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Memory-hard key derivation function
Balloon hashing is a key derivation function presenting proven memory-hard password-hashing and modern design. It was created by Dan Boneh, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs
Balloon_hashing
2015 password-based key derivation function
Corrigan-Gibbs; Dan Boneh; Stuart Schechter (2016-01-14). Balloon Hashing: Provably Space-Hard Hash Functions with Data-Independent Access Patterns (PDF)
Argon2
Key derivation function
given to four other password hashing schemes: Catena, Lyra2, yescrypt and Makwa. Another alternative is Balloon hashing, which is recommended in NIST
PBKDF2
Computer communications authentication algorithm
the hash function (e.g. 64 bytes for SHA-1) // Keys longer than blockSize are shortened by hashing them if (length(key) > blockSize) then key = hash(key)
HMAC
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
Hashing is a one-directional mathematical operation which is quick to calculate, yet hard to reverse. So password storage and digital signatures benefit
Cryptographic_hash_function
Type of data structure
the above picture hash 0 is the result of hashing the concatenation of hash 0-0 and hash 0-1. That is, hash 0 = hash( hash 0-0 + hash 0-1 ) where "+" denotes
Merkle_tree
Message-digest hashing algorithm
content management systems were reported to still use MD5 for password hashing. In 1996, a flaw was found in the design of MD5. While it was not deemed
MD5
Hash functions
hash algorithm". Retrieved 2017-01-21. "Moving to SipHash-1-3 #73596". GitHub. McVey, Samantha (2018-07-16). "Implement SipHash, use as our hashing function
SipHash
Password cracking dataset
this attack is to compute the hashes using a key derivation function that adds a "salt" to each password before hashing it, with different passwords receiving
Rainbow_table
Topics referred to by the same term
System 7.0 Balloon, blown up short pin able to carry an indicating letter within as markers for positions on maps, as in Google Maps Balloon hashing, a key
Balloon_(disambiguation)
Hash function phenomenon
Kline, Robert. "Closed Hashing". CSC241 Data Structures and Algorithms. West Chester University. Retrieved 2022-04-06. "Open hashing or separate chaining"
Hash_collision
Open competition to select password hash functions
recognition given to four other password hashing schemes: Catena, Lyra2, yescrypt and Makwa. One goal of the Password Hashing Competition was to raise awareness
Password_Hashing_Competition
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
ISBN 9780596003234. "ISC Diary – Hashing Passwords". Dshield.org. Retrieved 2011-10-15. Password Storage Cheat Sheet from OWASP Salted Password Hashing - Doing it Right
Salt_(cryptography)
Family of cryptographic hash functions
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S
Secure_Hash_Algorithms
Cryptographic attack
vulnerable to hash collisions as soon as the underlying hash function is practically broken; techniques like randomized (salted) hashing will buy extra
Collision_attack
Cryptographic hash function
of work, for hashing digital signatures and as a key derivation function Polkadot, a multi-chain blockchain uses BLAKE2b as its hashing algorithm. Linux
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Set of cryptographic hash functions
stream cipher, an authenticated encryption system, a "tree" hashing scheme for faster hashing on certain architectures, and AEAD ciphers Keyak and Ketje
SHA-3
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
universal hashing. Intrinsically keyed hash algorithms such as SipHash are also by definition MACs; they can be even faster than universal-hashing based MACs
Message_authentication_code
Cryptographic hash function
Skein paper defines optional features such as randomized hashing, parallelizable tree hashing, a stream cipher, personalization, and a key derivation function
Skein_(hash_function)
Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999
Bcrypt
Russian cryptographic hash function
hashing message length h := f ( h , Σ ) {\displaystyle h:=f(h,\,\Sigma )} – hash control sum The output value is h {\displaystyle h} . The step hash function
GOST_(hash_function)
Password-based key derivation function
$y$ prefix. crypt (C) Lyra2 Password hashing Password Hashing Competition "Changes/yescrypt as default hashing method for shadow". Retrieved 2023-10-10
Yescrypt
Competition to develop SHA-3
NIST competition has inspired other competitions such as the Password Hashing Competition. Submissions were due October 31, 2008 and the list of candidates
NIST hash function competition
NIST_hash_function_competition
