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Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
should resist attacks on its preimage (set of possible inputs). In the context of attack, there are two types of preimage resistance: preimage resistance:
Preimage_attack
Cryptographic attack
collision attack on a cryptographic hash tries to find two inputs producing the same hash value, i.e. a hash collision. This is in contrast to a preimage attack
Collision_attack
Type of data structure
root does not indicate the tree depth, enabling a second-preimage attack in which an attacker creates a document other than the original that has the same
Merkle_tree
Publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions
Collision attack Preimage attack Length extension attack Cipher security summary Tao Xie; Fanbao Liu; Dengguo Feng (25 March 2013). "Fast Collision Attack on
Hash function security summary
Hash_function_security_summary
Message-digest hashing algorithm
computing cluster. In April 2009, an attack against MD5 was published that breaks MD5's preimage resistance. This attack is only theoretical, with a computational
MD5
Type of cryptographic attack
hash output, and with 2 l − 1 {\textstyle 2^{l-1}} being the classical preimage resistance security with the same probability. There is a general (though
Birthday_attack
Set of cryptographic hash functions
patent under a royalty-free license. As of 2011 the best public attacks break preimage resistance for 52 out of 64 rounds of SHA-256 or 57 out of 80 rounds
SHA-2
Set of cryptographic hash functions
output should have d/2-bit resistance to collision attacks and d-bit resistance to preimage attacks, the maximum achievable for d bits of output. Keccak's
SHA-3
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
In cryptography, a brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or
Brute-force_attack
Password cracking dataset
the hands of attackers, they can use a precomputed rainbow table to recover the plaintext passwords. A common defense against this attack is to compute
Rainbow_table
Cryptographic hash function
generate collisions in less than two MD4 hash operations. A theoretical preimage attack also exists. A variant of MD4 is used in the ed2k URI scheme to provide
MD4
Cryptographic hash function
collision, preventing an attacker from surreptitiously overwriting files. The known attacks (as of 2020) also do not break second preimage resistance. For a
SHA-1
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
extend the attack to the full MD2. The described collisions was published in 1997. In 2004, MD2 was shown to be vulnerable to a preimage attack with time
MD2_(hash_function)
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
defend against attacks that use precomputed tables (e.g. rainbow tables), by vastly growing the size of table needed for a successful attack. It also helps
Salt_(cryptography)
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
{\displaystyle 2^{n}} (a practical example can be found in § Attacks on hashed passwords); a second preimage resistance strength, with the same expectations, refers
Cryptographic_hash_function
Computer communications authentication algorithm
allow an attacker to devise a forgery attack on HMAC. Furthermore, differential and rectangle distinguishers can lead to second-preimage attacks. HMAC with
HMAC
Concept in cryptography
the hash function being exposed to attacks including collision attacks, length extension attacks, and preimage attacks. Constructing a cipher or hash to
Avalanche_effect
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
MAC key, stronger guarantees are needed, akin to collision resistance or preimage security in hash functions. For MACs, these concepts are known as commitment
Message_authentication_code
Competition to develop SHA-3
Newbold. "Observations and Attacks On The SHA-3 Candidate Blender" (PDF). Retrieved December 23, 2008. Florian Mendel. "Preimage Attack on Blender" (PDF). Retrieved
NIST hash function competition
NIST_hash_function_competition
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
In computer security, a side-channel attack is a type of security exploit that uses information inadvertently leaked by a system—such as timing, power
Side-channel_attack
Cryptographic primitive
a proper compression function. A second preimage attack (given a message m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} an attacker finds another message m 2 {\displaystyle
One-way_compression_function
Russian cryptographic hash function
Ma, et al, describe a preimage attack that takes 2496 time and 264 memory or 2504 time and 211 memory to find a single preimage of GOST-512 reduced to
Streebog
Method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions
this construction also has several undesirable properties: Second preimage attacks against long messages are always much more efficient than brute force
Merkle–Damgård_construction
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
(collision resistance) and to compute an input that hashes to a given output (preimage resistance). MD4 is a long-used hash function that is now broken; MD5,
Cryptography
Key derivation function
sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerability to brute-force attacks. PBKDF2 is part of RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards
PBKDF2
2015 password-based key derivation function
time–memory trade-off (TMTO) attacks, but introduces possible side-channel attacks. Argon2i is optimized to resist side-channel attacks. It accesses the memory
Argon2
Cryptography algorithm
was encrypted with the same key before (this is known as the TLS CBC IV attack). For some keys, an all-zero initialization vector may generate some block
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Encryption method
Encrypt-then-MAC approach) implies security against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, provided that both functions meet minimum required properties. Katz and
Authenticated_encryption
Cryptographic attack
Correlation attacks are a class of cryptographic known-plaintext attacks for breaking stream ciphers whose keystreams are generated by combining the output
Correlation_attack
Open competition to select password hash functions
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
Password_Hashing_Competition
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
attack is a type of attack where an attacker can use Hash(message1) and the length of message1 to calculate Hash(message1 ‖ message2) for an attacker-controlled
