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Early block substitution cipher
The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution
Playfair_cipher
Encryption technique
The Two-square cipher, also called double Playfair, is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was developed to ease the cumbersome nature of the
Two-square_cipher
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
practical digraphic cipher (pairwise substitution), was the so-called Playfair cipher, invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1854. In this cipher, a 5 x 5 grid
Substitution_cipher
Symmetric encryption cipher
attempt to uncover the ciphertext matrices. Unlike the Playfair cipher, a four-square cipher will not show reversed ciphertext digraphs for reversed
Four-square_cipher
2007 film by Jon Turteltaub
message copied into Booth's diary. Thomas recognizes the message as a Playfair cipher, and translates it while Booth departs for Ford's Theatre to assassinate
National Treasure: Book of Secrets
National_Treasure:_Book_of_Secrets
Encryption system
depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic cipher, like the Playfair cipher. To decrypt, use the same Polybius square. Convert the ciphertext
Bifid_cipher
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
Other practical "pencil-and-paper" polygraphic ciphers include: Playfair cipher Bifid cipher Trifid cipher Lester S. Hill, Cryptography in an Algebraic
Hill_cipher
Topics referred to by the same term
succeeded by Hymn Playfair Project TS Playfair, a Canadian sail training vessel Playfair's axiom named after John Playfair Playfair cipher, a manual encryption
Playfair
British scientist and politician (1818–1898)
1897. Playfair is also remembered for promoting a new cipher system invented by Charles Wheatstone, now known as the Playfair cipher. Lord Playfair died
Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair
Lyon_Playfair,_1st_Baron_Playfair
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
said to have rejected the Playfair cipher because, even if school boys could cope successfully as Wheatstone and Playfair had shown, "our attachés could
Frequency_analysis
Encrypted information
substitution cipher: the unit of substitution is a sequence of two or more letters rather than just one (e.g., Playfair cipher) Transposition cipher: the ciphertext
Ciphertext
substitution ciphers, including the Bacon cipher and Polybius square, before moving on to transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers and polyalphabetic ciphers such
National_Cipher_Challenge
English physicist and inventor (1802–1875)
stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images) and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). Charles Wheatstone was born in Westgate
Charles_Wheatstone
The Playfair cipher, the first literal digraph substitution cipher, is invented by Charles Wheatstone and later promoted for use by Lord Playfair. 1868
List of British innovations and discoveries
List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries
Surname list
Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair (1818–1898), British promoter of the Playfair cipher, manual symmetric encryption technique Sir Nigel Playfair (1874–1934)
Playfair_(surname)
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different
Vigenère_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which
Caesar_cipher
Type of substitution cipher
pigpen cipher (alternatively referred to as the masonic cipher, Freemason's cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher, and tic-tac-toe cipher) is a geometric
Pigpen_cipher
Substitution cipher
falling into enemy hands. In 1854, Charles Wheatstone came up with the Playfair cipher, a keyword-based system that could be performed on paper in the field
Polygraphic_substitution
Cryptographic cipher
ciphers, some of these ciphers are the Hill Cipher and Playfair Cipher. Homophonic ciphers can be decrypted to multiple messages. Ciphers that include multiple
Aristocrat_Cipher
substitution cipher Polygraphic substitution Playfair cipher Hill cipher Scytale Grille Permutation cipher VIC cipher – complex hand cypher used by at least
Outline_of_cryptography
German cipher machine during World War II
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication
Enigma_machine
Steganography method
Bacon's cipher or the Baconian cipher is a method of steganographic message encoding devised by Francis Bacon in 1605. In steganography, a message is
Bacon's_cipher
Type of code
used as a basic cipher called the Polybius cipher. This cipher is quite insecure by modern standards, as it is a substitution cipher with characters being
Polybius_square
Encryption technique
the principles of information theory. Digital versions of one-time pad ciphers have been used by nations for critical diplomatic and military communication
One-time_pad
United States Army general
Bell Labs. In 1914 he published the first recorded solution of the Playfair cipher. Mauborgne became a Major General in the United States Army, and from
Joseph_Mauborgne
Class of cipher
Sacco's observation, this method disrupts a fractionating cipher such as Seriated Playfair. Crosswords are also a possible source of keywords. A grid
Grille_(cryptography)
Simple encryption method
substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it in the Latin alphabet. It is a special case of the Caesar cipher which was developed
ROT13
Type of transposition cipher
The rail fence cipher (also called a zigzag cipher) is a classical type of transposition cipher. It derives its name from the manner in which encryption
Rail_fence_cipher
polygraphic substitution ciphers included the trifid and four-square ciphers. The last of these is a variant on the earlier Playfair cipher: Delastelle may have
