cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known
Ciphertext
Cryptography algorithm
be random. The initialization vector is used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encryption does not itself prevent interference but
Encryption
Cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, ciphertext stealing (CTS) is a general method of using a block cipher mode of operation that allows for processing of messages that are
Ciphertext_stealing
Length increase of a message when it is encrypted
In cryptography, the term ciphertext expansion refers to the length increase of a message when it is encrypted. Many modern cryptosystems cause some degree
Ciphertext_expansion
Property of some cryptosystems
Ciphertext indistinguishability is a property of many encryption schemes. Intuitively, if a cryptosystem possesses the property of indistinguishability
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Attack model for cryptanalysis
A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst can gather information by obtaining the decryptions of chosen
Chosen-ciphertext_attack
Encryption technique
corresponding bit or character from the pad using modular addition. The resulting ciphertext is impossible to decrypt or break if the following four conditions are
One-time_pad
Cryptographic attack
chosen-ciphertext attack (abbreviated as CCA2) is an interactive form of chosen-ciphertext attack in which an attacker first sends a number of ciphertexts to
Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
first converting it into an unreadable form ("ciphertext") using an encryption algorithm. The ciphertext is sent through an insecure channel to the recipient
Cryptanalysis
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined
Substitution_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
"cipher" line. Plaintext: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG Ciphertext: QEB NRFZH YOLTK CLU GRJMP LSBO QEB IXWV ALD Deciphering is done in reverse
Caesar_cipher
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
having a decoding device. A message-to-be-transferred is enciphered to ciphertext at the encoding terminal by encoding the message as a number M in a predetermined
RSA_cryptosystem
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
to produce ciphertext C {\displaystyle C} and an authentication tag T {\displaystyle T} . T {\displaystyle T} is computed from the ciphertext and the unencrypted
Galois/Counter_Mode
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
usually contain more repeated ciphertext segments. The following ciphertext has two segments that are repeated: Ciphertext: VHVSSPQUCEMRVBVBBBVHVSURQGI
Vigenère_cipher
Some famous ciphertexts (or cryptograms), in chronological order by date, are: Undeciphered writing systems (cleartext, natural-language writing of unknown
List_of_ciphertexts
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Frequency
Frequency_analysis
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message
Cipher
Encryption method
authenticity protection. Output: ciphertext and authentication tag (message authentication code or MAC). Decryption Input: ciphertext, key, authentication tag
Authenticated_encryption
Encryption algorithm
print("Key:", key) cipherText = xor_strings(message.encode("utf8"), key) print("cipherText:", cipherText) print("decrypted:", xor_strings(cipherText, key).decode("utf8"))
XOR_cipher
Type of symmetric key cipher
with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state
Stream_cipher
Method of encryption
characters or groups of characters) according to a regular system to produce a ciphertext which is a permutation of the plaintext. They differ from substitution
Transposition_cipher
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
the first efficient scheme proven to be secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack using standard cryptographic assumptions. Its security is based
Cramer–Shoup_cryptosystem
Algorithm
cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Encrypted sculpture by American artist Jim Sanborn
the sculpture in 1988 was US$250,000 (worth ~US$660,000 in 2024). The ciphertext on the left-hand side (as seen from the courtyard) of the main sculpture
Kryptos
now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing
History_of_cryptography
German cipher machine during World War II
If plaintext is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor mechanism
Enigma_machine
Attack model for cryptanalysis with presumed access to ciphertexts for chosen plaintexts
model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The goal of the attack is to gain information
Chosen-plaintext_attack
Cryptography method
feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic, polynomial-time algorithm (PPTA) that is given the ciphertext of a certain message m
Semantic_security
Cryptography attack
uses the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be
Padding_oracle_attack