Cryptographic hash function
the hash output, due to the avalanche effect. Hashing the message "hello" (which only differs from "Hello" in 1 bit position) gives the following hash value:
CubeHash
Set of cryptographic hash functions
Policy on Hash Functions – Hash Functions | CSRC | CSRC". CSRC | NIST. Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2023-08-27. "Secure Hashing". NIST
SHA-2
Russian cryptographic hash function
cryptographic hash function defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-2012 Information Technology – Cryptographic Information Security – Hash Function
Streebog
Cryptographic hash function
ISBN 978-3-540-71038-7. "NIST Brief Comments on Recent Cryptanalytic Attacks on Secure Hashing Functions and the Continued Security Provided by SHA-1". 23 August 2017
SHA-1
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
means they know the internal state of the hashing function at that point. It is then trivial to initialize a hashing algorithm at that point, input the last
Length_extension_attack
Cryptographic hash function
undermine collision resistance when applied in a hashing context. As a result of these findings, N-hash was never adopted in practical cryptographic applications
N-hash
Theory of cryptography
authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD), as well as password hashing schemes. Bertoni, Guido; Daemen, Joan; Peeters, Michaël; van Assche, Giles
Sponge_function
Method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions
and Souradyuti Paul (2010). "Speeding Up the Widepipe: Secure and Fast Hashing" - via Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2010/193 Sarkar, Palash; Schellenberg
Merkle–Damgård_construction
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from a salt in that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather
Pepper_(cryptography)
mathematical functions. This approach results generally in more effective hashing functions, but with the risk that a weakness of such a function will be
Security of cryptographic hash functions
Security_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Method of negotiating credentials between web server and browser
of hashing, making it non-secure unless used in conjunction with TLS. Technically, digest authentication is an application of cryptographic hashing with
Digest_access_authentication
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
straight SHA-1 hash would be able to try 300,000÷216 ≈ 4.578 keys/second.[citation needed] Similarly, modern consumer GPUs can speed up hashing considerably
Key_stretching
Cryptographic hash function
is a cryptographic hash function submitted by the France-funded research project Saphir to NIST's international competition on hash functions. The research
Shabal
Cryptography primitive
designed by Joan Daemen and Craig Clapp and presented in the paper Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with PANAMA on the Fast Software Encryption (FSE)
Panama_(cryptography)
US surveillance project from 1947 to 1949
high-altitude balloons, whose primary purpose was long-distance detection of sound waves generated by Soviet atomic bomb tests. While successful, the balloon method
Project_Mogul
Publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions
Special hashes called key derivation functions have been created to slow brute force searches. These include pbkdf2, bcrypt, scrypt, argon2, and balloon. Comparison
Hash function security summary
Hash_function_security_summary
Cryptographic primitive
needed] is desirable thus the hash size should be at least 160 bits. The last block is properly length padded prior to the hashing. (See Merkle–Damgård construction
One-way_compression_function
Cryptographic hash function
Implementation of the Whirlpool Hashing Function RHash, an open source command-line tool, which can calculate and verify Whirlpool hash. Perl Whirlpool module
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
preimage attack on cryptographic hash functions tries to find a message that has a specific hash value. A cryptographic hash function should resist attacks
Preimage_attack
Tables comparing general and technical information for common hashes
overview of hash function security/cryptanalysis can be found at hash function security summary. Basic general information about the cryptographic hash functions:
Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
Comparison_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Cryptographic hash function
ShangMi 3 (SM3) is a cryptographic hash function, standardised for use in commercial cryptography in China. It was published by the State Cryptography
SM3_(hash_function)
