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One-way cryptographic tool
In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute
Trapdoor_function
Sliding or hinged door that is flush with the surface of a floor, ceiling, or roof
mills, however, its list of uses has grown over time. The trapdoor has played a pivotal function in the operation of the gallows, cargo ships, trains, booby
Trapdoor
Function used in computer cryptography
existence of one-way functions. A trapdoor one-way function or trapdoor permutation is a special kind of one-way function. Such a function is hard to invert
One-way_function
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
plaintext prior to asymmetric encryption. When combined with any secure trapdoor one-way permutation f {\displaystyle f} , this processing is proved in
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
to N, then signed with the reverse trapdoor function. This forgery attack, then, only produces the padded hash function output that corresponds to σ, but
Digital_signature
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
variant of the learning with errors lattice problem as its basic trapdoor function. It won the NIST competition for the first post-quantum cryptography
ML-KEM
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
This idea is also known as a CPU cost function, client puzzle, computational puzzle, or CPU pricing function. Another common feature is built-in incentive-structures
Proof_of_work
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is an algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value, such as a master key, a password
Key_derivation_function
Collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle
In cryptography, a pseudorandom function family, abbreviated PRF, is a collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle in
Pseudorandom_function_family
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
MAC functions are similar to cryptographic hash functions, they possess different security requirements. To be considered secure, a MAC function must
Message_authentication_code
Deleting data by deleting encryption keys
as backup tapes, data stored in the cloud, computers, phones, or multi-function printers can present challenges when confidentiality of information is
Crypto-shredding
Archive file format for cryptography objects
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
PKCS_12
Key agreement protocol
key from x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} using some hash-based key derivation function. The shared secret calculated by both parties is equal, because d A ⋅ Q
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
one-way trapdoor function and a random function (hash function); EPOC-2 uses a one-way trapdoor function, two random functions (hash functions) and a symmetric-key
Efficient Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Scheme
Efficient_Probabilistic_Public-Key_Encryption_Scheme
Cipher method
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Chaocipher
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
signature. For good hash functions, an attacker cannot find two messages that produce the same hash. MD4 is a long-used hash function that is now broken; MD5
Cryptography
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
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Autokey_cipher
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
management Key size Public-key cryptography Rabin signature Semiprime Trapdoor function e = 2 is also possible (and even faster) but qualitatively different
RSA_cryptosystem
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle n}
Cryptographic_hash_function
Password cracking dataset
is a precomputed table for caching the outputs of a cryptographic hash function, usually for cracking password hashes. Passwords are typically stored not
Rainbow_table
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
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Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
as a worst-case lattice problem. She then showed a cryptographic hash function whose security is equivalent to the computational hardness of SIS. In 1998
Lattice-based_cryptography
Digital verification standard
cryptographic hash function H with output length |H| bits. In the original DSS, H was always SHA-1, but the stronger SHA-2 hash functions are approved for
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Puzzle
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Cryptogram
Surveillance strategy
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
ISBN 978-1584885511. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao. Theory and applications of trapdoor functions Archived 2019-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. In Proceedings of the
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
g, ga mod p, and gb mod p. Such a function that is easy to compute but hard to invert is called a one-way function. Once Alice and Bob compute the shared
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
{\displaystyle e={\textrm {HASH}}(m)} . (Here HASH is a cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-2, with the output converted to an integer.) Let z {\displaystyle
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Concept in cryptography
constructions of cryptographic primitives based on the security of hash functions. It is of interest as a type of post-quantum cryptography. So far, hash-based
Hash-based_cryptography
Mechanism for authenticating cryptographic keys
essentially unaffected by such things as company failures, and has continued to function with little change. However, a related problem does occur: users, whether
Web_of_trust
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
Codes typically have direct meaning from input to key. Codes primarily function to save time. Ciphers are algorithmic. The given input must follow the
Cipher
U.S. government cryptographic standard
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FIPS_140-3
Type of substitution cipher
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Pigpen_cipher
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
storage devices. Thus, a deterministic algorithm called a key derivation function (KDF) uses a password to generate the secure cryptographic keying material
Key_(cryptography)
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend against
Salt_(cryptography)
Type of data structure
use many more child nodes under each node. Usually, a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-2 is used for the hashing. If the hash tree only needs to protect
Merkle_tree
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
Hash-based cryptography Non-commutative cryptography RSA problem Trapdoor function Tropical cryptography Standardization CRYPTREC IEEE P1363 NESSIE NSA
Signal_Protocol
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
(manual or auto-enrollment). In the case of Microsoft Standalone CAs, the function of RA does not exist since all of the procedures controlling the CA are
Public_key_infrastructure
Encoding for text messages
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Tap_code
Key derivation function
cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerability
PBKDF2
Security system
or 1 depending on whether pi divides cs mod p. The security of the trapdoor function relies on the difficulty of the following multiplicative knapsack
Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem
Naccache–Stern_knapsack_cryptosystem
Hiding messages in other messages
digital text such as spacing and font choice, chaffing and winnowing, mimic functions, modifying the echo of a sound file (echo steganography)[citation needed]