Félix_Delastelle
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though
Polyalphabetic_cipher
Method of encryption
In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition)
Transposition_cipher
1854 – Charles Wheatstone invents the Playfair cipher c. 1854 – Babbage's method for breaking polyalphabetic ciphers (pub 1863 by Kasiski) 1855 – For the
Timeline_of_cryptography
1605: Bacon's cipher devised by Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626). 1854: The Playfair cipher, the first literal digraph substitution cipher, invented by Charles
List of English inventions and discoveries
List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries
and Charles II. Sir Charles Wheatstone, inventor of the so-called Playfair cipher and general polymath. Richard J. Hayes (1902–1976) Irish code breaker
List_of_cryptographers
Encryption and decryption method
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key
Book_cipher
2018 book about the Enigma machine
the cipher-breaking, and also contains some errors such as describing the Playfair cipher as a transposition cipher rather than a substitution cipher. The
X,_Y_&_Z
named after John Playfair after he included it in his 1795 book Elements of Geometry and credited it to William Ludlam. Playfair cipher, invented by Charles
List of examples of Stigler's law
List_of_examples_of_Stigler's_law
double Transposition cipher (German: Doppelwürfel) 4-S-40 This system was used until 1926 or 1927 The Playfair cipher in Single Playfair (German: Kastenschlüssel)
German Army cryptographic systems of World War II
German_Army_cryptographic_systems_of_World_War_II
Substitution cipher
(Hebrew: אתבש; also transliterated Atbaš) is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use
Atbash
2002 mystery novel by Jill Paton Walsh
mentions how she and Peter cracked the Playfair cipher message in that novel. Harriet realises that the key to Peter's cipher is the sonnet that Harriet started
A_Presumption_of_Death
Puzzle
text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. Substitution ciphers where each letter is
Cryptogram
Fictional character by Dorothy L. Sayers
he communicated at that time with British Intelligence using the Playfair cipher and became proficient in its use. For reasons never clarified, after
Lord_Peter_Wimsey
Cryptographic cipher device
using digits. It also is known as a monôme-binôme cipher. In 1555, Pope Paul IV created the office of Cipher Secretary to the Pontiff. In the late 1580s, this
Straddling_checkerboard
Codes used for secrecy by field armies in World War I
first lieutenant, had been the first to publish a solution to the Playfair cipher. When the Americans began moving up to the front in numbers in early
Trench_code
his own software to decipher the text, which was in a variant of the playfair cipher. Articles by Gillogly at rand.org, 1970–1994 MAX: A FORTRAN Chess Player"
James_Gillogly
Fundamental tool in cryptography
ciphers, including the Vigenère cipher and Blaise de Vigenère's less well-known autokey cipher. All polyalphabetic ciphers based on the Caesar cipher
Tabula_recta
Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system
The Alberti cipher, created in 1467 by Italian architect Leon Battista Alberti, was one of the first polyalphabetic ciphers. In the opening pages of his
Alberti_cipher
Cryptography in the Indian classic treatise Kamasutra
the names Kautilya and Muladeviya. The ciphers described in the Jayamangala commentary are substitution ciphers: in Kautiliyam the letter substitutions
Mlecchita_vikalpa
Playfair cipher Polyalphabetic substitution Polybius square ROT13, ROT47 Scytale Steganography Substitution cipher Tabula recta Transposition cipher Vigenère
List of formal language and literal string topics
List_of_formal_language_and_literal_string_topics
Disused cipher that was used historically
In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher that was used historically but, for the most part, has fallen into disuse. In contrast to modern
Classical_cipher
Simple form of encryption
null cipher, also known as concealment cipher, is an ancient form of encryption where the plaintext is mixed with a large amount of non-cipher material
Null_cipher
Fractionated cipher
trifid cipher is a classical cipher invented by Félix Delastelle and described in 1902. Extending the principles of Delastelle's earlier bifid cipher, it
Trifid_cipher
Complex Soviet pencil and paper cipher
The VIC cipher was a pencil and paper cipher used by the Soviet spy Reino Häyhänen, codenamed "VICTOR". If the cipher were to be given a modern technical
VIC_cipher
Wheatstone (1802–1875), UK – concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher, pseudoscope, dynamo Richard T. Whitcomb (1921–2009), U.S. – Supercritical
List_of_inventors
British parapsychologist (1894–1984)
software to crack the double-enciphered playfair cipher used. The deciphered message read "THIS IS A CIPHER WHICH WILXL NOT BE READ UNLESXS I GIVE THE
Robert_H._Thouless
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
An autokey cipher (also known as the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from
Autokey_cipher
Type of cipher used in World War I
In cryptography, the ADFGVX cipher was a manually applied field cipher used by the Imperial German Army during World War I. It was used to transmit messages
ADFGVX_cipher
Cryptographic algorithm
considered incriminating. Furthermore, analysis has revealed flaws in the cipher such that it is now considered insecure. This algorithm uses a standard
Solitaire_(cipher)
Encryption tool used to perform a transposition cipher
cylinder", also σκύταλον skútalon) is a tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it on which