Family of cryptographic hash functions
collision in FSB. Solving RSD, we are in the opposite situation as when hashing. Using the same values as in the previous example, we are given H {\displaystyle
Fast_syndrome-based_hash
Cryptographic hash function
Lane is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition; it was designed by Sebastiaan Indesteege with contributions by Elena
Lane_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five
RIPEMD
Key derivation function of password hash
Fedora 35 Using Yescrypt For Hashing Shadow Passwords - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. "Changes/yescrypt as default hashing method for shadow - Fedora Project
Crypt_(C)
Cryptographic hash function
HAVAL is a cryptographic hash function. Unlike MD5, but like most modern cryptographic hash functions, HAVAL can produce hashes of different lengths – 128
HAVAL
Cryptographic hash function
cryptographic hash function designed by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham in 1995 for efficiency on 64-bit platforms. The size of a Tiger hash value is 192 bits
Tiger_(hash_function)
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
"signs of weakness". It is deprecated in favor of SHA-256 and other strong hashing algorithms. Nevertheless, as of 2014[update], it remained in use in public
MD2_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
JH is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Hongjun Wu. Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition
JH_(hash_function)
2009 password-based key derivation function
software portal Argon2 – winner of the Password Hashing Competition in 2015 bcrypt – blowfish-based password-hashing function bcrypt – blowfish-based cross-platform
Scrypt
Cryptographic hash function
The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1990. The digest length is 128 bits. The algorithm has
MD4
Cryptographic hash function
collision-resistant compression function and is about 5 times quicker when hashing short messages. Since the output length of VSH is the length of a secure
Very_smooth_hash
Recovering passwords stored by computer systems
In 2013 a long-term Password Hashing Competition was announced to choose a new, standard algorithm for password hashing, with Argon2 chosen as the winner
Password_cracking
Cryptographic hash function
The elliptic curve only hash (ECOH) algorithm was submitted as a candidate for SHA-3 in the NIST hash function competition. However, it was rejected in
Elliptic_curve_only_hash
Ukrainian cryptographic hash function
cryptographic hash function defined in the Ukrainian national standard DSTU 7564:2014. It was created to replace an obsolete GOST hash function defined
Kupyna
Cryptographic hash function
cryptographic hash function. MDC-2 is a hash function based on a block cipher with a proof of security in the ideal-cipher model. The length of the output hash depends
MDC-2
Cryptographic hash function
Fugue is a cryptographic hash function submitted by IBM to the NIST hash function competition. It was designed by Shai Halevi, William E. Hall, and Charanjit
Fugue_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
SIMD is a cryptographic hash function based on the Merkle–Damgård construction submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Gaëtan Leurent. It is
SIMD_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
Grøstl is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Praveen Gauravaram, Lars Knudsen, Krystian Matusiewicz, Florian
Grøstl
Encryption method
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
Authenticated_encryption
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
information transmitted between them. It is based on using a cryptographic hash or symmetric encryption algorithm. The authentication key is only shared
Message_authentication
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
2004 through the idea of "reusable proof of work" using the 160-bit secure hash algorithm 1 (SHA-1). Proof of work was later popularized by Bitcoin as a
Proof_of_work
Cryptographic hash function
Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function. It uses a Merkle tree-like structure to allow for immense parallel computation of hashes for very long inputs. Authors
MD6
Cryptographic hash function
operations for finding collisions, and a digest size of 512 bits. Universal hashing. The SWIFFT family of functions is universal. This means that for any fixed
SWIFFT
Universal hash family used for message authentication in cryptography
variant of Poly1305 Aumasson, Jean-Philippe (2018). "Chapter 7: Keyed Hashing". Serious Cryptography: A Practical Introduction to Modern Encryption.
