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Input to a cryptographic primitive
cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV
Initialization_vector
Cryptography algorithm
initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV must be non-repeating, and for some modes must also be random. The initialization vector
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Message authentication code algorithm
the CBC-MAC of message m, one encrypts m in CBC mode with zero initialization vector and keeps the last block. The following figure sketches the computation
CBC-MAC
Authenticated encryption mode
depends on choosing a unique initialization vector (IV) for every encryption under the same key; reuse of an initialization vector can expose the encryption
Galois/Counter_Mode
Cryptographic hash function
constants, simplifies padding, adds parameter block that is XOR'ed with initialization vectors, and reduces the number of rounds from 16 to 12 for BLAKE2b (successor
BLAKE_(hash_function)
File encryption system
how that filesystem manages the directory tree. When enabled, the initialization vector for filename encryption is derived from the file's parent directories
EncFS
Technique for setting initial values of trainable parameters in a neural network
In deep learning, weight initialization or parameter initialization describes the initial step in creating a neural network. A neural network contains
Weight_initialization
Family of authenticated ciphers
capacity c = 320 − r {\displaystyle c=320-r} . The state is initialized by an initialization vector IV (constant for each cipher type, e.g., hex 80400c0600000000
Ascon_(cipher)
Software suite
bits for the key size and 24 bits for the initialization vector, known as WEP2. The initialization vector works as a seed, which is prepended to the
Aircrack-ng
Topics referred to by the same term
Interrupt vector, the location in memory of an interrupt handling routine Initialization vector, a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive Vector (C++)
Vector
Type of cipher
(pseudo-)random values as initialization vectors; the needed randomness is derived internally by using the initialization vector as a block counter and encrypting
Block_cipher
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
mode of authentication. The key feature is the use of a synthetic initialization vector (SIV) which is computed with Galois field multiplication using a
AES-GCM-SIV
Cryptographic key-wrapping algorithm
Shrimpton proposed a provable key-wrapping algorithm (SIV—the Synthetic Initialization Vector mode) that authenticates and encrypts an arbitrary string and authenticates
Key_wrap
Algorithm
keys. However, lack of randomness in those generators or in their initialization vectors is disastrous and has led to cryptanalytic breaks in the past. Therefore
Symmetric-key_algorithm
there isn't a "previous block's ciphertext" for the first block, an initialization vector (IV) must be used as C − 1 {\displaystyle C_{-1}} . This, in turn
Disk_encryption_theory
Block cipher
and the key bytes are XORed through all these 576 bits during the initialization, many implementations support key sizes up to 576 bits. The reason for
Blowfish_(cipher)
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
by the change. Test vectors are a set of known ciphers for a given input and key. NIST distributes the reference of AES test vectors as AES Known Answer
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Length increase of a message when it is encrypted
instance when the resulting ciphertext must include a message-unique Initialization Vector (IV). Probabilistic encryption schemes cause ciphertext expansion
Ciphertext_expansion
Process of encrypting message one or more times
processes. For en/decryption processes that require sharing an Initialization Vector (IV) / nonce these are typically, openly shared or made known to
Multiple_encryption
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
counter values used in the encryption do not collide with the (pre-)initialization vector used in the authentication. A proof of security exists for this
CCM_mode
Geometric object that has length and direction
physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude
Euclidean_vector
Methods to break a stream cipher
steps to adequately mix the secret key with the initialization vector, usually by performing many initial rounds. Securing Record Communications: The TSEC/KW-26
Stream_cipher_attacks
Radio standard
mode, each complete superframe is also encrypted with a 32-bit IV (initialization vector). As a result, the encryption is no longer fixed for the same key
Digital_mobile_radio
Cryptographic algorithm
In the case where the plaintext is one block long or less, the Initialization vector (IV) can act as the prior block of ciphertext. In this case a modified
Ciphertext_stealing
primitives, such as a data encryption algorithm, public key, or initialization vector. To make things easier, all of this security information is grouped
Security_association
Implementations of Advanced Encryption Standard