Scytale
Intelligence Malcolm Vivian Hay, MI1(b), head from 1915 Oliver Strachey MI1 Playfair cipher In the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, different corps of the Russian Imperial
World_War_I_cryptography
Australian coastwatcher (1891–1990)
sent to Port Vila in the New Hebrides, and only in Morse, using the Playfair cipher. Vanikoro became completely isolated. At one point they went without
Ruby_Boye
Polyalphabetic encryption system
The Beaufort cipher, created by Sir Francis Beaufort, is a substitution cipher similar to the Vigenère cipher, with a slightly modified enciphering mechanism
Beaufort_cipher
Major military campaign of WWII fought in North Africa
Playfair et al. 2004a, pp. 260–261, 264. Bauer 2000, p. 95. Playfair et al. 2004a, p. 267. Mead 2007, p. 331. Playfair et al. 2004a, p. 271. Playfair
North_African_campaign
French cypher that remained unbroken for several centuries
The Great Cipher (French: Grand chiffre) was a nomenclator cipher developed by the Rossignols, several generations of whom served the French monarchs
Great_Cipher
Cryptanalyst, mathematician and professor
the Double Playfair (Doppelkastenschlüssel). The Army, Air Force and Police used the Double Playfair system as a medium-grade hand cipher in World War
Walter_Fricke
Method in cryptanalysis
method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenère cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but
Kasiski_examination
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide
Running_key_cipher
British accountant and administrator
during later 1941 became the head of a small group working on a double Playfair cipher used by German military police. The Testery was set up in July 1942
Ralph_Tester
British paper cryptographic system
contained on a set of vocabulary cards, and cipher sheets for superencryption of the numeric code words. The cipher sheets, which are typically changed daily
BATCO
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher, originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s
Nihilist_cipher
Rasterschlüssel 44 (abbr. RS 44) was a manual cipher system, used by the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War. The cipher was designed by the astronomer and
Rasterschlüssel_44
Type of substitution cipher
The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using
Affine_cipher
Method for writing secret messages
messages inside an ordinary letter so that the whole would not appear to be a cipher at all. Such a disguised message is considered to be an example of steganography
Cardan_grille
Cipher method
The Chaocipher is a cipher method invented by John Francis Byrne in 1918 and described in his 1953 autobiographical Silent Years. He believed Chaocipher
Chaocipher
PKCS 11 • PKCS 12 • PKIX • Plaintext • Plaintext-aware encryption • Playfair cipher • Plugboard • PMAC (cryptography) • Poem code • Pohlig–Hellman algorithm
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
German mathematician (1910–1991)
call sign's and research into the double Playfair. In November 1942, Buggisch started work into research of Cipher Machine 39 (German: Schlüsselgerät 39)
Otto_Buggisch
Polish mathematician and cryptologist (1905–1980)
cracking German SS and SD hand ciphers. The ciphers were usually based on the Doppelkassettenverfahren ("double Playfair") system, which the two cryptologists
Marian_Rejewski
How often identical letters appear in the same position in two texts
change if both texts are scrambled by the same single-alphabet substitution cipher, allowing a cryptanalyst to quickly detect that form of encryption. The
Index_of_coincidence
definite sighting of McDonald Islands in the Antarctic. March 26 – Playfair cipher first demonstrated, by Charles Wheatstone. George Boole's work on algebraic
1854_in_science
Private amusement embedded in a court judgement in the ''DaVinci Code''
Titanic Historical Society – among other things. The cipher was a type of polyalphabetic cipher known as a Variant Beaufort, using a keyword based on
Smithy_code
World War II campaign against Italy from 1940 to 1941
National WWII Museum. Playfair 1959, p. 2. Playfair 1959, pp. 6–7, 69. Playfair 1959, pp. 38–40. Playfair 1959, p. 93. Playfair 1959, p. 166. Stewart
East African campaign (World War II)
East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)
Encoding for text messages
timing of the taps to isolate letters. To communicate the word "hello", the cipher would be the following (with the pause between each number in a pair being
Tap_code
German Naval World War II hand-cipher system
German Naval World War II hand-cipher system used as a backup method when no working Enigma machine was available. The cipher had two stages: a transposition
Reservehandverfahren
Cryptographic system for numbers
Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash Autokey Caesar
Shackle_code
Classical Ciphers with Search Metaheuristics". His main interest in cryptographic research lies in the computer-aided cryptanalysis of classical ciphers and
George_Lasry
Rotor cipher machine
The Schlüsselgerät 41 ("Cipher Machine 41"), also known as the SG-41 or Hitler mill, was a rotor cipher machine, first produced in 1941 in Nazi Germany
Schlüsselgerät_41
Revelation of secrets to unauthorized parties
Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash Autokey Caesar
Information_leakage
The Reihenschieber (English: Row Slider) was a hand cipher system used by the German Bundeswehr. It was developed during 1957 and used until the early
Reihenschieber
Cipher used by the UK in World War II
words a number. The numbers are then used as a key for a transposition cipher to conceal the plaintext of the message, often by double transposition.
Poem_code
British designation for intelligence from decrypted enemy communications
its decrypts from Japanese sources, including the "Purple" cipher. Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine. Used properly
Ultra_(cryptography)
Part of the East African Campaign of the Second World War
equipment in World War II Playfair 1954, pp. 165–166. Playfair 1954, pp. 171–173. Mackenzie 1951, p. 22. Mockler 2003, p. 243 Playfair 1954, p. 173. Moyse-Bartlett
Battle_of_Tug_Argan
American non-profit organization
substitution ciphers (also known as "single alphabet" or "Aristocrat" puzzles). This has since been extended to dozens of different systems, such as Playfair, autokey
American Cryptogram Association
American_Cryptogram_Association
British WWII victory over Italy in Eritrea
60. Playfair 1959, pp. 170–171. Stewart 2016, pp. 149–150, 271. Mackenzie 1951, p. 42. Playfair 1959, p. 394. Raugh 1993, pp. 172–174. Playfair 1959
Battle_of_Agordat_(1941)
English mathematician, philosopher, and engineer (1791–1871)
at Haileybury College; he had recommendations from James Ivory and John Playfair, but lost out to Henry Walter. In 1819, Babbage and Herschel visited Paris
Charles_Babbage
Concept in cryptanalysis
follow other symbols. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Contact analysis is based on the fact that, in any sample of any written
Contact_analysis
Allied campaign in East Africa during World War II (1940–1941)
written off as training. Playfair et al. 1957, pp. 2, 93. Butler 1971, p. 298. Playfair et al. 1957, pp. 6–7, 69. Playfair et al. 1957, pp. 19, 93. Dear
Northern front, East Africa, 1940
Northern_front,_East_Africa,_1940
Paper based encryption system, used in the American civil war
Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash Autokey Caesar
Slidex
Advanced Air Striking Force at Meaux commanded by Air Vice-Marshal P H Lyon Playfair. This SLU was commanded by Squadron Leader F.W. "Tubby" Long. Mobile SLUs
Special_Liaison_Unit
1943 Allied offensive within the Tunisia campaign of WWII
215. Playfair 2004, pp. 289–303, 326–329. Stevens 1962, p. 154. Playfair 2004, p. 315. Howard 1972, p. 347. Neillands 2004, p. 228. Playfair 2004, pp
Battle_of_Medenine
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Diamond
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Leader; Guide
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu, Traditional
Swallower of the Sun
Girl/Female
Tamil
Gayatry | கயாதà¯à®°à¯à®¯
Gayathry Mantra, Mother of the Vedas or Goddess Saraswati
Girl/Female
Hindu
Laxmi, Saraswati
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Wheat Field
Female
Greek
(ΣπυÏιδοÏλα) Feminine form of Greek Spyridon, SPYRIDOULA means "spirit."
Girl/Female
Swedish Greek
Divine fame.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Strong, Power
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
PLAYFAIR CIPHER
n.
The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.
n.
A cipher; naught.
a.
Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence.
n.
A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W.
n.
According to the French and American notation, a thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a million octillions, or a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
According to the French notation, which is used upon the Continent generally and in the United States, the number expressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; a million millions; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the third power, or the number represented by a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
One who ciphers.
n.
That which has no value; a cipher; zero.
n.
According to the French notation, which is used on the Continent and in America, the cube of a million, or a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a number produced by involving a million to the fifth power, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
The art of writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering the same.
n.
A cipher; nothing; naught.
n.
According to the French notation, which is followed also upon the Continent and in the United States, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
v. t.
To get by ciphering; as, to cipher out the answer.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Cipher
n.
According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.
n.
According to the French method of numeration (which method is followed also in the United States) the number expressed by a unit with twenty-seven ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-eight ciphers annexed. See Numeration.
imp. & p. p.
of Cipher
n.
According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration.
adv.
The arithmetical character 0; a cipher. See Cipher.
n.
A cipher; zero.