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Tool to change passwords on Unix-like OSes
passwd is a command on Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and most Unix-like operating systems used to change a user's password. The password entered by the user is
Passwd
Unix command
in a number of important text files called databases. This includes the passwd and group databases which store user information – hence getent is a common
Getent
Computer security vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to the file system
the root directory, and then include the Unix password file /etc/passwd. Unix /etc/passwd is a common file used to demonstrate directory traversal, as it
Directory_traversal_attack
Type of attack on computer systems
> <!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ELEMENT foo ANY > <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <!DOCTYPE
XML_external_entity_attack
Computer network information service
environments it often serves to distribute information kept in the /etc/passwd, /etc/group and /etc/printcap files, among others. Frequently an LDAP server
Hesiod_(name_service)
Operating system mechanism
mechanisms. These sources include local operating system files (such as /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/hosts), the Domain Name System (DNS), the Network
Name_Service_Switch
Information field in UNIX password files
gecos field, or GECOS field, is a component of each user record in the /etc/passwd file on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is the fifth of the seven
Gecos_field
Command on Unix-like operating systems
the shell interactively. chsh is a setuid program that modifies the /etc/passwd file, and only allows ordinary users to modify their own login shells. The
Chsh
Computer safety concept
a user process's memory space, there exists the following string: /etc/passwd Although this identifies a unique object on the system, it does not specify
Capability-based_security
Class of software bugs
password file /etc/passwd: symlink("/etc/passwd", "file"); fd = open("file", O_WRONLY); write(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)); Actually writing over /etc/passwd
Time-of-check_to_time-of-use
Command-line interpreter for Unix operating system
selection is typically stored in a user's profile (for example, in the local passwd file or in a distributed configuration system such as NIS or LDAP). A user
Unix_shell
Abstract reference to a system resource in computing
password file (/etc/passwd) in read/write mode (O_RDWR), it could try to open the file via the following call: int fd = open("/etc/passwd", O_RDWR); This
Handle_(computing)
Unix/POSIX system account group number; numeric value used to represent a specific group
must have GID 0. This numeric value is used to refer to groups in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files or their equivalents. Shadow password files and Network
Group_identifier
Person who uses a computer or network service
account. On Unix systems, local user accounts are stored in the file /etc/passwd, while user passwords may be stored at /etc/shadow in its hashed form. On
User_(computing)
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
be tested before the password can be rejected. Salt (cryptography) HMAC passwd "NIST Special Publication 800-63B". 2022-12-16. Section 5.1.1.2. Retrieved
Pepper_(cryptography)
Type of web vulnerability
/vulnerable.php?language=../../../../../etc/passwd%00 - allows an attacker to read the contents of the /etc/passwd file on a Unix-like system through a directory
File_inclusion_vulnerability
751 Unofficial kerberos_master, Kerberos authentication 752 Unofficial passwd_server, Kerberos password (kpasswd) server 753 Yes Reverse Routing Header
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
Type of computer program
this—some completely ignore $HOME and instead do a user look-up in /etc/passwd to find the home directory, therefore thwarting portability. There are also
Portable_application
User-friendly interactive Unix shell
jpg; convert $i (basename $i .jpg).png; end # while-loop, read lines /etc/passwd and output the fifth # colon-separated field from the file. This should
Fish_(Unix_shell)
Encoding for a sequence of byte values using 64 printable characters
Unix password Unix stores password hashes computed with crypt in the /etc/passwd file using an encoding called B64. crypt's alphabet puts the punctuation
Base64
of user and group files that can be modified by the vipw utility. “/etc/passwd“: User account information. “/etc/shadow“: Secure user account information
Vipw
Family of computer operating systems
and many others. User utilities – environment management tools such as passwd, kill, and others. Document formatting – Unix systems were used from the
Unix
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
a user's login shell is identified in the /etc/passwd file. $ awk -F ':' '$1 ~ /root/' /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:Super User:/root:/bin/bash When a human
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Directory service protocol from Sun Microsystems
UNIX environment, the list of users for identification is placed in /etc/passwd and secret authentication hashes in /etc/shadow. NIS adds another "global"
Network_Information_Service
Password cracking dataset
retrieved at the beginning of the chain that produces linux23. Here we find passwd at the beginning of the corresponding chain stored in the table. At this
Rainbow_table
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
for multiple systems. Earlier versions of Unix used a password file /etc/passwd to store the hashes of salted passwords (passwords prefixed with two-character
Salt_(cryptography)
Special user account used for system administration
control over the machine. Hypervisor Jailbreaking (iOS) nobody (username) passwd Power user Privilege escalation Rooting (Android OS) Rootkit sudo Wheel
Superuser
Computer hardware or software server