commonly used modes of AES due to its use in TLS. CBC uses a random initialization vector (IV) to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when
AES_implementations
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Cryptography
Topics referred to by the same term
systems, in voting machines Induction variable, in computer science Initialization vector, in cryptography Instrumental variable, in statistics Intrinsic
IV
Type of cryptographic attack
stream cipher. To prevent this from happening, WEP includes a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) in each message packet. The RC4 key for that packet is the
Related-key_attack
Cryptographic hash function
blocks from the padded bit string message. Initialization of a chaining variable with the initialization vector. Compression: Updating of chaining variables
LSH_(hash_function)
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
deal with messages that are not a multiple of the block length Initialization vector, salt (cryptography), which are sometimes confused with padding
Padding_(cryptography)
Block cipher
example, ANS X9.52 specifies that for cipher block chaining, the initialization vector shall be different each time, whereas ISO/IEC 10116 does not. FIPS
Triple_DES
Value used to initialize a pseudo-random number generator
Map seed Salt (cryptography) Pseudorandomness Cryptographic nonce Initialization vector /dev/random Ward, Mark (2015-08-09). "Web's random numbers are too
Random_seed
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Public-key cryptography Algorithms
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Security protocol in wireless networking
the initialization vector before passing it to the RC4 cipher initialization. WEP, in comparison, merely concatenated the initialization vector to the
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
Temporal_Key_Integrity_Protocol
Cryptography construction
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Feistel_cipher
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptographic hash functions and
Brute-force_attack
Block cipher
operation, like the NSA cipher JUNIPER. It may use up to 192 bits as an initialization vector, regardless of the block size. In response to a Senate question
BATON
Computer password or cryptographic key
and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV). An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction
Shared_secret
Parameter in differential equations and dynamical systems
of any accurate regularities. We call these initial conditions. Boundary condition Initialization vector, in cryptography Wigner, Eugene P. (1960). "The
Initial_condition
Video game franchise
Games were released to supplement Perfect Dark Zero. The first novel, Initial Vector, was written by Greg Rucka and released in 2005. It is set six months
Perfect_Dark_(series)
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
external links section below. Password cracking Cryptographic nonce Initialization vector Padding "Spice" in the Hasty Pudding cipher Rainbow tables Pepper
Salt_(cryptography)
Cryptographic attack
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Timing_attack
Toolkit for generating malware
A second variation of the encryption/compression scheme adds an initialization vector to the modified RC4 cipher for additional protection in the dropper
BlackEnergy
Block cypher operating mode
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Xor–encrypt–xor
Security amendment to IEEE 802.11 standard
per-priority) counter for each transmitted frame; this is used as a nonce/initialization vector (IV) in cryptographic encapsulation/decapsulation, and the receiving
IEEE_802.11w-2009
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear vectorial Boolean function. In general, an S-box takes some number of input bits
S-box
Address from which a CPU starts fetching instructions after a reset
address. The EPROM containing the software-initialization code must be located at this address. "5.9.1. Vector Table and Reset". Cortex-M3 Technical Reference
Reset_vector
Broad concept generalizing scalars in mathematics and physics
In mathematics and physics, a vector is a generalization of a single number. It may denote a vector quantity, i.e., physical quantity that cannot be expressed
Vector (mathematics and physics)
Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
Block cipher
assumes 32 bit 'long' and same endian coding and decoding Note that the initialization of z is Undefined behavior for n < 1 which may cause a segmentation
XXTEA
Single-use value in secure communications
cannot be reused in replay attacks. Nonces can also be useful as initialization vectors and in cryptographic hash functions. A nonce is an arbitrary number
Cryptographic_nonce
Disk encryption software
encryption-specific modes of operation. Support for ESSIV (encrypted salt-sector initialization vector) was introduced in Linux kernel version 2.6.10, LRW in 2.6.20 and
Dm-crypt
Symmetric-key block cipher
