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Type of cipher
cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary
Block_cipher
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Cryptography construction
cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the
Feistel_cipher
Type of symmetric key cipher
stream. Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of digits with
Stream_cipher
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
family of ciphers with different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael block cipher family, each with a block size of
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Soviet/Russian national standard block cipher
GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89, is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block size
GOST_(block_cipher)
Cryptographic primitive
One-way compression functions are often built from block ciphers. Some methods to turn any normal block cipher into a one-way compression function are Davies–Meyer
One-way_compression_function
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
whether they work on blocks of symbols usually of a fixed size (block ciphers), or on a continuous stream of symbols (stream ciphers). By whether the same
Cipher
Encryption method
that securely combining separate confidentiality and authentication block cipher operation modes could be error prone and difficult. This was confirmed
Authenticated_encryption
Cryptographic algorithm
use either stream ciphers or block ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt the digits (typically bytes), or letters (in substitution ciphers) of a message one
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007. The GCM algorithm belongs
Galois/Counter_Mode
Complex Soviet pencil and paper cipher
certainly not as complex or secure as modern computer operated stream ciphers or block ciphers, in practice messages protected by it resisted all attempts at
VIC_cipher
Stream cipher algorithm
In cryptography, NLS is a stream cipher algorithm designed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It has been submitted
NLS_(cipher)
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Algorithms to produce pseudo-random numbers
versions of block ciphers. Below we explain how this works. When using a cryptographic block cipher in counter mode, you generate a series of blocks of random
Counter-based random number generator
Counter-based_random_number_generator
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
1976. Symmetric key ciphers are implemented as either block ciphers or stream ciphers. A block cipher enciphers input in blocks of plaintext as opposed
Cryptography
Method in cryptography
the definition of an n-bit block cipher). For such finite domains, and for the purposes of the discussion below, the cipher is equivalent to a permutation
Format-preserving_encryption
Wide-block cipher
Adiantum is a cipher composition for disk encryption. It uses a new cipher construction called HBSH (hash, block cipher, stream cipher, hash), specifically
Adiantum_(cipher)
Stream cipher
(also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR, meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher. While it is remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software, multiple
RC4
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input)
Substitution_cipher
Attacks against common ciphers
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against block ciphers and stream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known
Cipher_security_summary
Topics referred to by the same term
Blockchain.com, a bitcoin exchange, wallet, and explorer service Cipher Block Chaining, a block cipher mode of operation in cryptography Blockchain, a 2021 mixtape
Blockchain_(disambiguation)
Chinese block cipher
ShāngMì 4 (SM4, 商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China. It is used in the Chinese National Standard
SM4_(cipher)
Encryption system
In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion
Bifid_cipher
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different
Vigenère_cipher
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide
Running_key_cipher
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256 Cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode is an example of block cipher mode of operation. Some block cipher modes (CBC and PCBC essentially)
Padding_(cryptography)
Block cipher
The Hasty Pudding cipher (HPC) is a variable-block-size block cipher designed by Richard Schroeppel, which was an unsuccessful candidate in the competition
Hasty_Pudding_cipher
Block cipher
for 'Grasshopper'; Cyrillic script: Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher. It has a block size of 128 bits and key length of 256 bits. It is defined in
Kuznyechik
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
distinguish the cipher from a random permutation. Academic attacks are often against weakened versions of a cryptosystem, such as a block cipher or hash function
Cryptanalysis
Family of block ciphers
Speck is part of a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013. Speck has been optimized
Speck_(cipher)
Family of lightweight block ciphers
Simon is a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013. Simon has been optimized for performance
Simon_(cipher)
Encryption algorithm used by DVB television standard
distinct ciphers: a block cipher and a stream cipher. When used in encryption mode the data are first encrypted using the 64-bit block cipher in CBC mode
Common_Scrambling_Algorithm
Block cipher
In cryptography, Skipjack is a block cipher — an algorithm for encryption — developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Initially a
Skipjack_(cipher)
Earliest civilian block ciphers
cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM. Lucifer was a
