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Encryption algorithm used by DVB television standard
The Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA) is the encryption algorithm used in the DVB digital television broadcasting for encrypting video streams. CSA was
Common_Scrambling_Algorithm
Technology to decrypt pay television channels
implementing the Common Interface (CI). The CI uses the conditional-access module (PCMCIA) connector and conforms to the Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA), the
Common_Interface
Topics referred to by the same term
subalgebra Central simple algebra Client SMTP Authorization Common Scrambling Algorithm Intel Communication Streaming Architecture Cationic steroid antibiotics
CSA
Telecommunication device that obscures signals
carried out in the digital domain, scrambling usually refers to operations carried out in the analog domain. Scrambling is accomplished by the addition of
Scrambler
Open standard for digital television broadcasting
system (DVB-CA) defines a Common Scrambling Algorithm (DVB-CSA) and a physical Common Interface (DVB-CI) for accessing scrambled content. DVB-CA providers
DVB
System used to prevent non-paying customers from accessing content that requires payment
documents for DVB-CA (conditional access), DVB-CSA (the common scrambling algorithm) and DVB-CI (the Common Interface). These standards define a method by which
Conditional_access
sequence required to solve a particular scrambled cube in a given turn metric. For instance, God's number for a scrambling move sequence given in the Computer
Optimal solutions for the Rubik's Cube
Optimal_solutions_for_the_Rubik's_Cube
Japanese standard for digital television and radio
is used. ARIB STD-B25 defines the Common Scrambling Algorithm (CSA) system called MULTI2 required for (de-)scrambling television. The ISDB CAS system in
ISDB
well-known example of a system employing such Hook IP is the DVB Common Scrambling Algorithm DVB-CSA, which though standardised by ETSI, includes patented
Compliance_and_Robustness
Colossus computer • Combined Cipher Machine • Commitment scheme • Common Scrambling Algorithm • Communications security • Communications Security Establishment
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
American word puzzle syndicated in daily newspapers
illustrating the clue, and a set of words, each of which is “jumbled” by scrambling its letters. A solver reconstructs the words, and then arranges letters
Jumble
Algorithm for solving a puzzle or game in the fewest possible moves
God's algorithm of the Rubik cube is a notion originating in discussions of ways to solve the Rubik's Cube puzzle, but which can also be applied to other
God's_algorithm
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
The Data Encryption Standard (DES /ˌdiːˌiːˈɛs, dɛz/) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56
Data_Encryption_Standard
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
of algorithms that carry out the encryption and the reversing decryption. The detailed operation of a cipher is controlled both by the algorithm and
Cryptography
Method to control access to pay television services
Television encryption, often referred to as scrambling, is encryption used to control access to pay television services, usually cable, satellite, or Internet
Television_encryption
Method in speedcubing
119 algorithms in total to learn the full method, with 41 for F2L, 57 for full OLL, and 21 for full PLL. On top of that, there are other algorithm sets
CFOP_method
Solving physical puzzles with speed
solving these puzzles typically involves executing a series of predefined algorithms in a particular sequence with pattern recognition and finger tricks. Competitive
Speedcubing
Amateur telecommunications protocol
arranged FEC code with an iterative algorithm, however, no such algorithm has yet been established. The scrambling and simple bit interleaving is applied
Olivia_MFSK
Mapping arbitrary data to fixed-size values
several common algorithms for hashing integers. The method giving the best distribution is data-dependent. One of the simplest and most common methods
Hash_function
Telephone that provides encrypted calls
software). Scrambling, generally using a form of voice inversion, was available from suppliers of electronic hobbyist kits and is common on FRS radios
Secure_telephone
Genetic operation used to add population diversity
genetic algorithm (GA) involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be flipped from its original state. A common method of
Mutation (evolutionary algorithm)
Mutation_(evolutionary_algorithm)
Stream cipher
key-scheduling algorithm (KSA). Once this has been completed, the stream of bits is generated using the pseudo-random generation algorithm (PRGA). The key-scheduling
RC4
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very high (usually insurmountable)
Strong_cryptography
Type of shift register in computing
of a linear-feedback register before modulation and transmission. This scrambling is removed at the receiver after demodulation. When the LFSR runs at the
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
Computer function
The authors of the attack recommend using their own SipHash instead. algorithm Murmur3_32 is // Note: In this version, all arithmetic is performed with
MurmurHash
Procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards
fundamental steps) algorithm for doing this. Shuffling can be seen as the opposite of sorting. There are other, less-desirable algorithms in common use. For example
Shuffling
Class of pseudorandom number generators
general purpose, the scrambler ** (pronounced starstar) makes the LFSR generators pass in all bits. Marsaglia suggested scrambling the output by combining
Xorshift
Noise that reduces quantization error
also polarization scrambling. Phase dithering can be used to improve the quality of the output in direct digital synthesis. Another common application is
Dither
3D combination puzzle
version of Herbert Kociemba's two-phase algorithm. The user has to set the colour configuration of the scrambled cube, and the program returns the steps
Rubik's_Cube
Method of encryption
Standard (AES). Plaintexts can be rearranged into a ciphertext using a key, scrambling the order of characters like the shuffled pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The
Transposition_cipher
Key derivation function of password hash
salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the "traditional" one explained below). This output
Crypt_(C)
Simple encryption method
than the fact that ROT13 is in use. Even without this knowledge, the algorithm is easily broken through frequency analysis. In the early 1980s, people
ROT13
This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case. The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators
List of random number generators
List_of_random_number_generators
Shape-shifting puzzle similar to Rubik's Cube
being assigned to common move sets. This notation was proposed as an easier way to write, learn and share speedsolving algorithms. It was not intended
Square-1_(puzzle)
Number of standards related to cryptography
There are a number of standards related to cryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications
Cryptography_standards
Block cipher
high-definition television broadcasts in Japan. MULTI2 is a symmetric key algorithm with variable number of rounds. It has a block size of 64 bits, and a
MULTI2
Algorithm that generates an approximation of a random number sequence
(PRNG), also known as a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG), is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers whose properties approximate the
Pseudorandom_number_generator
Type of numeric sequence used in statistics
sequence are possible), can achieve significant improvements. In pseudocode: algorithm Halton-Sequence is inputs: index i {\displaystyle i} base b {\displaystyle
Halton_sequence
Puzzle
partially rotated. Color variations of the Megaminx are common, to the extent that WCA rules for scrambling the Megaminx detail how to proceed if the default
Megaminx
Data protection process
original values to a common representation will need to be applied, either by the masking algorithm itself or prior to invoking said algorithm. Substitution
Data_masking
Malagasy algebraic divination by seeds
algebraic geomancy practiced by Malagasy peoples in Madagascar. It involves algorithmic operations performed on random data generated from tree seeds, which
Sikidy
Key size for symmetric encryption
seconds. 40-bit encryption was common in software released before 1999, especially those based on the RC2 and RC4 algorithms which had special "7-day" export
40-bit_encryption
Form of slave auction that took place during the Atlantic Slave Trade
A scramble was a particular form of slave auction that took place during the Atlantic slave trade in the European colonies of the West Indies and the domestic
Scramble_(slave_auction)
Digital representation of sampled analog signals
levels vary as a function of amplitude (as with the A-law algorithm or the μ-law algorithm). Though PCM is a more general term, it is often used to describe
Pulse-code_modulation
Approach to software development
He implemented it at Stanford University as a part of his research on algorithms and digital typography. The implementation was called "WEB" since he believed
Literate_programming
American media company
000 to the first developer of a video recommendation algorithm that could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than
Netflix,_Inc.
