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  • Ciphertext
  • Encrypted information

    cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known

    Ciphertext

    Ciphertext

    Ciphertext

  • Block cipher mode of operation
  • Cryptography algorithm

    be random. The initialization vector is used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times

    Block cipher mode of operation

    Block cipher mode of operation

    Block_cipher_mode_of_operation

  • Encryption
  • Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext

    the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encryption does not itself prevent interference but

    Encryption

    Encryption

    Encryption

  • Ciphertext expansion
  • Length increase of a message when it is encrypted

    In cryptography, the term ciphertext expansion refers to the length increase of a message when it is encrypted. Many modern cryptosystems cause some degree

    Ciphertext expansion

    Ciphertext_expansion

  • Ciphertext stealing
  • Cryptographic algorithm

    In cryptography, ciphertext stealing (CTS) is a general method of using a block cipher mode of operation that allows for processing of messages that are

    Ciphertext stealing

    Ciphertext_stealing

  • Ciphertext indistinguishability
  • Property of some cryptosystems

    Ciphertext indistinguishability is a property of many encryption schemes. Intuitively, if a cryptosystem possesses the property of indistinguishability

    Ciphertext indistinguishability

    Ciphertext_indistinguishability

  • Chosen-ciphertext attack
  • Attack model for cryptanalysis

    A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst can gather information by obtaining the decryptions of chosen

    Chosen-ciphertext attack

    Chosen-ciphertext_attack

  • One-time pad
  • Encryption technique

    corresponding bit or character from the pad using modular addition. The resulting ciphertext is impossible to decrypt or break if the following four conditions are

    One-time pad

    One-time pad

    One-time_pad

  • Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
  • Cryptographic attack

    chosen-ciphertext attack (abbreviated as CCA2) is an interactive form of chosen-ciphertext attack in which an attacker first sends a number of ciphertexts to

    Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack

    Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack

  • Cryptanalysis
  • Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects

    first converting it into an unreadable form ("ciphertext") using an encryption algorithm. The ciphertext is sent through an insecure channel to the recipient

    Cryptanalysis

    Cryptanalysis

    Cryptanalysis

  • Caesar cipher
  • Simple and widely known encryption technique

    "cipher" line. Plaintext: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG Ciphertext: QEB NRFZH YOLTK CLU GRJMP LSBO QEB IXWV ALD Deciphering is done in reverse

    Caesar cipher

    Caesar cipher

    Caesar_cipher

  • RSA cryptosystem
  • Algorithm for public-key cryptography

    having a decoding device. A message-to-be-transferred is enciphered to ciphertext at the encoding terminal by encoding the message as a number M in a predetermined

    RSA cryptosystem

    RSA_cryptosystem

  • Galois/Counter Mode
  • Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers

    to produce ciphertext C {\displaystyle C} and an authentication tag T {\displaystyle T} . T {\displaystyle T} is computed from the ciphertext and the unencrypted

    Galois/Counter Mode

    Galois/Counter_Mode

  • Substitution cipher
  • System to replace plaintext with ciphertext

    cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined

    Substitution cipher

    Substitution_cipher

  • Vigenère cipher
  • Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system

    usually contain more repeated ciphertext segments. The following ciphertext has two segments that are repeated: Ciphertext: VHVSSPQUCEMRVBVBBBVHVSURQGI

    Vigenère cipher

    Vigenère cipher

    Vigenère_cipher

  • List of ciphertexts
  • Some famous ciphertexts (or cryptograms), in chronological order by date, are: Undeciphered writing systems (cleartext, natural-language writing of unknown

    List of ciphertexts

    List_of_ciphertexts

  • Cipher
  • Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information

    information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message

    Cipher

    Cipher

    Cipher

  • Frequency analysis
  • Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext

    letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Frequency

    Frequency analysis

    Frequency analysis

    Frequency_analysis

  • Authenticated encryption
  • Encryption method

    authenticity protection. Output: ciphertext and authentication tag (message authentication code or MAC). Decryption Input: ciphertext, key, authentication tag