Lucifer_(cipher)
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
this is not an essential feature of the cipher, this simple scheme is often used: To encrypt a message, each block of n letters (considered as an n-component
Hill_cipher
Type of substitution cipher
pigpen cipher (alternatively referred to as the masonic cipher, Freemason's cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher, and tic-tac-toe cipher) is a geometric
Pigpen_cipher
Block cipher
is a proprietary block cipher algorithm, developed by Sony. Its name is derived from the French word clef, meaning "key". The block size is 128-bits,
CLEFIA
Block cipher
In cryptography, DFC (Decorrelated Fast Cipher) is a symmetric block cipher which was created in 1998 by a group of researchers from École Normale Supérieure
DFC_(cipher)
Encrypted information
algorithms can either be block ciphers or stream ciphers. Block ciphers operate on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation
Ciphertext
Feistel network based block cipher
In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. It was jointly developed
Camellia_(cipher)
Block cipher introduced in 1991
The PC1 cipher, also called the Kindle cipher or Pukall cipher 1, is a block cipher introduced in 1991. It is most prominently used by Amazon, Inc., for
PC1_cipher
Class of functions in cryptography
the block cipher's security parameter (this usually means the effort required should be about the same as a brute force search through the cipher's key
Pseudorandom_permutation
Input to a cryptographic primitive
between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Some cryptographic
Initialization_vector
Block cipher
In cryptography, FEAL (the Fast data Encipherment Algorithm) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and designed
FEAL
Block cipher
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists
Twofish
implementations of block ciphers. Block ciphers are defined as being deterministic and operating on a set number of bits (termed a block) using a symmetric
Comparison of cryptography libraries
Comparison_of_cryptography_libraries
Cryptographic algorithm
method of using a block cipher mode of operation that allows for processing of messages that are not evenly divisible into blocks without resulting in
Ciphertext_stealing
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
An autokey cipher (also known as the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from
Autokey_cipher
Method of encryption
In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition)
Transposition_cipher
Caesar cipher ROT13 Affine cipher Atbash cipher Keyword cipher Polyalphabetic substitution Vigenère cipher Autokey cipher Homophonic substitution cipher Polygraphic
Outline_of_cryptography
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
use a block cipher to build a cryptographic hash function, specifically a one-way compression function. The methods resemble the block cipher modes of
Cryptographic_hash_function
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
underlying block cipher when the number of bits output from this PRNG is greater than two to the power of the underlying block cipher's block size in bits
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Message authentication code algorithm
encrypted with some block cipher algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) mode to create a chain of blocks such that each block depends on the proper
CBC-MAC
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense
Differential_cryptanalysis
Length of bit string processed by a cipher
modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of
Block_size_(cryptography)
the ciphers' block-size (typically 128 bits). Modes are therefore rules on how to repeatedly apply the ciphers' single-block operations. Cipher-block chaining
Disk_encryption_theory
Cipher
In cryptography, the Iraqi block cipher was a block cipher published in C source code form by anonymous FTP upload around July 1999, and widely distributed
Iraqi_block_cipher
Form of cryptanalysis
a cipher. Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks on block ciphers;
Linear_cryptanalysis
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
design elements, a relatively short key length of the symmetric-key block cipher design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a backdoor
Data_Encryption_Standard
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
prevent eavesdropping attacks. One of the first widely adopted modern block ciphers, Data Encryption Standard, used a 56-bit key with 72,057,594,037,927
Encryption
Block cipher
is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block. At the time of its
Triple_DES
Block cipher
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, in which it ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent
Serpent_(cipher)
Symmetric-key block cipher
called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Cipher
In cryptography, the S-1 block cipher was a block cipher posted in source code form on Usenet on 11 August 1995. Although incorrect security markings
S-1_block_cipher
Polyalphabetic encryption system
The Beaufort cipher, created by Sir Francis Beaufort, is a substitution cipher similar to the Vigenère cipher, with a slightly modified enciphering mechanism
Beaufort_cipher
Block cipher
In cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA. The cipher's designers were David Wheeler and Roger Needham
XTEA
Simple and widely known encryption technique
A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which
Caesar_cipher
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
(counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code; counter with CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an authenticated
CCM_mode
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