Length_extension_attack
Authenticated encryption mode
number of platforms. Käsper and Schwabe described a "Faster and Timing-Attack Resistant AES-GCM" that achieves 10.68 cycles per byte of AES-GCM authenticated
Galois/Counter_Mode
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
Moni Naor and Cynthia Dwork in 1993 as a way to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work
Proof_of_work
Method of negotiating credentials between web server and browser
of cryptographic hashing with usage of nonce values to prevent replay attacks. It uses the HTTP protocol. DIGEST-MD5 as a SASL mechanism specified by
Digest_access_authentication
Password-based key derivation function
in 1999. Besides incorporating a salt to protect against rainbow table attacks, bcrypt is an adaptive function: over time, the iteration count can be
Bcrypt
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
reuse or other attack) along with a user's salt can lead to an attack to discover the pepper, rendering it ineffective. If an attacker knows a plaintext
Pepper_(cryptography)
Password-based key derivation function
Arch Linux. The function is more resistant to offline password-cracking attacks than SHA-512. It is based on scrypt. It was designed by Alexander Peslyak
Yescrypt
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
to timing attacks. To be noted, when the SSH protocol uses ChaCha20-Poly1305 as underlying primitive, it is vulnerable to the Terrapin attack. Authenticated
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Ukrainian cryptographic hash function
Kupyna-256 reduced to 5 rounds with time complexity 2120, as well as pseudo-preimage attack on 6-round Kupyna-256 with time and memory complexities 2250 and on
Kupyna
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
uniform random value (pseudorandom). Computational extractors assume attackers are computationally bounded and source entropy may only exist in a computational
HKDF
Tables comparing general and technical information for common hashes
a 304-bit hash when looking at preimage attacks, but the security of a 608-bit hash when looking at collision attacks. The 64-bit version, likewise, has
Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
Comparison_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Cryptographic hash function
(45-bit) pseudo-collision attack on the Shabal compression function with time complexity 284 was presented. A preimage attack with 2497 time and 2400 memory
Shabal
2009 password-based key derivation function
specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale custom hardware attacks by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was
Scrypt
Hash functions
Bernstein in 2012, in response to a spate of "hash flooding" denial-of-service attacks (HashDoS) in late 2011. SipHash is designed as a secure pseudorandom function
SipHash
Cryptographic hash function
elliptic curve size in an effort to stop the Halcrow-Ferguson second preimage attack with a prediction of improved or similar performance. Daniel R. L.
Elliptic_curve_only_hash
Cryptographic hash function
time-memory trade-off attack that applies to multiplicative and additive hashes. This fact can be used to construct a preimage attack against VSH of ℓ bits
Very_smooth_hash
Message authentication code algorithm
in general, in this particular case the mistake leads to a spectacular attack: Suppose Alice has sent to Bob the cipher text blocks C = C 1 ‖ C 2 ‖ …
CBC-MAC
Family of cryptographic hash functions
bench.cr.yp.to. Tao, Xie; Liu, Fanbao; Feng, Dengguo (2013). Fast Collision Attack on MD5 (PDF). Cryptology ePrint Archive (Technical report). IACR. Stevens
Secure_Hash_Algorithms
Theory of cryptography
transformation function f. In hash applications, resistance to collision or preimage attacks depends on C, and its size (the "capacity" c) is typically twice the
Sponge_function
Short sequence of bytes used to authenticate or look up a longer public key
confusion. To prevent preimage attacks, the cryptographic hash function used for a fingerprint should possess the property of second preimage resistance. If
Public_key_fingerprint
Hash function phenomenon
people. This idea has led to what has been called the birthday attack. The premise of this attack is that it is difficult to find a birthday that specifically
Hash_collision
Reliable digital data delivery methods on unreliable channels
the number of detectable errors, but it may not protect against a preimage attack. A repetition code is a coding scheme that repeats the bits across
Error detection and correction
Error_detection_and_correction
Russian cryptographic hash function
attack was published that breaks the full-round GOST hash function. The paper presents a collision attack in 2105 time, and first and second preimage
GOST_(hash_function)
Variant of the meet-in-the-middle method of cryptanalysis
applied to the KASUMI cipher and preimage resistance of the Skein-512 and SHA-2 hash functions. The biclique attack is still (as of April 2019[update])
Biclique_attack
Operation of checking the integrity of file
not detected by a hash comparison. In cryptography, this attack is called a preimage attack. For this purpose, cryptographic hash functions are employed
File_verification
Competition to design encryption schemes
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
CAESAR_Competition
Property of cryptographic hash functions
functions is used in Bitcoin mining. Collision resistance Collision attack Preimage attack Arvind Narayanan, Joseph Bonneau, Edward Felten, Andrew Miller,
Puzzle_friendliness
Cryptographic signature scheme
must be selected so performing a preimage attack on the length of the input is not faster than performing a preimage attack on the length of the output. For
Lamport_signature
Universal hash family used for message authentication in cryptography
the attacker sees 264 messages authenticated under a Poly1305-AES key; that the attacker attempts a whopping 275 forgeries; and that the attacker cannot
Poly1305
Cryptographic hash function
upon these attacks by describing a collision attack spanning 19 rounds of Tiger, and a 22-round pseudo-near-collision attack. These attacks require a work
Tiger_(hash_function)
Property of cryptographic hash functions
of a file when they in fact did not. Birthday attack Puzzle friendliness Collision attack Preimage attack NIST hash function competition Provably secure
Collision_resistance
Cryptographic hash function