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Mathematical modeling language
vector addition system consists of a finite set of integer vectors with all vectors having the same length. An initial vector is seen as the initial values
Vector_addition_system
Software for embedding hidden data inside a carrier file
additional security feature usually is achieved by: using a different initialization vector for each carrier and storing it inside processed carriers -> CryptedIVn
Steganography_tools
Block cipher
with KeeLoq cipher to produce a 32-bit "hopping code". A 32-bit initialization vector is linearly added (XORed) to the 32 least significant bits of the
KeeLoq
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
are 16 identical stages of processing, termed rounds. There is also an initial and final permutation, termed IP and FP, which are inverses (IP "undoes"
Data_Encryption_Standard
IEEE network security standard
number within the channel A packet number (PN) to provide a unique initialization vector for encryption and authentication algorithms as well as protection
IEEE_802.1AE
Process of developing the AES standard
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Advanced Encryption Standard process
Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process
Process of non-randomly producing the same ciphertext for a given same plaintext and key
and many block ciphers when used in ECB mode or with a constant initialization vector. Deterministic encryption can leak information to an eavesdropper
Deterministic_encryption
Method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions
size as one of the inputs. The algorithm starts with an initial value, the initialization vector (IV). The IV is a fixed value (algorithm- or implementation-specific)
Merkle–Damgård_construction
Topics referred to by the same term
symbol Sv, a unit of ionizing radiation dose Starting variable, or initialization vector, in cryptography Stroke volume, in cardiovascular physiology .sv
SV
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Differential_cryptanalysis
Physical quantity that is a vector
the natural sciences, a vector quantity (also known as a vector physical quantity, physical vector, or simply vector) is a vector-valued physical quantity
Vector_quantity
Block cipher
b = 0). L[] – A temporary working array used during key scheduling, initialized to the key in words. r – The number of rounds to use when encrypting
RC5
Cipher design construction
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Security protocol for wireless computer networks
key for each packet by combining a new Initialization Vector (IV) with a shared key (it has 40 bits of vectored key and 24 bits of random numbers). Decryption
Wi-Fi_Protected_Access
Key that is easy to break with a specific cipher
in Deep Crack's article. DES, as detailed above. RC4. RC4's weak initialization vectors allow an attacker to mount a known-plaintext attack and have been
Weak_key
Block cipher
algebra. Skipjack's more immediate heritage dates to around 1980, and its initial design to 1987...The specific structures included in Skipjack have a long
Skipjack_(cipher)
Block cipher
402–417. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24691-6_30. ISBN 978-3-540-21376-5. Test vectors for TEA JavaScript implementation of XXTEA with Base64 Archived 28 April
Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
Submachine gun
The KRISS Vector is a submachine gun developed by the American company KRISS USA, formerly Transformational Defense Industries (TDI). Civilian variants
KRISS_Vector
Algebraic structure in linear algebra
operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called vector axioms. Real vector spaces and complex vector spaces
Vector_space
Family of block ciphers
is interpreted as the two words used in the cipher algorithm. The test vectors given in the paper suggest big-endian order. However, the authors of the
Speck_(cipher)
Block cipher
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Twofish
Concept in cryptography
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptographic hash functions and
Avalanche_effect
Wide-block cipher
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Adiantum_(cipher)
Block cipher
advocating TEA and XTEA and providing a variety of implementations Test vectors for TEA and XTEA A Cryptanalysis of the Tiny Encryption Algorithm PHP implementation
XTEA
Cryptography attack
padding oracles. Using padding oracle attack CBC-R can craft an initialization vector and ciphertext block for any plaintext: decrypt any ciphertext Pi
Padding_oracle_attack
Type of symmetric key cipher
output is the exclusive OR of the last bit produced by LFSR0 and LFSR1. The initial state of the three LFSRs is the key. The stop-and-go generator (Beth and
Stream_cipher
Vector quantization algorithm minimizing the sum of squared deviations
the Forgy method of initialization is preferable. A comprehensive study by Celebi et al., however, found that popular initialization methods such as Forgy
K-means_clustering
Block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Square_(cipher)