    Authenticated encryption

    Authenticated_encryption

  • Transposition cipher
  • Method of encryption

    characters or groups of characters) according to a regular system to produce a ciphertext which is a permutation of the plaintext. They differ from substitution

    Transposition cipher

    Transposition cipher

    Transposition_cipher

  • XOR cipher
  • Encryption algorithm

    print("Key:", key) cipherText = xor_strings(message.encode("utf8"), key) print("cipherText:", cipherText) print("decrypted:", xor_strings(cipherText, key).decode("utf8"))

    XOR cipher

    XOR_cipher

  • Stream cipher
  • Type of symmetric key cipher

    with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state

    Stream cipher

    Stream cipher

    Stream_cipher

  • Symmetric-key algorithm
  • Algorithm

    cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to

    Symmetric-key algorithm

    Symmetric-key algorithm

    Symmetric-key_algorithm

  • Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem
  • Asymmetric key encryption algorithm

    the first efficient scheme proven to be secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack using standard cryptographic assumptions. Its security is based

    Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem

    Cramer–Shoup_cryptosystem

  • Kryptos
  • Encrypted sculpture by American artist Jim Sanborn

    the sculpture in 1988 was US$250,000 (worth ~US$660,000 in 2024). The ciphertext on the left-hand side (as seen from the courtyard) of the main sculpture

    Kryptos

    Kryptos

    Kryptos

  • History of cryptography
  • now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing

    History of cryptography

    History_of_cryptography

  • Confusion and diffusion
  • Properties of the operation of a secure cipher

    the relationship between the ciphertext and the key. This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key

    Confusion and diffusion

    Confusion_and_diffusion

  • Enigma machine
  • German cipher machine during World War II

    If plaintext is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor mechanism

    Enigma machine

    Enigma machine

    Enigma_machine

  • Ciphertext-only attack
  • Attack model in cryptanalysis

    In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access

    Ciphertext-only attack

    Ciphertext-only_attack

  • Chosen-plaintext attack
  • Attack model for cryptanalysis with presumed access to ciphertexts for chosen plaintexts

    model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The goal of the attack is to gain information

    Chosen-plaintext attack

    Chosen-plaintext_attack

  • Semantic security
  • Cryptography method

    feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic, polynomial-time algorithm (PPTA) that is given the ciphertext of a certain message m

    Semantic security

    Semantic_security

  • Steganography
  • Hiding messages in other messages

    of random data (an unbreakable cipher like the one-time pad generates ciphertexts that look perfectly random without the private key). Examples of this

    Steganography

    Steganography

  • Padding oracle attack
  • Cryptography attack

    uses the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be

    Padding oracle attack

    Padding_oracle_attack

  • Format-preserving encryption
  • Method in cryptography

    encryption (FPE), refers to encrypting in such a way that the output (the ciphertext) is in the same format as the input (the plaintext). The meaning of "format"

    Format-preserving encryption

    Format-preserving_encryption

  • Key encapsulation mechanism
  • Public-key cryptosystem

    simultaneously generate a short random secret key and an encapsulation or ciphertext of the secret key by the KEM's encapsulation algorithm. The receiver who

    Key encapsulation mechanism

    Key encapsulation mechanism

    Key_encapsulation_mechanism

  • Block cipher
  • Type of cipher

    Ciphertext-only: the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts or codetexts. Known-plaintext: the attacker has a set of ciphertexts

    Block cipher

    Block_cipher

  • Initialization vector
  • Input to a cryptographic primitive

    into a ciphertext block of 128 bits in size. The key, which is given as one input to the cipher, defines the mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. If

    Initialization vector

    Initialization_vector

  • Gilbert Vernam
  • American cryptographer (1890–1960)

    by character with the plaintext message to produce the ciphertext. To decipher the ciphertext, the same key would be again combined character by character

    Gilbert Vernam

    Gilbert_Vernam

  • Cryptography
  • Practice and study of secure communication techniques

    converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read by reversing the process (decryption). The sender

    Cryptography

    Cryptography

    Cryptography

  • Deniable encryption
  • Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists

    message (M1) into a ciphertext (C). She also uses key 2 (K2) to encrypt a second, secret message (M2) within the same ciphertext for Bob. If Alice is