improved collision attack was found based on the technique from the previous best collision attack, this improved collision attack could reach 40 rounds
RIPEMD
Cryptographic hash function
the proof that the submitted version of MD6 is resistant to differential attacks", and an inability to supply such a proof for a faster reduced-round version
MD6
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
generated to avoid its recovery through brute-force searches and related-key attacks designed to identify it from the messages transiting the medium. Some cryptographers
Message_authentication
Cryptography number with no hidden properties
manipulation lies solely in the resistance of the chosen hash function to a preimage attack, i.e. the relative difficulty in producing a piece of data that hashes
Nothing-up-my-sleeve_number
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force attack by increasing the resources (time and possibly space) it takes to test each
Key_stretching
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
SM3_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
JH_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
Rechberger, Martin Schläffer, Søren S. Thomsen (2009-02-24). The Rebound Attack: Cryptanalysis of Reduced Whirlpool and Grøstl (PDF). Fast Software Encryption:
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
is encrypted multiple times with the same nonce. When that happens, an attacker is able to observe repeat encryptions, since encryption is a deterministic
AES-GCM-SIV
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
HAS-160
Design method for cryptographic hash functions
Merkle–Damgård construction, avoiding its weaknesses like length extension attacks. The construction was designed by Eli Biham and Orr Dunkelman in 2007.
HAIFA_construction
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Authenticated encryption EAX mode Galois/Counter Mode Stream cipher Stream cipher attacks CCMP Dworkin, Morris (May 2004). Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes
CCM_mode
Cryptographer
Bicliques for Permutations: Collision and Preimage Attacks in Stronger Settings, Asiacrypt'12, 2012 New Preimage Attacks against Reduced SHA-1, Crypto'12, 2012
Dmitry_Khovratovich
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
MDC-2
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
SIMD_(hash_function)
Key derivation function of password hash
addition, the algorithm incorporated a 12-bit salt in order to ensure that an attacker would be forced to crack each password independently as opposed to being
Crypt_(C)
Message authentication code algorithm
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
One-key_MAC
Cryptographic hash primitive
make a hash with 304 bits of security (both from collision attacks and from Preimage attacks), and the 64-bit version offers 608 bits of security. The
RadioGatún
Key derivative function
of creating dedicated hardware to attack the algorithm. Balances resistance against side-channel threats and attacks using cheaper, slower storage devices
Lyra2
Mathematical function used in cryptography
triangular T-functions are naturally vulnerable to guess-and-determine attacks, well chosen bitwise transpositions between rounds can neutralize that
T-function
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
IAPM_(mode)
Memory-hard key derivation function
as a sub-algorithm (e.g., SHA-3, SHA-512), is resistant to side-channel attacks: the memory access pattern is independent of the data to be hashed, is
Balloon_hashing
Cryptographic hash function
and showed that collisions could be generated faster than by a birthday attack for N-hash variants with even up to 12 rounds. N-hash follows an early block
N-hash
Memory-hard proof-of-work algorithm
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
Equihash
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
Lane_(hash_function)
Message authentication code algorithm
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
Data_Authentication_Algorithm
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
HAVAL
Cryptographic hash function
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
CubeHash
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
CWC_mode
cryptanalysis of MAA revealed various weaknesses, including feasible brute-force attacks, existence of collision clusters, and key-recovery techniques. For this
Message Authenticator Algorithm
Message_Authenticator_Algorithm
Message authentication code algorithm
Kim, Jaechul Sung, Seokhie Hong, Sangjin Lee. "Forgery and Key Recovery Attacks on PMAC and Mitchell's TMAC Variant", 2006. [1] (ps) Rust implementation
PMAC_(cryptography)
Cryptographic hash function
point of Fugue is the authors' claimed proof that a wide range of current attack strategies based on differential cryptanalysis cannot be efficient against
Fugue_(hash_function)
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
the mode with messages longer than the key, but demonstrates a trivial attack against short messages using this mode. The authors stated that they did
EAX_mode
Japanese cryptography research project
IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche
CRYPTREC
Type of message authentication code
functions that map them to the same member of D. This means that if an attacker wants to replace one message with another and, from his point of view,
UMAC_(cryptography)
Cryptographic hash function
attacks on hash functions up to now. LSH is collision-resistant for q < 2 n / 2 {\displaystyle q<2^{n/2}} and preimage-resistant and second-preimage-resistant
LSH_(hash_function)
Family of cryptographic hash functions
latest version of FSB has however taken this attack into account and remains secure to all currently known attacks. As usual, provable security comes at a
Fast_syndrome-based_hash
PREIMAGE ATTACK
PREIMAGE ATTACK
Boy/Male
Muslim
Attacker
Girl/Female
Indian
Attack
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Middle English personal name or nickname. The personal name existed in Old English, and is probably derived from Old English prim ‘early morning’ (from Latin primus ‘first’, used as the name of one of the canonical hours). The surname may be derived from this word as a Middle English nickname in the sense ‘fine’, ‘excellent’.French : feminine form of Prim 3.Dutch : variant of Priem.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Preim, a topographic name (of Slavic origin), perhaps from a river near Hannover; or of Preime, a variant of Primus.