like cryptographic hash functions (as in the case of HMAC) or from block cipher algorithms (OMAC, CCM, GCM, and PMAC). However many of the fastest MAC
Message_authentication_code
Early block substitution cipher
The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution
Playfair_cipher
Form of cryptanalysis
of block ciphers based on differential cryptanalysis. The attack was published in 1999 by David Wagner, who used it to break the COCONUT98 cipher. The
Boomerang_attack
Measure of cryptographic strength
is a measure of the strength that a cryptographic primitive — such as a cipher or hash function — achieves. Security level is usually expressed as a number
Security_level
International standard
techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) – Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher is an international standard that defines methods for calculating a message
ISO/IEC_9797-1
Block cipher
MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after
MARS_(cipher)
Block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen
In cryptography, Square (sometimes written SQUARE) is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The design, published in 1997, is a forerunner
Square_(cipher)
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
difficulty based on the average time taken to mine a block in the previous epoch, ensuring a consistent block time of approximately 10 minutes, creating a tamper-proof
Proof_of_work
Block ciphers
The BEAR and LION block ciphers were invented by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham by combining a stream cipher and a cryptographic hash function. The algorithms
BEAR_and_LION_ciphers
Open-source password management software
such as passwords or IDs and encrypt them through Blowfish symmetric block cipher algorithm or GNU Privacy Guard encryption. KDE Wallet Manager (KWallet)
KWallet
Concept in cryptography
effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly
Avalanche_effect
Repeated basic operation in a cryptosystem
constant and, for block ciphers, the round key from the key schedule. Parameterization is essential to reduce the self-similarity of the cipher, which could
Round_(cryptography)
Block cipher
symmetric block cipher which was created in 1998 by NTT and submitted to the AES competition. Like other AES candidates, E2 operates on blocks of 128 bits
E2_(cipher)
Concept in cryptography
pad cipher and in most stream ciphers. Block ciphers can also be used to produce keystreams. For instance, CTR mode is a block mode that makes a block cipher
Keystream
Block cipher
SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korea Information Security Agency (KISA). It is used broadly throughout South Korean industry, but seldom found
SEED
Block cipher
In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines
Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
Cryptographic hash function
based on a block cipher with a proof of security in the ideal-cipher model. The length of the output hash depends on the underlying block cipher used. Let
MDC-2
QARMA (from Qualcomm ARM Authenticator) is a lightweight tweakable block cipher primarily known for its use in the ARMv8 architecture for protection of
QARMA
Cipher design construction
used in block cipher algorithms such as AES (Rijndael), 3-Way, Kalyna, Kuznyechik, PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square. Such a network takes a block of the
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Disused cipher that was used historically
In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher that was used historically but, for the most part, has fallen into disuse. In contrast to modern
Classical_cipher
Encryption technique
The one-time pad (OTP), also known as the Vernam cipher, is an encryption technique that cannot be cracked in cryptography. It requires the use of a single-use
One-time_pad
HTTP extension supporting TLS encryption
It protects against man-in-the-middle attacks, and the bidirectional block cipher encryption of communications between a client and server protects the
HTTPS
Type of cryptographic attack
know, at first, what the bits are. KASUMI is an eight round, 64-bit block cipher with a 128-bit key. It is based upon MISTY1 and was designed to form
Related-key_attack
Form of cryptanalysis
make the number of rounds in a cipher irrelevant. Rather than looking at the data-randomizing aspects of the block cipher, the slide attack works by analyzing
Slide_attack
Steganography method
Bacon's cipher or the Baconian cipher is a method of steganographic message encoding devised by Francis Bacon in 1605. In steganography, a message is
Bacon's_cipher
Stream cipher
the design of Trivium is given in a paper "A Stream Cipher Construction Inspired by Block Cipher Design Principles". ISO/IEC 29192-3:2012 eSTREAM Phorum
Trivium_(cipher)
Block cipher
(Modular Multiplication-based Block cipher) is a block cipher designed by Joan Daemen as an improved replacement for the IDEA cipher. Modular multiplication
MMB_(cipher)
Fundamental tool in cryptography
in essence, creates 26 different Caesar ciphers. The resulting ciphertext appears as a random string or block of data. Due to the variable shifting, natural
Tabula_recta
Block cipher
Anubis is a block cipher designed by Vincent Rijmen and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto as an entrant in the NESSIE project, a former research program initiated
Anubis_(cipher)
Type of transposition cipher
The rail fence cipher (also called a zigzag cipher) is a classical type of transposition cipher. It derives its name from the manner in which encryption
Rail_fence_cipher
Block cipher
opulus) is a symmetric block cipher. It supports block sizes of 128, 256 or 512 bits; the key length is either equal to or double the block size. Kalyna was
Kalyna_(cipher)
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