but it also wraps the library routines that access information from the passwd and group files and their network database equivalents.[permanent dead link]
Name_server
– process status information about processes started by a specific user passwd, netkey, iam – change user password who – who is using the machine man,
List_of_Plan_9_applications
Software development methodology
reject accessing the file "/etc/passwd", a cracker might pass another variant of this file name, like "/etc/./passwd". Canonicalization libraries can
Defensive_programming
Extension to the Tcl scripting language
used to automate control of interactive applications such as Telnet, FTP, passwd, fsck, rlogin, tip, SSH, and others. Expect uses pseudo terminals (Unix)
Expect
Database stored as flat data
considered "flat." In the context of Unix-like systems, the files /etc/passwd and /etc/group are flat-files databases. The following illustrates typical
Flat-file_database
Interface enabling remote access to a web server
display the /etc/passwd file could be: https://example.com/example.php?x=cat%20%2Fetc%2Fpasswd This executes the command cat /etc/passwd. Such risks can
Web_shell
Login system for Unix and Unix-like operating systems
no longer maintained ConsoleKit. BSD Authentication Name Service Switch passwd Pluggable authentication module "Configuring Login Manager". Solaris Common
Login_manager
Memory-safe dialect of the C programming language
fopen("/etc/passwd", "r"); try { int code = getc((File* @notnull)f); } catch { case &Null_Exception: printf("Error: can't open /etc/passwd\n"); return
Cyclone (programming language)
Cyclone_(programming_language)
Key derivation function of password hash
that time password hashes were commonly stored in an account file (/etc/passwd) which was readable to anyone on the system. (This account file was also
Crypt_(C)
American cryptographer (1932–2011)
to compute hashes of user passwords which were stored in the file /etc/passwd; analogous techniques, relying on different functions, are still in use
Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)
Implementation of an internet protocol
servers back-meta: proxy with meta-directory features back-passwd: uses a Unix system's passwd and group data back-relay: internally redirects to other
OpenLDAP
Operating system from General Electric
for print spooling and various other services. The field added to "/etc/passwd" to carry GCOS ID information was called the "GECOS field" and survives
General Comprehensive Operating System
General_Comprehensive_Operating_System
One-time password authentication system
passwords. OPIE can restrict its logins based on IP address. It uses its own passwd and login modules. If the Enter key ↵ Enter is pressed at the password prompt
OPIE_Authentication_System
that order. The users are sorted by default according to the order in /etc/passwd However, it can also be used to modify the records kept in /var/log/lastlog
Lastlog
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
password hashing (password verification by hash comparison), as used by the passwd file or shadow password file. Password hash functions should be relatively
Key_derivation_function
Original Unix operating system from Bell Labs
compiler. 3rd Edition Feb 1973 Introduced a C debugger, pipes, crypt, kill, passwd, size, speak, split, uniq, and yacc. Commands are split between /bin and
Research_Unix
user and password information, if stored locally, can be found in the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow file pair.[citation needed] There are viruses and worms
Unix_security
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
of disk encryption software) 7-Zip Apache .htpasswd "APR1" and OpenSSL "passwd" use 1000 rounds of MD5 key stretching. KeePass and KeePassXC, open-source
Key_stretching
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
in Modular Crypt Format or RFC 2307 hash format, sometimes in the /etc/passwd file or the /etc/shadow file. The main storage methods for passwords are
Password
Discontinued software produced by Microsoft which provided Unix environment on Windows NT
Client (TelnetClient) Telnet server (TelnetServer) Password synchronization (PasswdSync) ActiveState ActivePerl (Perl) UNIX utilities (UnixUtilities) Cron service
Windows_Services_for_UNIX
Replacement for the original NIS protocol
File Sample entry Information /etc/passwd numiri:x:37:4:Sebastian Nguyen:/home/numiri user name, home directory, ... /etc/shadow numiri:1AD3ioUMlkj234k:
NIS+
Collection of Unix tools in single executable file
command line partprobe — Tell the kernel about partition table changes. passwd — Update user's authentication tokens. paste — Merge corresponding lines
Toybox
Shell command and system call that changes the apparent root directory
program inside a specially crafted chroot jail (for example, with a fake /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow file) that would fool it into a privilege escalation. Some
Chroot
last, lastlog, login, lsage, lsgroup, lsuser, mkgroup, mkuser, nologin, passwd, pwck, remove-shell, rmgroup, rmuser, setpwnam, vipw, wall, write 0.1.6
List_of_GNU_packages
Internet appliance by 3Com
session. Using privilege escalation techniques, the root password in the passwd file could be edited, opening the box to further experimentation. Many of
3Com_Audrey
Software development methodology
net/cgi-bin/article.sh?name=../../../../../etc/passwd Depending on the script, this may expose the /etc/passwd file, which on Unix-like systems contains (among
Secure_coding
C standard library for Android operating system
endpwent/getpwent/setpwent family that are inapplicable to Android because it lacks a passwd database. As of Oreo, libm is complete. Some functions deliberately do not
Bionic_(software)
Topics referred to by the same term
Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS) gecos field, an entry in the /etc/passwd file containing personal data about the user on Unix operating systems This
Gecos
Open-source groupware