    Deniable encryption

    Deniable_encryption

  • Rail fence cipher
  • Type of transposition cipher

    rail is reached, and so on until the whole plaintext is written out. The ciphertext is then read off in rows. For example, to encrypt the message 'WE ARE

    Rail fence cipher

    Rail fence cipher

    Rail_fence_cipher

  • Tabula recta
  • Fundamental tool in cryptography

    This, in essence, creates 26 different Caesar ciphers. The resulting ciphertext appears as a random string or block of data. Due to the variable shifting

    Tabula recta

    Tabula recta

    Tabula_recta

  • Known-plaintext attack
  • Attack model for cryptanalysis with access to both plaintext and ciphertext

    access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal secret keys and code books. The term "crib"

    Known-plaintext attack

    Known-plaintext_attack

  • Bombe
  • Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)

    stretch of ciphertext, say, WSNPNLKLSTCS. The letters of the crib and the ciphertext were compared to establish pairings between the ciphertext and the crib

    Bombe

    Bombe

    Bombe

  • Malleability (cryptography)
  • Property of some cryptographic algorithms

    is said to be malleable if it is possible to transform a ciphertext into another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext. That is, given an encryption

    Malleability (cryptography)

    Malleability_(cryptography)

  • Aristocrat Cipher
  • Cryptographic cipher

    monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers, and symbols based on a keyword

    Aristocrat Cipher

    Aristocrat_Cipher

  • Four-square cipher
  • Symmetric encryption cipher

    and lower-left squares are the "ciphertext squares" and contain a mixed alphabetic sequence. To generate the ciphertext squares, one would first fill in

    Four-square cipher

    Four-square_cipher

  • ElGamal encryption
  • Public-key cryptosystem

    c_{2}:=m\cdot s} . Bob sends the ciphertext ( c 1 , c 2 ) {\displaystyle (c_{1},c_{2})} to Alice. Note that if one knows both the ciphertext ( c 1 , c 2 ) {\displaystyle

    ElGamal encryption

    ElGamal_encryption

  • Beale ciphers
  • Set of three ciphertexts

    The Beale ciphers are a set of three ciphertexts, one of which allegedly states the location of a buried treasure of gold, silver and jewels estimated

    Beale ciphers

    Beale ciphers

    Beale_ciphers

  • Autokey cipher
  • Classic polyalphabet encryption system

    QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN. Plaintext: attackatdawn Key: QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN Ciphertext: QNXEPVYTWTWP The ciphertext message would thus be "QNXEPVYTWTWP". To decrypt the message

    Autokey cipher

    Autokey cipher

    Autokey_cipher

  • Lorenz cipher
  • Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II

    plaintext to produce the ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: plaintext ⊕ key = ciphertext and: ciphertext ⊕ key = plaintext

    Lorenz cipher

    Lorenz cipher

    Lorenz_cipher

  • Hybrid cryptosystem
  • Concept in cryptography

    using Alice's public key. Sends both of these ciphertexts to Alice. To decrypt this hybrid ciphertext, Alice does the following: Uses her private key

    Hybrid cryptosystem

    Hybrid_cryptosystem

  • Colossus computer
  • Early British cryptanalysis computer

    stream of key characters using the XOR Boolean function to produce the ciphertext.[citation needed] In August 1941, a blunder by German operators led to

    Colossus computer

    Colossus computer

    Colossus_computer

  • M-209
  • Mechanical cipher machine

    handle on the right side of the machine; at the end of the cycle, the ciphertext letter is printed onto a paper tape, the key wheels each advance one letter

    M-209

    M-209

    M-209

  • Unicity distance
  • Length of ciphertext needed to unambiguously break a cipher

    In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to

    Unicity distance

    Unicity_distance

  • Bifid cipher
  • Encryption system

    the pairs turned back into letters using the square: In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic

    Bifid cipher

    Bifid_cipher

  • ADFGVX cipher
  • Type of cipher used in World War I

    transposition. The cipher is named after the six possible letters used in the ciphertext: A, D, F, G, V and X. The letters were chosen deliberately because they