Poly1305
Type of cryptographic attack
possible values of a hash function, with H = 2 l {\textstyle H=2^{l}} . With a birthday attack, it is possible to find a collision of a hash function with 50
Birthday_attack
Type of message authentication code
cryptography, a universal hashing message authentication code, or UMAC, is a message authentication code (MAC) calculated using universal hashing, which involves
UMAC_(cryptography)
Concept in cryptography
property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping
Avalanche_effect
Cryptographic hash function
For a cryptographic hash function (a mathematical algorithm), a MASH-1 (Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash) is a hash function based on modular arithmetic
MASH-1
Cryptographic hash primitive
RadioGatún continues to be a safe hash function Kishore, Neha; Raina, Priya (2019). "Parallel cryptographic hashing: Developments in the last 25 years"
RadioGatún
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
attacks. A special form of credential recycling is pass the hash, where unsalted hashed credentials are stolen and re-used without first being brute-forced
Brute-force_attack
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
underlying extractor hash function, if not provided) and the I K M {\displaystyle \mathrm {IKM} } as the message. The underlying hash function used for HKDF-Extract
HKDF
Cryptographic hash function
Spectral Hash is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Gokay Saldamlı, Cevahir Demirkıran, Megan Maguire, Carl
Spectral_Hash
Cryptographic hash function
Snefru is a cryptographic hash function invented by Ralph Merkle in 1990 while working at Xerox PARC. The function supports 128-bit and 256-bit output
Snefru
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
C)=X_{m+n+1}} , where H = E k ( 0 128 ) {\displaystyle H=E_{k}(0^{128})} is the hash key, a string of 128 zero bits encrypted using the block cipher; A {\displaystyle
Galois/Counter_Mode
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
suggestions, including using Chacha20 instead of Salsa20 and using a universal hashing based MAC for performance. The outcome of this process was the adoption
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Message authentication code algorithm
Code using Universal Hashing". CFRG Working Group. IETF. Retrieved 2010-08-12. J. Carter; M. Wegman (1977). "Universal classes of hash functions (Extended
VMAC
Property of cryptographic hash functions
property of cryptographic hash functions. Not all cryptographic hash functions have this property. SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function that is thought
Puzzle_friendliness
Message authentication code algorithm
15 December 2018 – via GitHub. "Ruby C extension for the AES-CMAC keyed hash function (RFC 4493): louismullie/cmac-rb". 4 May 2016 – via GitHub. RFC 4493
One-key_MAC
Design method for cryptographic hash functions
The HAIFA construction (hash iterative framework) is a cryptographic structure used in the design of hash functions. It is one of the modern alternatives
HAIFA_construction
European research program in cryptography, 2000-2003
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
NESSIE
Cryptographic hash function
cryptographic hash function with a variable output length. HAS-V is a hash function based on a block cipher. The hash function can produce hash values with
HAS-V
Message authentication code algorithm
into message authentication codes (MACs). One-way compression function – Hash functions can be made from block ciphers. But note, there are significant
CBC-MAC
Message authentication code algorithm
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
Data_Authentication_Algorithm
2020 studio album by Fiona Apple
is a member of the band". Further sessions for "Newspaper" and "Heavy Balloon" took place at engineer Dave Way's private studio, Waystation. They recorded
Fetch_the_Bolt_Cutters
Cryptographic hash function
wide-pipe Merkle-Damgård structure with one-zeros padding. The message hashing process of LSH consists of the following three stages. Initialization:
LSH_(hash_function)
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
Side-channel_attack
Cryptographic hash function
HAS-160 is a cryptographic hash function designed for use with the Korean KCDSA digital signature algorithm. It is derived from SHA-1, with assorted changes
HAS-160
Key derivative function
password hashing scheme (PHS) that can also function as a key derivation function (KDF). It gained recognition during the Password Hashing Competition
Lyra2
Cryptography algorithm
authenticated encryption – for example key feedback mode and Davies–Meyer hashing. NIST maintains a list of proposed modes for block ciphers at Modes Development
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
EAX_mode
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
digital signature. For good hash functions, an attacker cannot find two messages that produce the same hash. MD4 is a long-used hash function that is now broken;
Cryptography
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
CCM_mode
Authenticated encryption mode of operation for block ciphers
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
OCB_mode
Message authentication code algorithm
Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General
PMAC_(cryptography)
NaSHA is a hash function accepted as a first round SHA-3 candidate for the NIST hash function competition. NaSHA was designed by Smile Markovski and Aleksandra
NaSHA
SMASH is a cryptographic hash function which was created by Lars R. Knudsen. SMASH comes in two versions: 256-bit and 512-bit. Each version was supposed
SMASH_(hash)
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