manager. Sork - a collection of four other Horde modules (accounts, forwards, passwd, and vacation) which together perform various account management functions
Horde_(software)
Shell commands that exit immediately with a 0/1 status
example: make … && false Setting a user's login shell to false, in /etc/passwd, effectively denies them access to an interactive shell, but their account
True_and_false_(commands)
Free software data integrity tool
solaria.cs.purdue.edu !/etc/lp # except for SVR4 printer logs @@endif /etc/passwd R+12 # you can't be too careful /etc/mtab L # dynamic files /etc/motd L
Open_Source_Tripwire
Unix daemon
processes for new requests. The fifth word is the user name, from the /etc/passwd database, that the service program should run as. Finally, the path and
Inetd
Type of Linux installation
Tcl scripting language, for interactive applications such as telnet, ftp, passwd, fsck, rlogin, tip, ssh, and others. Public domain File file command is
Linux_from_Scratch
Obtaining secrets using the Internet
spreadsheets, design files such as Autocad files and system files such as the passwd file. Capture location: GPS, WiFi, network information and other attached
Cyber_espionage
feature and some people a security breach (e.g., a symbolic link to /etc/passwd). Symbolic links are only supported on select platforms, depending on the
Comparison of version-control software
Comparison_of_version-control_software
anonymizer Yes Yes GPLv3 4.4+ Developed by Guardian Project and WITNESS PasswdSafe Password manager Yes Yes Artistic License 2.0 1.6+ Prey Anti-theft and
List of free and open-source Android applications
List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications
Collection of Unix commands in a single executable file
networking information. nice nmeter nohup nslookup ntpc ntpsync nvram od openvt passwd patch pgrep pidof — List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs
BusyBox
Computer program to process a stream
character string to its output. The following is an example: cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd | grep foo This finds all registered users that have "foo" as part of their
Filter_(software)
Recovering passwords stored by computer systems
hashed passwords were originally stored in a publicly accessible file /etc/passwd. On modern Unix (and similar) systems, on the other hand, they are stored
Password_cracking
How the video chat application protects itself from theft, damage, black hats
Firefox Profile - Slashdot". August 26, 2007. "Skype 1.4.0.99 reads /etc/ passwd and firefox profile! - Skype Community". August 25, 2007. Archived from
Skype_security
Log analysis software
operating system, with a variety of Perl modules from CPAN (e.g. Crypt::PasswdMD5, DBD::mysql, JSON, Unix::Syslog, XML::Simple). A comprehensive list of
Octopussy_(software)
C language standard library specifically for POSIX systems
Defines an API for creating and manipulating POSIX threads Issue 5 <pwd.h> passwd (user information) access and control Issue 1 <regex.h> Regular expression
C_POSIX_library
First widespread vulnerability scanner for Unix operating systems
strength Content, format, and security of password and group files (e.g., passwd) Programs and files run in /etc/rc* and cron(tab) files Root-SUID files:
COPS_(software)
execution. For example, the user may have launched a text editor on file /etc/passwd, then on file letter.txt in the same session, and then on file todo.txt
X_session_manager
command not found error if invoked directly, or a login failure if the /etc/passwd file indicates /bin/rbash as the user's shell. It suffices to create a link
Restricted_shell
Hacktivist group
AlArabiya's etc./passwd/ file, along with several ldap credentials and mysql credentials; They ALSO released the exploitable path to both etc./passwd/ and localconfig
NullCrew
Free and open-source password manager by Bruce Schneier
Safe at FileHare.com Password Safe at Schneier.com pwSafe Password Safe clone for OS X and iOS Password Safe at Softonline.net PasswdSafe on Google Play
Password_Safe
Widely used Linux filesystem format
volume. Both IDs are specified as numeric values (as to be found in the /etc/passwd file). So, for example, to specify to the vfat filesystem driver that all
FAT_filesystem_and_Linux
Cross-platform rapid application development runtime environment inspired by HyperCard
uses similar syntax: put url "binfile:picture.jpg" into url "ftp://john:passwd@ftp.example.net:2121/picture.jpg" LiveCode has around 2,950 built-in language
LiveCode
Attack technique for bypassing security measures
$path)); This filter successfully blocks payloads such as ../../../../etc/passwd and its URI-encoded form %2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2F%2E%2E%2Fetc%2Fpasswd
Double_encoding
except for the root account, as follows: pete ALL = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root pfexec (and related commands such as pfsh, pfedit, etc
Comparison of privilege authorization features
Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features
interval ps – process (thread) status wm/task – graphical task manager auth/passwd – change user password man, wm/man, man2txt, lookman – print or find manual
List_of_Inferno_applications
PASSWD
PASSWD
PASSWD
PASSWD
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vikrama | விகà¯à®°à®®à®¾à®‚
Violent
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Old Norse Heinrikr, HENRIK means "home-ruler."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Tejavardhan | தேஜவரà¯à®¤à®¨Â
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Victory of the Lively
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from a pet form of Hugh.
Boy/Male
Polish American English Latin
White.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Fully Right
Girl/Female
Indian
Musical instrument
Boy/Male
Hindu
Charioteer of Partha Lord Krishna, Arjunas charioteer Krishna
Boy/Male
Swedish American German
spear courageous'.
PASSWD
PASSWD
PASSWD
PASSWD
PASSWD