    ADFGVX cipher

    ADFGVX_cipher

  • Copiale cipher
  • Historical article manuscript

    rather a homophonic cipher: each ciphertext character stands for a particular plaintext character, but several ciphertext characters may encode the same

    Copiale cipher

    Copiale cipher

    Copiale_cipher

  • Affine cipher
  • Type of substitution cipher

    plaintext letter corresponds to into another integer that correspond to a ciphertext letter. The encryption function for a single letter is E ( x ) = ( a x

    Affine cipher

    Affine_cipher

  • Attack model
  • Classification of cryptographic attack

    attack when attempting to "break" an encrypted message (also known as ciphertext) generated by the system. The greater the access the cryptanalyst has

    Attack model

    Attack_model

  • Disk encryption theory
  • is, they don't tell you whether an adversary has been modifying your ciphertext. In part, this is because an absolute assurance of disk integrity is impossible:

    Disk encryption theory

    Disk_encryption_theory

  • Keystream
  • Concept in cryptography

    combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext). The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual

    Keystream

    Keystream

  • List of cryptosystems
  • A cryptosystem is a set of cryptographic algorithms that map ciphertexts and plaintexts to each other. Private-key cryptosystems use the same key for

    List of cryptosystems

    List_of_cryptosystems

  • Substitution–permutation network
  • Cipher design construction

    substitution boxes (S-boxes) and permutation boxes (P-boxes) to produce the ciphertext block. The S-boxes and P-boxes transform (sub-)blocks of input bits into

    Substitution–permutation network

    Substitution–permutation network

    Substitution–permutation_network

  • Xor–encrypt–xor
  • Block cypher operating mode

    (tweakable) mode of operation of a block cipher. In tweaked-codebook mode with ciphertext stealing (XTS mode), it is one of the more popular modes of operation

    Xor–encrypt–xor

    Xor–encrypt–xor

    Xor–encrypt–xor

  • A5/1
  • Stream cipher

    more serious weaknesses were identified which can be exploited in the ciphertext-only scenario, or by an active attacker. In 2006 Elad Barkan, Eli Biham

    A5/1

    A5/1

  • Cipher device
  • manually operated cipher equipment that converted the plaintext into ciphertext or vice versa. A similar term, cipher machine, was used to describe the

    Cipher device

    Cipher device

    Cipher_device

  • Deterministic encryption
  • Process of non-randomly producing the same ciphertext for a given same plaintext and key

    probabilistic encryption scheme) is a cryptosystem which always produces the same ciphertext for a given plaintext and key, even over separate executions of the encryption

    Deterministic encryption

    Deterministic_encryption

  • Coppersmith's attack
  • Class of cryptographic attacks

    speed of decryption, see CRT-RSA. Encryption of a message M produces the ciphertext C ≡ M e ( mod N ) {\displaystyle C\equiv M^{e}{\pmod {N}}} , which can

    Coppersmith's attack

    Coppersmith's_attack

  • Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
  • Aspect of WWII Allied intelligence gathering

    the ciphertext, and combining the same key with the ciphertext regenerates the plaintext. Symbolically: Plaintext ⊕ Key = Ciphertext and Ciphertext ⊕ Key

    Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher

    Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher

  • Advanced Encryption Standard
  • Standard for the encryption of electronic data

    convert the input, called the plaintext, into the final output, called the ciphertext. The number of rounds are as follows: 10 rounds for 128-bit keys; 12 rounds

    Advanced Encryption Standard

    Advanced Encryption Standard

    Advanced_Encryption_Standard

  • Kasiski examination
  • Method in cryptanalysis

    cryptanalyst lines up the ciphertext in n columns, where n is the length of the keyword. Then each column can be treated as the ciphertext of a monoalphabetic

    Kasiski examination

    Kasiski_examination

  • Harvest now, decrypt later
  • Surveillance strategy

    later” encompasses various surveillance or espionage operations in which ciphertext or encrypted communications are collected today with the view that they

    Harvest now, decrypt later

    Harvest_now,_decrypt_later

  • Attribute-based encryption
  • Generalisation of public-key encryption

    encrypted data using authorisation policies. The secret key of a user and the ciphertext are dependent upon attributes (e.g. their email address, the country in