Attack on disk encryption methods
preceding/succeeding sectors. Thus, with CBC, each sector has to have its own initialization vector (IV). If these IVs are predictable by an attacker (and the filesystem
Watermarking_attack
Cryptographic hardware
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
EFF_DES_cracker
Earliest civilian block ciphers
variant described by Sorkin (1984) has 16 Feistel rounds, like DES, but no initial or final permutations. The key and block sizes are both 128 bits. The Feistel
Lucifer_(cipher)
Block cipher
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
SHACAL
Block cipher
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Threefish
Block cipher
128-bit "subkeys". At the end the round key or "subkey" are placed in the "initial permutation IP" to place the key bits in the correct column. #define FRAC
Serpent_(cipher)
Cryptographic algorithm
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
PRESENT
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Stream ciphers Widely used ciphers
Cryptographic_agility
Details of the open standard for office documents
number generator is used to generate a random initialization vector for each file. The initialization vector and derived key are used to encrypt the compressed
OpenDocument technical specification
OpenDocument_technical_specification
Sports car produced from 1990 to 1993, based on the Vector W2
The Vector W8 is a sports car produced by American automobile manufacturer Vector Aeromotive Corporation from 1989 to 1993. It was designed by company
Vector_W8
Soviet/Russian national standard block cipher
It has even been called "a deeply flawed cipher" by Nicolas Courtois. Initial attacks were able to reduce time complexity from 2256 to 2228 at the cost
GOST_(block_cipher)
Classified National Security Agency Type 1 encryption algorithm
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
SAVILLE
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
protection against cipher-block chaining (CBC) attacks. The implicit initialization vector (IV) was replaced with an explicit IV. Change in handling of padding
Transport_Layer_Security
Block cipher
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
FEAL
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptographic hash functions and
EAX_mode
Vector relating the initial and the final positions of a moving point
geometry and mechanics, a displacement is a vector whose length is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point P undergoing
Displacement_(geometry)
Topics referred to by the same term
(Stress-induced voiding), a failure mechanism in MOSFETs Synthetic initialization vector, a nonce-misuse resistant block cipher mode. Simian immunodeficiency
SIV
Type of cryptographic attack
Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding v t e Cryptography General History of
Davies_attack
Eigenvalue algorithm
greatest (in absolute value) eigenvalue of A {\displaystyle A} , and a nonzero vector v {\displaystyle v} , which is a corresponding eigenvector of λ {\displaystyle
Power_iteration
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
With Love
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Feeling
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Male Friend
Girl/Female
Tamil
Whiten, Peace
Boy/Male
German
Strong as a Bear
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Implies eternity
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Beauty
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ayurdha | அயà¯à®°à¯à®¤à®¾
Bestowed of longevity
Boy/Male
Tamil
Chithrakundala | சிதà¯à®°à®•à¯à®¨à¯à®¤à®¾à®²à®¾
One of the kauravas
Girl/Female
Muslim
Same as Mahreen
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
INITIALIZATION VECTOR
n.
In a curve referred to polar coordinates, any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or minimum.
n.
A spiral whose polar equation is r2/ = a; that is, a curve the square of whose radius vector varies inversely as the angle which the radius vector makes with a given line.
n.
The quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right lines in space, considered as depending on four geometrical elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of quadrinomial form.
n.
Same as Radius vector.
n.
The ratio of one vector to another in length, no regard being had to the direction of the two vectors; -- so called because considered as a stretching factor in changing one vector into another. See Versor.
n.
A term made up of the two parts / + /1 /-1, where / and /1 are vectors.
n.
A directed quantity, as a straight line, a force, or a velocity. Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are the same their magnitudes equal. Cf. Scalar.
n.
An ideal straight line joining the center of an attracting body with that of a body describing an orbit around it, as a line joining the sun and a planet or comet, or a planet and its satellite.
n.
In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; -- distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction.