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Chinese block cipher
ShāngMì 4 (SM4, 商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China. It is used in the Chinese National Standard
SM4_(cipher)
Topics referred to by the same term
SM4, Sm4 or SM-4 may refer to: SM4 (cipher), a block cipher used in the Chinese National Standard SM-4, minicomputer VR Class Sm4, a type of train operated
SM4
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
(or "E") for the eavesdropping adversary. Since the development of rotor cipher machines in World War I and the advent of computers in World War II, cryptography
Cryptography
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Type of cipher
Several block ciphers exist that are generally only used in certain localities or jurisdictions, some of the more well known ones include: SM4 — China Kuznyechik
Block_cipher
Cryptography construction
cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the
Feistel_cipher
for accelerating SM4 algorithm (Google Patents, translated from Chinese), granted 2023-03-24. Deepin Linux kernel, /arch/x86/crypto/sm4-cis-asm_64.S, 27
List of x86 cryptographic instructions
List_of_x86_cryptographic_instructions
Algorithm
use either stream ciphers or block ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt the digits (typically bytes), or letters (in substitution ciphers) of a message one
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
design elements, a relatively short key length of the symmetric-key block cipher design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a backdoor
Data_Encryption_Standard
Block cipher
3-Way is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen. It is closely related to BaseKing; the two are variants of the same general cipher technique. 3-Way
3-Way
Block cipher
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, in which it ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent
Serpent_(cipher)
Republic of Korea national standard block cipher
Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (also known as LEA) is a 128-bit block cipher developed by South Korea in 2013 to provide confidentiality in high-speed
LEA_(cipher)
Cryptographic hash function
Retrieved 2022-07-30. Wang Xiaoyun. SM3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm[J]. Journal of Information Security Research, 2016, 2(11): 983-994. SM4 (cipher) v t e
SM3_(hash_function)
Block cipher
In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines
Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
Attacks against common ciphers
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against block ciphers and stream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known
Cipher_security_summary
Block cipher
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of
Twofish
Family of authenticated ciphers
Ascon is a family of lightweight authenticated ciphers and hash functions that have been selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
Ascon_(cipher)
Input to a cryptographic primitive
between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Some cryptographic
Initialization_vector
(published in 2010) SM4 - a 128-bit block cipher with a 128-bit key. GM/T 0002-2012: SM4 (published in 2012) ZUC, a stream cipher. GM/T 0001–2016. The
SM9_(cryptography_standard)
Block cipher
In cryptography, KHAZAD is a block cipher designed by Paulo S. L. M. Barreto together with Vincent Rijmen, one of the designers of the Advanced Encryption
KHAZAD
Block cipher
Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The 56-bit key
Triple_DES
Block cipher
KASUMI is a block cipher used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile communications systems. In UMTS, KASUMI is used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms
KASUMI
Japanese cryptography research project
CRYPTREC included certain 64-bit block ciphers in its recommended list, while NESSIE did not select any 64-bit block ciphers in its final portfolio. Similarly
CRYPTREC
Block cipher
(Russian for 'Grasshopper'; Cyrillic script: Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher. It has a block size of 128 bits and key length of 256 bits. It is defined
Kuznyechik
Soviet/Russian national standard block cipher
GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89, is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block
GOST_(block_cipher)
Block cipher
In cryptography, SHARK is a block cipher identified as one of the predecessors of Rijndael (the Advanced Encryption Standard). SHARK has a 64-bit block
SHARK
Block ciphers
In cryptography, Khufu and Khafre are two block ciphers designed by Ralph Merkle in 1989 while working at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. Along with
Khufu_and_Khafre
Earliest civilian block ciphers
Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM. Lucifer was a direct
Lucifer_(cipher)
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
report, Sincerely yours, etc. The primary use of padding with classical ciphers is to prevent the cryptanalyst from using that predictability to find known
Padding_(cryptography)
Family of block ciphers
Speck is part of a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013. Speck has been optimized
Speck_(cipher)
Classified National Security Agency Type 1 encryption algorithm
Mode (also known as Key-Auto-KEY or KAK) and Autoclave Mode (also known as Cipher-Text Auto Key or CTAK). On the AIM microchip, it runs at 4% of the clock
SAVILLE
Block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen
In cryptography, Square (sometimes written SQUARE) is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The design, published in 1997, is a forerunner
Square_(cipher)
Block cipher
cryptography, Corrected Block TEA (often referred to as XXTEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in the original Block TEA. XXTEA is vulnerable
XXTEA
Block cipher
SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korea Information Security Agency (KISA). It is used broadly throughout South Korean industry, but seldom found
SEED
Authenticated encryption mode
Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers that provides both encryption and message authentication in a single pass
Galois/Counter_Mode
Concept in cryptography
is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly
Avalanche_effect
Block cipher
In cryptography, M8 is a block cipher designed by Hitachi in 1999. It is a modification of Hitachi's earlier M6 algorithm, designed for greater security
M8_(cipher)
Block cipher
cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA. The cipher's designers were David Wheeler and Roger Needham
XTEA
Block cipher
The Hasty Pudding cipher (HPC) is a variable-block-size block cipher designed by Richard Schroeppel, which was an unsuccessful candidate in the competition
Hasty_Pudding_cipher
Block cipher
(alternatively CAST5) is a symmetric-key block cipher used in a number of products, notably as the default cipher in some versions of GPG and PGP. It has also
CAST-128
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5. It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin to meet
RC6
Feistel network based block cipher
In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. It was jointly developed
Camellia_(cipher)
Block cypher operating mode
The xor–encrypt–xor (XEX) is a (tweakable) mode of operation of a block cipher. In tweaked-codebook mode with ciphertext stealing (XTS mode), it is one
Xor–encrypt–xor
Extension to the x86 instruction set
0X1107. VIA PadLock found on some Zhaoxin CPUs have SM3 hashing and SM4 block cipher added. All VIA Nano CPUs support SHA, AES, and RNG. All VIA Eden CPUs
VIA_PadLock
Wide-block cipher
Adiantum is a cipher composition for disk encryption. It uses a new cipher construction called HBSH (hash, block cipher, stream cipher, hash), specifically
Adiantum_(cipher)
Cryptographic algorithm
PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher, developed by Orange Labs (France), Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) and the Technical University of Denmark in 2007
PRESENT
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, According to Ron Rivest, RC stands
RC5
Block cipher
In cryptography, FEAL (the Fast data Encipherment Algorithm) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and designed
FEAL
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
(counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code; counter with CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an authenticated
CCM_mode
Block cipher
Data Seal (NDS) is a block cipher that was designed at IBM in 1975, based on the Lucifer algorithm that became DES. The cipher uses a block size of 128
New_Data_Seal
Block ciphers
The BEAR and LION block ciphers were invented by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham by combining a stream cipher and a cryptographic hash function. The algorithms
BEAR_and_LION_ciphers
Cryptographic algorithm
cryptography, ciphertext stealing (CTS) is a general method of using a block cipher mode of operation that allows for processing of messages that are not evenly
Ciphertext_stealing
Block cipher
In cryptography, UES (Universal Encryption Standard) is a block cipher designed in 1999 by Helena Handschuh and Serge Vaudenay. They proposed it as a transitional
UES_(cipher)
Block cipher
Kalyna (Ukrainian: Калина, Viburnum opulus) is a symmetric block cipher. It supports block sizes of 128, 256 or 512 bits; the key length is either equal
Kalyna_(cipher)
Block cipher
MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after
MARS_(cipher)
Cryptographic technique
In cryptography, CIPHERUNICORN-A is a block cipher created by NEC in 2000. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government
CIPHERUNICORN-A
Block cipher
Prince is a block cipher targeting low latency, unrolled hardware implementations. It is based on the so-called FX construction. Its most notable feature
Prince_(cipher)
Cipher
In cryptography, the S-1 block cipher was a block cipher posted in source code form on Usenet on 11 August 1995. Although incorrect security markings
S-1_block_cipher
stream ciphers. Stream ciphers are defined as using plain text digits that are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream. Stream ciphers are typically
Comparison of cryptography libraries
Comparison_of_cryptography_libraries
Family of lightweight block ciphers
Simon is a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013. Simon has been optimized for performance
Simon_(cipher)
Block cipher
In cryptography, MAGENTA is a symmetric key block cipher developed by Michael Jacobson Jr. and Klaus Huber for Deutsche Telekom. The name MAGENTA is an
MAGENTA
Block cipher
In cryptography, MESH is a block cipher designed in 2002 by Jorge Nakahara, Jr., Vincent Rijmen, Bart Preneel, and Joos Vandewalle. MESH is based directly
MESH_(cipher)
Block cipher
Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition. Threefish
Threefish
Block cipher
block cipher designed by Ron Rivest in 1987. "RC" stands for "Ron's Code" (see also RC2, RC5 and RC6), but generally called simply RC2. Other ciphers designed
RC2
Block cipher used by the 4C Entity
The Cryptomeria cipher, also called C2, is a proprietary block cipher defined and licensed by the 4C Entity. It is the successor to CSS algorithm (used
Cryptomeria_cipher
Instruction for x86 microprocessors
RDT_A_ASYM Asymmetric RDT Allocation capability (avx512-vnni-fp16) ? 1 2 sm4 SM4 cipher extensions (reserved) (legacy_reduced_isa) (X86S, cancelled) (avx512-vnni-int8)
CPUID
Block cipher
In cryptography, Skipjack is a block cipher — an algorithm for encryption — developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Initially a
Skipjack_(cipher)
Symmetric-key block cipher
Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Family of block ciphers
NOEKEON /ˈnuːki.ɒn/ is a family of two block ciphers designed by Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, Gilles Van Assche and Vincent Rijmen and submitted to the
NOEKEON
Block cipher
DES Scheme (GDES or G-DES) is a variant of the DES symmetric-key block cipher designed with the intention of speeding up the encryption process while
GDES
Block cipher
In cryptography, ARIA is a block cipher designed in 2003 by a large group of South Korean researchers. In 2004, the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards
ARIA_(cipher)
Block cipher
In cryptography, Madryga is a block cipher published in 1984 by W. E. Madryga. It was designed to be easy and efficient for implementation in software
Madryga
Cipher design construction
network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES (Rijndael), 3-Way, Kalyna, Kuznyechik, PRESENT, SAFER
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Block cipher designed in 2000 by Chang-Hyi Lee
In cryptography, Zodiac is a block cipher designed in 2000 by Chang-Hyi Lee for the Korean firm SoftForum. Zodiac uses a 16-round Feistel network structure
Zodiac_(cipher)
Instruction set extensions accelerating AES operations
involves using it on block ciphers with a similarly-structured S-box, using affine transform to convert between the two. SM4, Camellia and ARIA have been
AES_instruction_set
Block cipher
cryptography, the IDEA NXT algorithm (previously known as FOX) is a block cipher designed by Pascal Junod and Serge Vaudenay of EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland)
IDEA_NXT
Block cipher
MULTI2 is a block cipher, developed by Hitachi in 1988. Designed for general-purpose cryptography, its current use is encryption of high-definition television
MULTI2
Cryptographic attack
are a class of cryptographic known-plaintext attacks for breaking stream ciphers whose keystreams are generated by combining the output of several linear-feedback
Correlation_attack
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
parallelizable mode (IAPM) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. As its name implies, it allows for a parallel mode of operation for higher
IAPM_(mode)
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and
S-box
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
In cryptography, CWC Mode (Carter–Wegman + CTR mode) is an AEAD block cipher mode of operation that provides both encryption and built-in message integrity
CWC_mode
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
(encrypt-then-authenticate-then-translate) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithm
EAX_mode
Block cipher
KeeLoq is a proprietary hardware-dedicated block cipher that uses a non-linear feedback shift register (NLFSR). The uni-directional command transfer protocol
KeeLoq
Implementations of Advanced Encryption Standard
of the cipher identifies the number of null bytes of padding added. Careful choice must be made in selecting the mode of operation of the cipher. The simplest
AES_implementations
Block cipher
cryptography, FEA-M (Fast Encryption Algorithm for Multimedia) is a block cipher developed in 2001 by X. Yi, C. H. Tan, C. K. Siew, and M. R. Syed. With
FEA-M
Family of block ciphers
LOKI91 are symmetric-key block ciphers designed as possible replacements for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The ciphers were developed based on a body
LOKI
Block cipher
In cryptography, CRYPTON is a symmetric block cipher submitted as a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It is very efficient in hardware
CRYPTON
Type of cipher
In cryptography, a product cipher combines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual
Product_cipher
Algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key
In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of cipher, where the (de-)ciphering of data is typically done as an iteration of rounds
Key_schedule
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense,
Differential_cryptanalysis
Block cipher
cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States. CMEA is
Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
benefits on little-endian architectures. Authenticated encryption Stream cipher "Webpage for the AES-GCM-SIV Mode of Operation". 31 May 2023. Gueron, S
AES-GCM-SIV
Family of block ciphers
III are block ciphers designed by cryptographer Michael Wood for Cryptech Inc and are optimised for use in software. Both REDOC ciphers are patented.
REDOC
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
v t e Block ciphers (security summary) Common algorithms AES Blowfish DES (internal mechanics, Triple DES) Serpent SM4 Twofish Less common algorithms ARIA
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Block cipher
cryptography, SXAL (substitution xor algorithm, sometimes called SXAL8) is a block cipher designed in 1993 by Yokohama-based Laurel Intelligent Systems. It is normally
SXAL/MBAL
Block cipher
In cryptography, KN-Cipher is a block cipher created by Kaisa Nyberg and Lars Knudsen in 1995. One of the first ciphers designed to be provably secure
KN-Cipher
Block cipher
In cryptography, NUSH is a block cipher invented by Anatoly Lebedev and Alexey Volchkov for the Russian company LAN Crypto. It was submitted to the NESSIE
NUSH
Block cipher
DEAL (Data Encryption Algorithm with Larger blocks) is a symmetric block cipher derived from the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Its design was presented
DEAL
SM4 CIPHER
SM4 CIPHER
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places in Derbyshire and Lancashire, so called from Old English smæl ‘narrow’ + lēah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker of iron arrowheads, from Old English arwe ‘arrow’ + smi{dh} ‘smith’.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and northern English
Scottish and northern English : variant of Small.English : habitational name from a lost place in eastern Sussex named Smeghel, from Old English smēagel ‘burrow’, or from Brooksmarle (now Broxmead) in Sussex (named with Old English brocc ‘badger’ + smēagel).
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : habitational name from a place in Cheshire, so called from Old English smæl ‘narrow’ + wudu ‘wood’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old English blÅstm(a), blÅsma ‘blossom’, according to Reaney ‘used in the 15th century of one lovely and full of promise.’
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from either of two places in Devon, so called from Old English smæl ‘narrow’ + hrycg ‘ridge’, or a topographic name from Middle English smal ‘narrow’ + rugge, rigge ‘ridge’.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Nottinghamshire)
English (mainly Nottinghamshire) : apparently a habitational name from a lost or unidentified place, perhaps so called from Old English smēðe ‘smooth’ + lēah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a worker in metal, from Middle English smith (Old English smið, probably a derivative of smītan ‘to strike, hammer’). Metal-working was one of the earliest occupations for which specialist skills were required, and its importance ensured that this term and its equivalents were perhaps the most widespread of all occupational surnames in Europe. Medieval smiths were important not only in making horseshoes, plowshares, and other domestic articles, but above all for their skill in forging swords, other weapons, and armor. This is the most frequent of all American surnames; it has also absorbed, by assimilation and translation, cognates and equivalents from many other languages (for forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : habitational name from a minor place near Manchester, so named from Old English smēðe ‘smooth’ + hyrst ‘(wooded) hill’.
SM4 CIPHER
SM4 CIPHER
Boy/Male
German
Sharp Spear
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ramchandar | ராமசஂதர
Lord Rama
Boy/Male
Tamil
Venkat Mani | வேஂகட மாநீÂ
Lord venkateswara and Ayyappa
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Prince
Surname or Lastname
English or Scottish
English or Scottish : probably an altered form of the nickname Frog (see Frogge).
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Georgios, IORGHU means "earth-worker, farmer."
Male
Hebrew
(×™Ö°×”ï‹×™Ö¸×›Ö´×™×Ÿ) Hebrew name YEHOWYAKIYN means "God establishes." In the bible, this is the name of a king of Judah, the son of Yehowyaqiym. He was imprisoned by Nebuchadnezzar. Jehoiachin is the Anglicized form.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Slave of the creator
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Powerful
Girl/Female
Australian, Biblical, British, Christian, English, Hebrew
Shadow; The Tingling of the Ear
SM4 CIPHER
SM4 CIPHER
SM4 CIPHER
SM4 CIPHER
SM4 CIPHER
n.
That which has no value; a cipher; zero.
v. t.
To get by ciphering; as, to cipher out the answer.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Cipher
n.
According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration.
n.
According to the French and American notation, a thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a million octillions, or a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
According to the French notation, which is used upon the Continent generally and in the United States, the number expressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; a million millions; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the third power, or the number represented by a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
According to the French notation, which is followed also upon the Continent and in the United States, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
a.
Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence.
n.
A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W.
n.
One who ciphers.
imp. & p. p.
of Cipher
n.
A hypothetical radical, SO4, regarded as forming the acid or negative constituent of sulphuric acid and the sulphates in electrolytic decomposition; -- so called in accordance with the binary theory of salts.
n.
A cipher; zero.
adv.
The arithmetical character 0; a cipher. See Cipher.
n.
According to the French method of numeration (which method is followed also in the United States) the number expressed by a unit with twenty-seven ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-eight ciphers annexed. See Numeration.
n.
According to the French notation, which is used on the Continent and in America, the cube of a million, or a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a number produced by involving a million to the fifth power, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.
n.
According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.
n.
A cipher; naught.
n.
A cipher; nothing; naught.