    Attribute-based encryption

    Attribute-based_encryption

  • Linear cryptanalysis
  • Form of cryptanalysis

    cryptanalysis. The first is to construct linear equations relating plaintext, ciphertext and key bits that have a high bias; that is, whose probabilities of holding

    Linear cryptanalysis

    Linear_cryptanalysis

  • D'Agapeyeff cipher
  • Unbroken cipher

    in 1939. Offered as a "challenge cipher" at the end of the book, the ciphertext is: 75628 28591 62916 48164 91748 58464 74748 28483 81638 18174 74826

    D'Agapeyeff cipher

    D'Agapeyeff_cipher

  • WAKE (cipher)
  • Stream cipher

    ciphertext blocks. WAKE uses an S-box with 256 entries of 32-bit words. The cipher is fast, but vulnerable to chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext attacks

    WAKE (cipher)

    WAKE_(cipher)

  • Classical cipher
  • Disused cipher that was used historically

    broken even if the attacker only knows sufficient ciphertext and hence they are susceptible to a ciphertext-only attack. Some classical ciphers (e.g., the

    Classical cipher

    Classical_cipher

  • Rabin cryptosystem
  • Public-key encryption scheme

    can be generated by any of four possible inputs; if each output is a ciphertext, extra complexity is required on decryption to identify which of the four

    Rabin cryptosystem

    Rabin_cryptosystem

  • RC4
  • Stream cipher

    K[0], K[1], ... which are XORed with the plaintext to obtain the ciphertext. So ciphertext[l] = plaintext[l] ⊕ K[l]. Several operating systems include arc4random

    RC4

    RC4

  • Turingery
  • Manual codebreaking method

    the plaintext, ciphertext and cryptographic key is then: c i p h e r t e x t = p l a i n t e x t ⊕ k e y {\displaystyle \mathrm {ciphertext} =\mathrm {plaintext}

    Turingery

    Turingery

  • Jefferson disk
  • Cipher system attributed to Thomas Jefferson

    another row as the ciphertext. To decrypt the message, the decrypter rotates the disks on his cylinder to produce the ciphertext along a row. Decryption

    Jefferson disk

    Jefferson disk

    Jefferson_disk

  • BitLocker
  • Disk encryption software for Microsoft Windows

    chaining (CBC) or "xor–encrypt–xor (XEX)-based tweaked codebook mode with ciphertext stealing" (XTS) mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over

    BitLocker

    BitLocker

  • Cloud computing security
  • Methods used to protect cloud-based assets

    form of public-key encryption in which the user's secret key and the ciphertext depend on attributes (e.g., the country the user lives in, or their subscription

    Cloud computing security

    Cloud_computing_security

  • Pigpen cipher
  • Type of substitution cipher

    shown in the example below, the message "X marks the spot" is rendered in ciphertext as The core elements of this system are the grid and dots. Some systems

    Pigpen cipher

    Pigpen cipher

    Pigpen_cipher

  • Two-square cipher
  • Encryption technique

    considerably more difficult, and it generally requires a much larger ciphertext in order to be useful. Félix Delastelle described the cipher in his 1901

    Two-square cipher

    Two-square_cipher

  • Key (cryptography)
  • Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext

    key exchange. The key is what is used to encrypt data from plaintext to ciphertext. There are different methods for utilizing keys and encryption. Symmetric

    Key (cryptography)

    Key_(cryptography)

  • ML-KEM
  • Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism

    lattice-based methods, e.g. in regard to runtime as well as the size of the ciphertexts and the key material. Variants with different security levels have been

    ML-KEM

    ML-KEM

  • Entropic security
  • Concept in cryptography

    encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts either the message "Attack" or the message "Retreat", a semantically

    Entropic security

    Entropic_security

  • Hill cipher
  • Substitution cipher based on linear algebra

    {\begin{pmatrix}15\\14\\7\end{pmatrix}}{\pmod {26}}} which corresponds to a ciphertext of 'POH'. Now, suppose that our message is instead 'CAT', or: ( 2 0 19

    Hill cipher

    Hill cipher

    Hill_cipher

  • Homomorphic encryption
  • Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts

    it is limited because each ciphertext is noisy in some sense, and this noise grows as one adds and multiplies ciphertexts, until ultimately the noise

    Homomorphic encryption

    Homomorphic_encryption

  • Beaufort cipher
  • Polyalphabetic encryption system

    directly left from the key letter to the left edge of the tableau, the ciphertext encryption of plaintext P with key K will be there. For example if encrypting

    Beaufort cipher

    Beaufort_cipher

  • Paillier cryptosystem
  • Algorithm for public key cryptography

    ) Compute ciphertext as: c = g m ⋅ r n mod n 2 {\displaystyle c=g^{m}\cdot r^{n}{\bmod {n}}^{2}} Let c {\displaystyle c} be the ciphertext to decrypt

    Paillier cryptosystem

    Paillier_cryptosystem

  • Public-key cryptography
  • Cryptographic system with public and private keys

    encrypt a message, yielding a ciphertext, but only those who know the corresponding private key can decrypt the ciphertext to obtain the original message

    Public-key cryptography

    Public-key cryptography

    Public-key_cryptography

  • Codebook
  • Book for ciphers

    code words. In two-part codes, one part is for converting plaintext to ciphertext, the other for the opposite purpose. They are usually organized similarly

    Codebook

    Codebook

    Codebook

  • AN/PRC-163
  • US military dual-channel handheld radio

    ASK/FSK ciphertext, Wideband 2400 bit/s MELPe, LPC/2400-MELP – SATCOM Integrated Waveform (IW) Data: Narrowband analog/PCM AM/FM, CVSD ASK/FSK ciphertext, Wideband

    AN/PRC-163

    AN/PRC-163

    AN/PRC-163

  • Blowfish (cipher)
  • Block cipher

    The resultant ciphertext replaces P1 and P2. The same ciphertext is then encrypted again with the new subkeys, and the new ciphertext replaces P3 and

    Blowfish (cipher)

    Blowfish_(cipher)

  • Alberti cipher
  • Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system

    alphabet for plaintext and the inner ring has a lowercase mixed alphabet for ciphertext. The outer ring also includes the numbers 1 to 4 for the superencipherment

    Alberti cipher

    Alberti cipher

    Alberti_cipher

  • Running key cipher
  • Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher

    characters on 1,000-character ciphertexts, 42–58% on 100-character ciphertexts, and 17–26% on 10-character ciphertexts, and running much faster than Viterbi

    Running key cipher

    Running_key_cipher

  • Triple DES
  • Block cipher

    The encryption algorithm is: ciphertext = E K 3 ( D K 2 ( E K 1 ( plaintext ) ) ) . {\displaystyle {\textrm {ciphertext}}=E_{K3}(D_{K2}(E_{K1}({\textrm

    Triple DES

    Triple DES

    Triple_DES

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Online names & meanings

  • Jagdishwar
  • Boy/Male

    Indian, Punjabi, Sikh

    Jagdishwar

    Lord Provider of the World

  • ARRON
  • Male

    English

    ARRON

    Variant spelling of English Aaron, ARRON means "light-bringer."

  • Naimah |
  • Girl/Female

    Muslim

    Naimah |

    Comfort, Amenity, Tranquility, Peace, Living a soft, Enjoyable life

  • Farooq
  • Boy/Male

    Indian

    Farooq

    One who distinguishes truth from falsehood

  • Shivendra
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu

    Shivendra

    Lord Shiva and Lord Indra

  • Udyaan
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu, Indian

    Udyaan

    Garden

  • DANIY
  • Male

    Hebrew

    DANIY

    (דָּנִי) Hebrew name DANIY means "judge." In the bible, this is the name of Jacob's fifth son (of 12). Dan is the Anglicized form.

  • Ambara
  • Girl/Female

    Arabic, Muslim

    Ambara

    Perfume; Ambergris; Feminine of Ambar

  • Neeharika
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu, Indian

    Neeharika

    Collection of Stars

  • Dayalu
  • Boy/Male

    Hindu

    Dayalu

    Compassionate

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