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Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999.
Bcrypt
Encoding for a sequence of byte values using 64 printable characters
hijklmnopqrstuvwxyz". bcrypt bcrypt hashes are designed to be used in the same way as traditional crypt(3) hashes, but bcrypt's alphabet is in a different
Base64
2009 password-based key derivation function
winner of the Password Hashing Competition in 2015 bcrypt – blowfish-based password-hashing function bcrypt – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption
Scrypt
Password cracking dataset
attacker, but not impractical with terabyte hard drives. The SHA2-crypt and bcrypt methods—used in Linux, BSD Unixes, and Solaris—have salts of 128 bits. These
Rainbow_table
Recovering passwords stored by computer systems
generate password hashes. A suitable password hashing function, such as bcrypt, is many orders of magnitude better than a naive function like simple MD5
Password_cracking
Key derivation function of password hash
rejected bcrypt (scheme 2) support since it isn't approved by NIST. A public domain crypt_blowfish library is available for systems without bcrypt. It has
Crypt_(C)
Block cipher
2015-12-31. "Bcrypt - Blowfish File Encryption" Archived 2015-08-29 at the Wayback Machine bcrypt file encryption program homepage (bcrypt.sourceforge
Blowfish_(cipher)
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
algorithms have been designed specifically for this purpose, including bcrypt, scrypt and, more recently, Lyra2 and Argon2 (the latter being the winner
Key_derivation_function
Public university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.
recognized software programs, including Niels Provos, Ph.D. '03, the creator of Bcrypt, and Thomas Knoll, M.S.E. '84, the original author of Adobe Photoshop. Several
University_of_Michigan
Key derivation function
integrated circuits or graphics processing units relatively cheap. The bcrypt password hashing function requires a larger amount of RAM (but still not
PBKDF2
German-American computer scientist and software engineer
Provos contributed to the OpenBSD operating system, where he developed the bcrypt adaptive cryptographic hash function. He is the author of numerous software
Niels_Provos
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
support to Django for password hashing with storage based on a combination of bcrypt and HMAC using separately stored nonces, without using the term. Usage has
Pepper_(cryptography)
American non-profit digital archive
dated September 28, 2024. The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt-hashed passwords. On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will
Internet_Archive
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
password hashes.) Key derivation function – often uses key stretching PBKDF2, bcrypt, scrypt, Argon2 – widely used key stretching algorithms Hash chain Kelsey
Key_stretching
Cryptography number with no hidden properties
"expand 16-byte k" as constants in its block initialization process. OpenBSD Bcrypt uses the string "OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt" as an initialization string The
Nothing-up-my-sleeve_number
Type of data structure
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Merkle_tree
Computer communications authentication algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
HMAC
Technique for defeating password protection using lists of likely possibilities
administrator by using a more computationally expensive hashing algorithm. Bcrypt, scrypt, and Argon2 are examples of such resource intensive functions that
Dictionary_attack
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Salt_(cryptography)
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
been created to slow brute force searches. Slow hashes include pbkdf2, bcrypt, scrypt, argon2, Balloon and some recent modes of Unix crypt. For KDFs that
Cryptographic_hash_function
Message-digest hashing algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
MD5
Hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
SipHash
Cryptographic algorithm for random number generation
anywhere random number generation is needed (it has since been replaced by BCryptGenRandom, see below). The kernel32 equivalent is RtlGenRandom. A 2007 paper
CryptGenRandom
2015 leak of personal data from an online dating service
not released this data. Passwords on the live site were hashed using the bcrypt algorithm. A security analyst using the Hashcat password recovery tool with
Ashley_Madison_data_breach
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
SHA-1
crypt" style with MD5 or SHA1 as common alternatives. In Apache 2.4, the bcrypt algorithm was added. The file consists of lines, with each line containing
.htpasswd
Method of negotiating credentials between web server and browser
access authentication prevents the use of a strong password hash (such as bcrypt) when storing passwords (since either the password, or the digested username
Digest_access_authentication
Massively multiplayer online game (2005–2017)
Exposed data included email & IP addresses, usernames and passwords stored as bcrypt hashes. 41% of addresses were already in [https://twitter.com/haveibeenpwned/
Club_Penguin
2015 password-based key derivation function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Argon2
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
BSD systems) use more secure password hashing algorithms such as PBKDF2, bcrypt, and scrypt, which have large salts and an adjustable cost or number of
Password
protect the integrity of encrypted data. Free and open-source software portal bcrypt crypt (Unix) mcrypt scrypt "Peter Selinger: Ccrypt – Frequently Asked Questions"
Ccrypt
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Message_authentication_code
Content management system
editor improvements, speculative loading, stronger password security with bcrypt. Supported: 6.9 Gene December 2, 2025 Notes (for feedback attached to blocks)
WordPress
Competition to develop SHA-3
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
NIST hash function competition
NIST_hash_function_competition
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Encryption method
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Authenticated_encryption
Method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Merkle–Damgård_construction
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
MD6
Tool to change passwords on Unix-like OSes
number of rounds. Common id values include: $1$ – MD5 $2$, $2a$, $2b$ – bcrypt $5$ – SHA-256 $6$ – SHA-512 $y$ – yescrypt Empty string – No password, the
Passwd
Open-source password recovery tool
GPU-based hashcat. However, not all algorithms can be accelerated by GPUs. Bcrypt is an example of this. Due to factors such as data-dependent branching,
Hashcat
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Proof_of_work
Discontinued learning management system
passwords and email addresses. Passwords were both hashed and salted using the bcrypt algorithm. There were no reports of any school data being affected, nor
Edmodo
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
HKDF
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Galois/Counter_Mode
Type of cryptographic attack
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Birthday_attack
Family of cryptographic hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Secure_Hash_Algorithms
Application programming interface
the CryptoAPI. The Microsoft provider that implements CNG is housed in Bcrypt.dll. CNG also supports elliptic curve cryptography which, because it uses
Microsoft_CryptoAPI
American computer security engineer
(2016-05-04). "25". Github. Retrieved 2018-04-05. "Triangulation 411 Yan Zhu, AKA bcrypt". TWiT.tv. Retrieved 2019-09-09. Williams, Tate (5 February 2013). "Boston
Yan_Zhu
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Brute-force_attack
Serpent, 3-Way, Twofish, WAKE, and XTEA. Free and open-source software portal bcrypt crypt (Unix) ccrypt scrypt "Libmcrypt releases". "Libmcrypt patches". Paragon
Mcrypt
News aggregator and social network aggregation company
Flipboard noted that almost all passwords were hashed using the strong bcrypt algorithm (except for some using the insecure and obsolete SHA-1 algorithm
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Lane_(hash_function)
Major data breaches which occurred at Yahoo!