Computer programming method for hashing
each key into the cell of T where that key should be stored, typically scrambling the keys so that keys with similar values are not placed near each other
Linear_probing
work. Hashing is a common technique used in cryptography to encode information quickly using typical algorithms. Generally, an algorithm is applied to a
History_of_cryptography
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
cryptographic algorithms, cryptanalysis includes the study of side-channel attacks that do not target weaknesses in the cryptographic algorithms themselves
Cryptanalysis
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
following categories: A backdoor in a computer system, a cryptosystem or an algorithm, is any secret method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls
Computer_security
Intellectual isolation through internet algorithms
that arises when personalized searches, recommendation systems, and algorithmic curation selectively presents information to each user. The search results
Filter_bubble
AI that generates content
consumption that is estimated to be growing steadily. The origins of algorithmically generated media can be traced to the development of the Markov chain
Generative_AI
Musical algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
In cryptography, a music cipher is an algorithm for the encryption of a plaintext into musical symbols or sounds. Music-based ciphers are related to,
Music_cipher
signed up to work for Elon Musk's 'hardcore' vision, leaving leaders scrambling to persuade people to stay". Business Insider. Archived from the original
Twitter_under_Elon_Musk
Computer graphics method
Path tracing is a rendering algorithm in computer graphics that simulates how light interacts with objects and participating media to generate realistic
Path_tracing
eXtensions SHA—Secure Hash Algorithms SHA-1—Secure Hash Algorithm 1 SHA-2—Secure Hash Algorithm 2 SHA-3—Secure Hash Algorithm 3 SHDSL—Single-pair High-speed
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Puzzle
transform a given state to another (usually less scrambled) state is often referred to as an algorithm. Algorithms are most commonly used when unscrambling the
Rubik's family cubes of varying sizes
Rubik's_family_cubes_of_varying_sizes
Book by William Gibson
scrambling of the poem in exchange for prizes. The code was successfully cracked by Robert Xiao in late July 2012. There is no encryption algorithm present
Agrippa_(A_Book_of_the_Dead)
Encryption technique
theoretically secure algorithm for delivery, the security of the cryptosystem is only as secure as the insecure delivery mechanism. A common flawed delivery
One-time_pad
Chatbot developed by Microsoft
politically incorrect phrases, teaching it inflammatory messages revolving around common themes on the internet, such as "redpilling" and "Gamergate". As a result
Tay_(chatbot)
Mathematics notation where operators follow operands
FOCAL keystroke programming Stack machine Head-directionality parameter Scrambling (linguistics) Subject object verb and Object subject verb Hewlett-Packard
Reverse_Polish_notation
Retrieved October 4, 2021. "Locked out and totally down: Facebook is scrambling to fix massive outage". The Verge. October 4, 2021. Archived from the
History_of_Facebook
Series of fires in New York City, USA
formed in 1978, and soon predicted the majority of arsons: Using the algorithmic models developed by STOP in Boston, ASF researchers undertook a two-year
1970s South Bronx building fires
1970s_South_Bronx_building_fires
Fictional creature from Lewis Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass"
are a common enemy that can be found in many places, most prominently Sylvan's Cradle. Bandersnatches are the subject of a difficult algorithm design
Bandersnatch
criticizing Duerte), discusses authoritarian governments' influence on tech algorithms, and warns Americans to take peaceful action before their rights vanish
List of The Daily Show episodes (2025)
List_of_The_Daily_Show_episodes_(2025)
and the single-episode direct-to-video OVA Transformers: Zone in 1990. Scramble City was a special direct-to-video episode produced for the Japanese market
List of The Transformers episodes
List_of_The_Transformers_episodes
Radio standard
high background noise. Incremental improvements are being made in the algorithms, which may lead to differences in performance even while the basic method
NXDN
American video streaming service
of millions of subscribers worldwide. Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches
Netflix
Key derivative function
July 2015, which was won by Argon2. It is also used in proof-of-work algorithms such as Lyra2REv2, adopted by Vertcoin and MonaCoin, among other cryptocurrencies
Lyra2
Richard (19 June 2011). "Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic". The Register. Archived from the original on 14
History_of_bitcoin
Species of hyena
feature signatures unique to individual spotted hyenas. A random forest algorithm correctly paired a bout of whoops with its corresponding hyena roughly
Spotted_hyena
Synthetically produced liquid that mimics saliva
to overcome these challenges. The methods were guided by codon scrambling algorithms to reduce repetition in DNA sequences while conserving important
Artificial_saliva
Chinese social media and e-commerce platform
male. There was criticism that the strategy, as well as Xiaohongshu's algorithm, increased harassment on the platform and made women feel less welcome
Xiaohongshu
Research and scientific development company
considered the Chicago Innovation Center and hosted Nokia's second annual Algorithm World event in 2022. Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as
Bell_Labs
American multinational technology company
2024). "Nvidia's CEO unveils the next AI chip that tech companies will be scrambling for — meet 'Blackwell'". Business Insider. Archived from the original
Nvidia
Degree of difficulty of a climbing route