Hiding messages in other messages
of random data (an unbreakable cipher like the one-time pad generates ciphertexts that look perfectly random without the private key). Examples of this
Steganography
Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists
message (M1) into a ciphertext (C). She also uses key 2 (K2) to encrypt a second, secret message (M2) within the same ciphertext for Bob. If Alice is
Deniable_encryption
Method in cryptography
encryption (FPE), refers to encrypting in such a way that the output (the ciphertext) is in the same format as the input (the plaintext). The meaning of "format"
Format-preserving_encryption
Properties of the operation of a secure cipher
the relationship between the ciphertext and the key. This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key
Confusion_and_diffusion
Public-key cryptosystem
simultaneously generate a short random secret key and an encapsulation or ciphertext of the secret key by the KEM's encapsulation algorithm. The receiver who
Key_encapsulation_mechanism
Type of cipher
Ciphertext-only: the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts or codetexts. Known-plaintext: the attacker has a set of ciphertexts
Block_cipher
Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)
stretch of ciphertext, say, WSNPNLKLSTCS. The letters of the crib and the ciphertext were compared to establish pairings between the ciphertext and the crib
Bombe
Type of transposition cipher
rail is reached, and so on until the whole plaintext is written out. The ciphertext is then read off in rows. For example, to encrypt the message 'WE ARE
Rail_fence_cipher
Input to a cryptographic primitive
into a ciphertext block of 128 bits in size. The key, which is given as one input to the cipher, defines the mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. If
Initialization_vector
Cryptographic cipher
monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers, and symbols based on a keyword
Aristocrat_Cipher
American cryptographer (1890–1960)
by character with the plaintext message to produce the ciphertext. To decipher the ciphertext, the same key would be again combined character by character
Gilbert_Vernam
Attack model for cryptanalysis with access to both plaintext and ciphertext
access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal secret keys and code books. The term "crib"
Known-plaintext_attack
Fundamental tool in cryptography
This, in essence, creates 26 different Caesar ciphers. The resulting ciphertext appears as a random string or block of data. Due to the variable shifting
Tabula_recta
Property of some cryptographic algorithms
is said to be malleable if it is possible to transform a ciphertext into another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext. That is, given an encryption
Malleability_(cryptography)
Public-key cryptosystem
c_{2}:=m\cdot s} . Bob sends the ciphertext ( c 1 , c 2 ) {\displaystyle (c_{1},c_{2})} to Alice. Note that if one knows both the ciphertext ( c 1 , c 2 ) {\displaystyle
ElGamal_encryption
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read by reversing the process (decryption). The sender
Cryptography
Set of three ciphertexts
The Beale ciphers are a set of three ciphertexts, one of which allegedly states the location of a buried treasure of gold, silver and jewels estimated
Beale_ciphers
Attack model in cryptanalysis
In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access
Ciphertext-only_attack
Classification of cryptographic attack
attack when attempting to "break" an encrypted message (also known as ciphertext) generated by the system. The greater the access the cryptanalyst has
Attack_model
Early British cryptanalysis computer
stream of key characters using the XOR Boolean function to produce the ciphertext.[citation needed] In August 1941, a blunder by German operators led to
Colossus_computer
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
plaintext to produce the ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: plaintext ⊕ key = ciphertext and: ciphertext ⊕ key = plaintext
Lorenz_cipher
Symmetric encryption cipher
and lower-left squares are the "ciphertext squares" and contain a mixed alphabetic sequence. To generate the ciphertext squares, one would first fill in
Four-square_cipher
Cipher design construction
substitution boxes (S-boxes) and permutation boxes (P-boxes) to produce the ciphertext block. The S-boxes and P-boxes transform (sub-)blocks of input bits into
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Encryption system
the pairs turned back into letters using the square: In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic
Bifid_cipher
Concept in cryptography
using Alice's public key. Sends both of these ciphertexts to Alice. To decrypt this hybrid ciphertext, Alice does the following: Uses her private key
Hybrid_cryptosystem
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN. Plaintext: attackatdawn Key: QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN Ciphertext: QNXEPVYTWTWP The ciphertext message would thus be "QNXEPVYTWTWP". To decrypt the message
Autokey_cipher
Historical article manuscript
rather a homophonic cipher: each ciphertext character stands for a particular plaintext character, but several ciphertext characters may encode the same
Copiale_cipher
Mechanical cipher machine
handle on the right side of the machine; at the end of the cycle, the ciphertext letter is printed onto a paper tape, the key wheels each advance one letter
M-209
Type of substitution cipher
plaintext letter corresponds to into another integer that correspond to a ciphertext letter. The encryption function for a single letter is E ( x ) = ( a x
Affine_cipher
Concept in cryptography
combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext). The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual
Keystream
Type of cipher used in World War I
transposition. The cipher is named after the six possible letters used in the ciphertext: A, D, F, G, V and X. The letters were chosen deliberately because they
ADFGVX_cipher
Length of ciphertext needed to unambiguously break a cipher
In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to
Unicity_distance
is, they don't tell you whether an adversary has been modifying your ciphertext. In part, this is because an absolute assurance of disk integrity is impossible:
Disk_encryption_theory
A cryptosystem is a set of cryptographic algorithms that map ciphertexts and plaintexts to each other. Private-key cryptosystems use the same key for
List_of_cryptosystems
Block cypher operating mode
(tweakable) mode of operation of a block cipher. In tweaked-codebook mode with ciphertext stealing (XTS mode), it is one of the more popular modes of operation
Xor–encrypt–xor
Stream cipher
more serious weaknesses were identified which can be exploited in the ciphertext-only scenario, or by an active attacker. In 2006 Elad Barkan, Eli Biham
A5/1
manually operated cipher equipment that converted the plaintext into ciphertext or vice versa. A similar term, cipher machine, was used to describe the
Cipher_device
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
convert the input, called the plaintext, into the final output, called the ciphertext. The number of rounds are as follows: 10 rounds for 128-bit keys; 12 rounds
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Public-key encryption scheme
can be generated by any of four possible inputs; if each output is a ciphertext, extra complexity is required on decryption to identify which of the four
Rabin_cryptosystem
Surveillance strategy
later” encompasses various surveillance or espionage operations in which ciphertext or encrypted communications are collected today with the view that they
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Method in cryptanalysis
cryptanalyst lines up the ciphertext in n columns, where n is the length of the keyword. Then each column can be treated as the ciphertext of a monoalphabetic
Kasiski_examination
Aspect of WWII Allied intelligence gathering
the ciphertext, and combining the same key with the ciphertext regenerates the plaintext. Symbolically: Plaintext ⊕ Key = Ciphertext and Ciphertext ⊕ Key
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher
Generalisation of public-key encryption
encrypted data using authorisation policies. The secret key of a user and the ciphertext are dependent upon attributes (e.g. their email address, the country in
Attribute-based_encryption
Disused cipher that was used historically
broken even if the attacker only knows sufficient ciphertext and hence they are susceptible to a ciphertext-only attack. Some classical ciphers (e.g., the
Classical_cipher
Form of cryptanalysis
cryptanalysis. The first is to construct linear equations relating plaintext, ciphertext and key bits that have a high bias; that is, whose probabilities of holding
Linear_cryptanalysis
Process of non-randomly producing the same ciphertext for a given same plaintext and key
probabilistic encryption scheme) is a cryptosystem which always produces the same ciphertext for a given plaintext and key, even over separate executions of the encryption
Deterministic_encryption
Cipher system attributed to Thomas Jefferson
another row as the ciphertext. To decrypt the message, the decrypter rotates the disks on his cylinder to produce the ciphertext along a row. Decryption
Jefferson_disk
Unbroken cipher
in 1939. Offered as a "challenge cipher" at the end of the book, the ciphertext is: 75628 28591 62916 48164 91748 58464 74748 28483 81638 18174 74826
D'Agapeyeff_cipher
Stream cipher
K[0], K[1], ... which are XORed with the plaintext to obtain the ciphertext. So ciphertext[l] = plaintext[l] ⊕ K[l]. Several operating systems include arc4random
RC4
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
lattice-based methods, e.g. in regard to runtime as well as the size of the ciphertexts and the key material. Variants with different security levels have been