Boy/Male
Greek
One of the Thebes attackers.
Boy/Male
Greek
Helps defend Thebes against the attackers.
Boy/Male
Indian
Love
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Nottinghamshire)
English (chiefly Nottinghamshire) : variant of Hart.German : topographic name from Middle High German hurt ‘hurdle’, ‘woven fence’.Dutch : nickname, presumably for a pugnacious or aggressive person, from Middle Dutch hort, hurt ‘strike’, ‘blow’, ‘attack’.
Boy/Male
Native American
attacking hawk.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Bromage (see Brumage).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a nickname for a sarcastic, witty, or spiteful person, from early modern English squibbe ‘lampoon’, ‘satirical attack’. The word, which is probably of imitative origin, is not recorded until the 16th century; the original sense was ‘firework’.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Attack
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Attacker
Boy/Male
Greek
One of the attackers in 'The Seven Against Thebes'.
Boy/Male
Greek Latin
One of the attackers of Thehes.
Boy/Male
Greek
One of the attackers against Thebes.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
To Attack Violently and Persistently
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Attack; This was the Name of Huyama Al-awsabiyah Al-danishqiyah; She was a Jurist of Great Rank and a Very Pious Woman
Girl/Female
Latin
To seek; to attack.
Boy/Male
Norse
Leader of the attack on Hlidarend.
PREIMAGE ATTACK
PREIMAGE ATTACK
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King Henry IV, Part 2' An irregular humorist. In Henry V, Pistol is a soldier in the King's army....
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Star
Girl/Female
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi
A Flower; Beautiful; Melody; Composition; Singing
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva name
Boy/Male
Indian, Marathi, Traditional
Ancient Philosopher
Girl/Female
American, Christian, Greek, Indian
Return of Sound; Sound; Well Spoken; Echo; Re-sound
Girl/Female
Muslim
Famous, Good, Pious
Girl/Female
Greek Latin
Justice.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Charm
Male
Celtic
, chief commander and king.
PREIMAGE ATTACK
PREIMAGE ATTACK
PREIMAGE ATTACK
PREIMAGE ATTACK
PREIMAGE ATTACK
n.
Presage of coming ill; expectation of misfortune.
n.
Prognostication; presage.
v. t.
To have a presentiment of; to feel beforehand; to foreknow.
n.
To presage; to tell the fortune of.
n.
A charge in addition to the freight; originally, a gratuity to the captain for his particular care of the goods (sometimes called hat money), but now belonging to the owners or freighters of the vessel, unless by special agreement the whole or part is assigned to the captain.
n.
The chief primate.
v. i.
To form or utter a prediction; -- sometimes used with of.
n.
A right belonging to the crown of England, of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more, -- one before and one behind the mast. By charter of Edward I. butlerage was substituted for this.
v. t.
To foretell; to predict; to foreshow; to indicate.
a.
One of the Primates.
imp. & p. p.
of Presage
a.
The chief ecclesiastic in a national church; one who presides over other bishops in a province; an archbishop.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Presage
n.
The share of merchandise taken as lawful prize at sea which belongs to the king or admiral.
a.
Of or pertaining to a primate.
n.
To prophesy; to presage.
v. t.
To foretell; to predict; to presage.
v. t. & i.
To presage; to foreshow; to foretoken.
v. i.
To fortell; to presage; to augur.
v. t.
To intimate or signify beforehand; to presage.