climbing classification system, while classes 1–4 are used for hiking and scrambling. Climbers use class "5" as a prefix, which is then followed by a period
Grade_(climbing)
Pornographic video-sharing website
content curation website on 9 October 2013 called "PornIQ", which used an algorithm to create personalized video playlists for the viewer based on a number
Pornhub
Used to measure the speed of vehicles
algorithm rejects inaccurate readings; detection avoidance methods usually attempt to overload the filter and persuade the error rejection algorithm to
Lidar_traffic_enforcement
Line code mapping 8-bit words to 10-bit symbols
and transition density (these features are achieved statistically via scrambling). 64b/66b encoding has been extended to the 128b/130b and 128b/132b encoding
8b/10b_encoding
adds calculator to search results". CNET. "Google introduces the biggest algorithm change in three years". The Guardian. September 27, 2013. "Natural Language
List_of_Google_Easter_eggs
Disused cipher that was used historically
most part, has fallen into disuse. In contrast to modern cryptographic algorithms, most classical ciphers are very simple to break with modern technology
Classical_cipher
2021–2025 U.S. presidential administration
July 23, 2024. Baker, Peter (July 21, 2024). "Biden Drops Out of Race, Scrambling the Campaign for the White House". New York Times. Retrieved July 21,
Presidency_of_Joe_Biden
Music genre and scene
on cassette, celebrating the video era and obsessing over the reality-scrambling potential of photocopied art." In 2009, musician Daniel Lopatin described
Post-noise
Aspect of US National Security Agency
erases classified information including keys and perhaps the encryption algorithms. 21st century systems often contain all the sensitive cryptographic functions
NSA_encryption_systems
Combination puzzle
however, adopted the practice of using standard single-colour stickers, in common with most other twisty puzzles. The Dino Cube is a twisty puzzle in the
Dino_Cube
Wireless network standard
correct transmission speed or Modulation and Coding Scheme, a rate control algorithm may test different speeds. The actual packet loss rate of Access points
IEEE_802.11
Process of extracting design information from anything artificial
hide keys and operations by mixing up memory positions, such as by bus scrambling. In some cases, it is even possible to attach a probe to measure voltages
Reverse_engineering
Cubic combination puzzle
the most common type, with a total of 48 solutions. Rubik's Cube Sudoku Cube Skewb Rubik's Cube Variants - Jaap's Puzzle Page Nine Color Scramble Cube -
Nine-Colour_Cube
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
July 2021. "South Africa's $4 billion in crypto scams has regulators scrambling to bring in new regulations within the next three to six months". Business
Cryptocurrency
Decryption of the cipher of the Enigma machine
Enigma machine was a product of the large numbers associated with the scrambling process. It produced a polyalphabetic substitution cipher with a period
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
History of the American pay television network
"Cablecastings: HBO scrambling". Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications, Inc. March 18, 1985. p. 10. "Cablecastings: HBO scrambling (cont.)". Broadcasting
History_of_HBO
Combat involving electronics and directed energy
changes in the electromagnetic spectrum, by using artificial intelligence algorithms to quickly generate optimal EA, or EP solutions. It can provide more comprehensive
Electronic_warfare
Linguistic research program proposed by Noam Chomsky
instances where Chomsky's labeling algorithm cannot assign labels include predicate fronting, embedded topicalization, scrambling (free movement of constituents)
Minimalist_program
American politician (born 1949)
Senator Cory Booker, and Representative Yvette Clarke introduced the Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019, legislation granting additional powers to
Ron_Wyden
Process of making something random
number generators (RNGs) have become crucial. These RNGs use complex algorithms to produce outcomes that are as unpredictable as their real-world counterparts
Randomization
Network protection device or software
process that degrades the performance of IDSs. Efficient feature selection algorithm makes the classification process used in detection more reliable. Recent
Intrusion_detection_system
Postulate of subjecting through Internet
that it is actual people tied to potential discrimination developed by algorithms. Thus, decisions on who gets a better price at a grocery story or approved
Electronic_colonialism
its current owner, Elon Musk, the platform, renamed X, has changed its algorithms, account-verification system, and content-moderation approach in ways
Misinformation about the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season
Misinformation_about_the_2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season
US and West German intelligence operation
told the Argentines that the NSA had probably cracked an outdated speech-scrambling device that Argentina was using, but that the main encryption product
Intelligence operations using Crypto AG compromised devices
Intelligence_operations_using_Crypto_AG_compromised_devices
2022 business acquisition
stated that he planned to introduce new features to the platform, make its algorithms open-source, combat spambot accounts, and promote free speech, framing
Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk
Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
Male
Irish
Irish name COMYN means "shrewd."
Surname or Lastname
English (formerly common in Kent)
English (formerly common in Kent) : unexplained. This name seems to have died out in Britain.
Surname or Lastname
English (common in Lancashire)
English (common in Lancashire) : habitational name from Sharples Hall near Bolton, probably so called from Old English scearp ‘sharp’, i.e. ‘steep’ + lǣs ‘pasture’.