ML-KEM
Stream cipher
ciphertext blocks. WAKE uses an S-box with 256 entries of 32-bit words. The cipher is fast, but vulnerable to chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext attacks
WAKE_(cipher)
Encryption technique
considerably more difficult, and it generally requires a much larger ciphertext in order to be useful. Félix Delastelle described the cipher in his 1901
Two-square_cipher
Concept in cryptography
encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts either the message "Attack" or the message "Retreat", a semantically
Entropic_security
Type of substitution cipher
shown in the example below, the message "X marks the spot" is rendered in ciphertext as The core elements of this system are the grid and dots. Some systems
Pigpen_cipher
Methods used to protect cloud-based assets
form of public-key encryption in which the user's secret key and the ciphertext depend on attributes (e.g., the country the user lives in, or their subscription
Cloud_computing_security
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
key exchange. The key is what is used to encrypt data from plaintext to ciphertext. There are different methods for utilizing keys and encryption. Symmetric
Key_(cryptography)
Manual codebreaking method
the plaintext, ciphertext and cryptographic key is then: c i p h e r t e x t = p l a i n t e x t ⊕ k e y {\displaystyle \mathrm {ciphertext} =\mathrm {plaintext}
Turingery
Block cipher
The resultant ciphertext replaces P1 and P2. The same ciphertext is then encrypted again with the new subkeys, and the new ciphertext replaces P3 and
Blowfish_(cipher)
Disk encryption software for Microsoft Windows
chaining (CBC) or "xor–encrypt–xor (XEX)-based tweaked codebook mode with ciphertext stealing" (XTS) mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over
BitLocker
scheme to re-encrypt a ciphertext but the ciphertext would only be well-formed for decryption if a condition applied onto the ciphertext together with the
Identity-based conditional proxy re-encryption
Identity-based_conditional_proxy_re-encryption
Polyalphabetic encryption system
directly left from the key letter to the left edge of the tableau, the ciphertext encryption of plaintext P with key K will be there. For example if encrypting
Beaufort_cipher
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
{\begin{pmatrix}15\\14\\7\end{pmatrix}}{\pmod {26}}} which corresponds to a ciphertext of 'POH'. Now, suppose that our message is instead 'CAT', or: ( 2 0 19
Hill_cipher
Algorithm for public key cryptography
) Compute ciphertext as: c = g m ⋅ r n mod n 2 {\displaystyle c=g^{m}\cdot r^{n}{\bmod {n}}^{2}} Let c {\displaystyle c} be the ciphertext to decrypt
Paillier_cryptosystem
Type of code
text and insert the one immediately below it in the same column for the ciphertext. If the letter is in the bottom row, take the one from the top of the
Polybius_square
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
characters on 1,000-character ciphertexts, 42–58% on 100-character ciphertexts, and 17–26% on 10-character ciphertexts, and running much faster than Viterbi
Running_key_cipher
Variant of the meet-in-the-middle method of cryptanalysis
intermediate value at the end of the MITM attack to the ciphertext at the end. Which ciphertext the intermediate state gets mapped to at the end, of course
Biclique_attack
Class of cryptographic attacks
speed of decryption, see CRT-RSA. Encryption of a message M produces the ciphertext C ≡ M e ( mod N ) {\displaystyle C\equiv M^{e}{\pmod {N}}} , which can
Coppersmith's_attack
Computer security practice
software then writes the ciphertext version of the data to the cloud service provider's physical data store and decrypts ciphertext data upon retrieval requests
Bring_your_own_encryption
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
it is limited because each ciphertext is noisy in some sense, and this noise grows as one adds and multiplies ciphertexts, until ultimately the noise
Homomorphic_encryption
Unsolved problem in cryptography
problem is to efficiently compute P given an RSA public key (N, e) and a ciphertext C ≡ P e (mod N). The structure of the RSA public key requires that N be
RSA_problem
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Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Friendly with the King of Gods
Boy/Male
Tamil
Karthikesan | கரà¯à®¤à¯€à®•à¯‡à®¸à®¨
Good looking individuals
Girl/Female
Muslim
Powerful
Girl/Female
Tamil
Charitable
Boy/Male
Arabic
Name of Prophet Mohammed
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fortunate, Auspicious, Lion
Male
Greek
(Ανδώνιος) Greek form of Latin Antonius, possibly ANDONIOS means "invaluable."Â
Male
English
English patronymic surname transferred to forename use, WILSON means "son of Will."Â
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Happiness; Golden; Pleasure
Girl/Female
Indian
Pledge
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