through manipulated web cookies. The majority of Yahoo's passwords used the bcrypt hashing algorithm, which is considered difficult to crack, with the rest
Yahoo_data_breaches
Hash function phenomenon
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Hash_collision
Open competition to select password hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Password_Hashing_Competition
Set of cryptographic hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
SHA-2
Online community themed around reading and writing
and IP addresses, genders of users, birth dates, and passwords stored as bcrypt hashes. Later that same year on July 14, researchers at Risk Based Security
Wattpad
Cryptography algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Side-channel_attack
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Whonix BusKill USBKill Advanced Encryption Standard Argon2 Beaufort cipher Bcrypt BLAKE (hash function) Block cipher mode of operation Blowfish (cipher) ChaCha20-Poly1305
List of cryptographic software
List_of_cryptographic_software
Set of cryptographic hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
SHA-3
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
Message authentication code algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
CBC-MAC
Theory of cryptography
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Sponge_function
Publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions
functions have been created to slow brute force searches. These include pbkdf2, bcrypt, scrypt, argon2, and balloon. Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
Hash function security summary
Hash_function_security_summary
addresses breached in August including names, genders, dates of birth and bcrypt password hashes. 82% were already in @haveibeenpwned". @haveibeenpwned.
List_of_data_breaches
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Length_extension_attack
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
MD4
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Fugue_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Shabal
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
RIPEMD
Cryptographic attack
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Collision_attack
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Preimage_attack
Overview of and topical guide to algorithms
Hash-based message authentication code Password-based key derivation function Bcrypt Argon2 Huffman coding Arithmetic coding Run-length encoding Lempel–Ziv–Welch
Outline_of_algorithms
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Message_authentication
Type of challenge–response authentication
passwords in plain text. Then he can hash them with secure hashing schemes like bcrypt, scrypt or PBKDF2, and salt them as he wants. However Bob and Alice would
Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism
Salted_Challenge_Response_Authentication_Mechanism
Message authentication code algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
One-key_MAC
Retail website
for sale on the dark web. This security breach included email addresses, bcrypt hashed passwords, and names. The security breach was uncovered in February
HauteLook
containers (only available in the paid version) http://www.jetico.com/linux/bcrypt-help/c_hiddn.htm Hidden containers description from Jetico (BestCrypt) Secret-containers
Comparison of disk encryption software
Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software
Cryptographic primitive
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
One-way_compression_function
Competition to design encryption schemes
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
CAESAR_Competition
Password-based key derivation function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Yescrypt
derivation functions, often used for password hashing and key stretching Argon2 bcrypt PBKDF2 scrypt Message authentication codes (symmetric authentication algorithms
List_of_algorithms
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Universal hash family used for message authentication in cryptography
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Poly1305
European research program in cryptography, 2000-2003
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
NESSIE
Message authentication code algorithm
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
VMAC
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
CubeHash
Concept in cryptography
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Avalanche_effect
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
CCM_mode
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Security of cryptographic hash functions
Security_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
HAS-160
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Skein_(hash_function)
Social media platform launched in 2023
that could be exploited to obtain users' personal details, including the bcrypt hash of their passwords. The exploit exposed the information of 207,000
Spoutible
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
JH_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
SM3_(hash_function)
Memory-hard key derivation function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Balloon_hashing
Ukrainian cryptographic hash function
VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/ key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purpose
Kupyna
BCRYPT
BCRYPT
BCRYPT
BCRYPT
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name CHAVATANGAKWUNUA means "short rainbow."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
First Born
Girl/Female
Muslim
Rare, Precious
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Muslim
Spiritual
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Resembling the Creator
Boy/Male
Tamil
Aalakshya | ஆலாகà¯à®·à¯à®¯
Visible
Boy/Male
Muslim
Able. Fit. Deserving.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Owner of the Conch
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Happiness
Boy/Male
African, Hindu, Indian
Hard Work
BCRYPT
BCRYPT
BCRYPT
BCRYPT
BCRYPT