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Rimmown, RIMMON means "pomegranate." In the bible, this is the name of several places, the name of a Benjamite of Beeroth.Â
Male
Greek
(Ἄμμων) Greek form of Egyptian Yamanu, AMMON means "the hidden one." In mythology, Yamanu is the name of a god of wind and air. Compare with another form of Ammon.
Surname or Lastname
Swedish (common in Finland)
Swedish (common in Finland) : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -in and an unexplained first element.German : unexplained.English : unexplained.Spanish (FarÃn) : unexplained.
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Kosmos, COSMIN means "order, beauty."
Male
English
English form of Irish Colmán, COLMAN means "dove."
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : habitational name from any of various places called Colton in England, perhaps also Colton House in Scotland. Examples in Norfolk, Staffordshire, and North Yorkshire are from the Old English personal name Cola (or the cognate Old Norse Koli; see Cole 2) + Old English tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’. The place so named in Somerset has as its first element the Old English personal name Cūla (of uncertain origin). The one in Cumbria has a river name apparently derived from a Celtic word meaning ‘hazel’.
Biblical
common
Surname or Lastname
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón)
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón) : from Old French cordon ‘cord’, ‘ribbon’, a diminutive of corde ‘string’, ‘cord’; Spanish cordón, hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of cord or ribbon.English : metonymic occupational name for a worker in fine Spanish kid leather, from Old French cordoan (so named with being originally produced at Córdoba).
Surname or Lastname
English (also common in South Wales)
English (also common in South Wales) : patronymic from the personal name Edmund (see Edmond).
Male
Irish
Contracted form of Irish Gaelic Comhghán, COMGAN means "born together."
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and northern Irish
Scottish and northern Irish : variant of Curzon.English (of Norman origin) : nickname from Old French corson, a diminutive of curt ‘short’ (see Court).
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Ammown, AMMON means "kindred, tribal." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Lot by his younger daughter. Compare with another form of Ammon.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the numerous places throughout England (but especially in the south) named Compton, from Old English cumb ‘short, straight valley’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, Latin, Shakespearean
Common
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of numerous places named from Old English cotum (dative plural of cot) ‘at the cottages or huts’ (or sometimes possibly from a Middle English plural, coten). Examples include Coton (Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire), Cottam (East Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire), and Cotham (Nottinghamshire).French : from a diminutive of Old French cot(t)e ‘coat (of mail)’ (see Cott).John Cotton (1584–1652) was a noted Puritan preacher, who landed at Boston, MA, from London in 1633 and became leader of the Congregationalists in America.
Surname or Lastname
English (common in Bristol)
English (common in Bristol) : variant of Gingold, of which the origin is unexplained.Respelling of German Gingel, a common Bavarian surname, derived from a short form of the Germanic personal name Gangulf, composed of the elements gangan ‘to walk or go’ + (w)ulf ‘wolf’.
Male
English
English masculine variant spelling of Scottish Cameron, CAMRON means "crooked nose."
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
Girl/Female
Tamil
Arshika | à®…à®°à¯à®·à¯€à®•à®¾
Who gives happiness
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Lorccán, LORCÃN means "little fierce one."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Born bravery
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Dearly loved.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Ballinger (see Beringer).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Leader
Male
Spanish
Spanish name derived from Latin juniperus, JUNÃPERO means "juniper tree."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
British, English
Town by a Clay Bed
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Love
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
COMMON SCRAMBLING-ALGORITHM
n.
The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; -- so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right.
v. i.
To have a joint right with others in common ground.
n.
One who has a joint right in common ground.
n.
A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right.
a.
Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs.
n. pl.
A common; public pasture ground.
v.
Belonging or relating equally, or similarly, to more than one; as, you and I have a common interest in the property.
v.
Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as, properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer.
n. pl.
The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled classes or nobility; the commonalty; the common people.
a.
Not common; unusual; infrequent; rare; hence, remarkable; strange; as, an uncommon season; an uncommon degree of cold or heat; uncommon courage.
n. pl.
Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities.
adv.
In common; familiarly.
n.
One of the common people; one having no rank of nobility.
v. i.
To board together; to eat at a table in common.
a.
Roving; wandering; discursive; as, a rambling fellow, talk, or building.
n. pl.
A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.
a.
Confused and irregular; awkward; scambling.
n.
The commonalty; the common people.
v. t.
To give notice to, or command to appear, as in court; to cite by authority; as, to summon witnesses.