Steganography
Public-key cryptosystem
m {\displaystyle m} of G {\displaystyle G} using a reversible mapping function. Choose an integer y {\displaystyle y} randomly from { 1 , … , q − 1 }
ElGamal_encryption
Simple encryption method
are 26 letters in the basic Latin alphabet and 26 = 2 × 13, the ROT13 function is its own inverse: ROT 13 ( ROT 13 ( x ) ) = x {\displaystyle
ROT13
Cryptographic hash function
cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function. It was designed by Vincent Rijmen (co-creator of the Advanced Encryption
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
Approach to public-key cryptography
based on the Diffie–Hellman scheme, X25519 and X448 are Diffie–Hellman functions specified by the IRTF for use with Montgomery-form curves, The Elliptic
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
2015 password-based key derivation function
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel
Argon2
Cryptographic hash function
Skein is a cryptographic hash function and one of five finalists in the NIST hash function competition. Entered as a candidate to become the SHA-3 standard
Skein_(hash_function)
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
VeraCrypt includes optimizations to the original cryptographic hash functions and ciphers, which boost performance on modern central processing units
VeraCrypt
Early block substitution cipher
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Playfair_cipher
Topics referred to by the same term
series Trapdoor (software), a piece of computer software used for network administration Trapdoor (company), a video game developer Trapdoor function, a type
Trapdoor_(disambiguation)
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto. It used SHA-256, a cryptographic hash function, in its proof-of-work scheme. In April 2011, Namecoin was created as an
Cryptocurrency
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Quantum_threat
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Certificate_signing_request
2009 password-based key derivation function
cryptography, scrypt (pronounced "ess crypt") is a password-based key derivation function created by Colin Percival in March 2009, originally for the Tarsnap online
Scrypt
Cryptographic hash function
ShangMi 3 (SM3) is a cryptographic hash function, standardised for use in commercial cryptography in China. It was published by the State Cryptography
SM3_(hash_function)
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
Menezes; Paul C. van Oorschot; Scott A. Vanstone. "Chapter 9 - Hash Functions and Data Integrity" (PDF). Handbook of Applied Cryptography. p. 361. Archived
Message_authentication
Cryptographic key management algorithm
exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as a hash function, and is therefore called a double ratchet. The algorithm
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Payment protocol for Bitcoin
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Lightning_Network
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Joan_Clarke
Theory of cryptography
In cryptography, a sponge function or sponge construction is any of a class of algorithms with finite internal state that take an input bit stream of any
Sponge_function
Computer communications authentication algorithm
type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. As with any MAC, it may be used to simultaneously
HMAC
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Cryptographic hash function
BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Standard in public cryptography
(RSA keys, X.509 certificates, DES/Triple DES keys, etc.) and all the functions needed to use, create/generate, modify and delete those objects. Most
PKCS_11
Digital signature scheme
Typically a Schnorr group is used. All users agree on a cryptographic hash function H : { 0 , 1 } ∗ → Z / q Z {\displaystyle H:\{0,1\}^{*}\rightarrow \mathbb
Schnorr_signature
Encryption system
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Bifid_cipher
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
N ∗ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Z} _{N}^{*}} . H() is a hash function; e.g., SHA-256. k is a parameter derived by both sides; in SRP-6, k = 3
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Simple and widely known encryption technique
communications security. Wikifunctions has a Latin alphabet Caesar cipher function. The transformation can be represented by aligning two alphabets; the cipher
Caesar_cipher
Cryptography standard
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
PKCS_7
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
Electronic Security Act (US) Dictionary attack Disk encryption Encrypted function Enigma machine Export of cryptography Geo-blocking Indistinguishability
Encryption
Cryptography construction
similar operations, and both consist of iteratively running a function called a "round function" a fixed number of times. Many modern symmetric block ciphers
Feistel_cipher
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Frequency_analysis
Encryption method
programming interface for an AE implementation provides the following functions: Encryption Input: plaintext, key, and optionally a header (also known
Authenticated_encryption
Multiparty cryptographic process
secret sharing protocol to share the results of two random polynomial functions. Every party then verifies all the shares they received. If verification
Distributed_key_generation
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
constructed by feeding blocks of data into the GHASH function and encrypting the result. This GHASH function is defined by GHASH ( H , A , C ) = X m + n +
Galois/Counter_Mode
Public-key encryption scheme
based on a trapdoor function whose security, like that of RSA, is related to the difficulty of integer factorization. The Rabin trapdoor function has the
Rabin_cryptosystem
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is an obsolete cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers
MD2_(hash_function)
Competition to develop SHA-3
hash function competition was an open competition held by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a new hash function called
NIST hash function competition
NIST_hash_function_competition
Type of cryptosystem
Perhaps the first system with complete threshold properties for a trapdoor function (such as RSA) and a proof of security was published in 1994 by Alfredo
Threshold_cryptosystem
Steganography method
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Bacon's_cipher
Digital signature scheme
on signature based one-way permutations and functions (and the invention of universal one-way hash functions) gives a way to extend a Merkle-like signature
Merkle_signature_scheme
Encryption and decryption method
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Book_cipher
Disused cipher that was used historically
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Classical_cipher
Cryptographic hash function
family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five functions in the family: RIPEMD, RIPEMD-128
RIPEMD
Aspect of cryptography
protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic
Cryptographic_protocol
Type of transposition cipher
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Rail_fence_cipher
Cryptographic hash function
JH is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Hongjun Wu. Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition
JH_(hash_function)
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
SPHINCS+, a signature algorithm whose security solely relies on hash functions, FN-DSA, a.k.a. Falcon, a signature scheme using fast fourier sampling
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Fundamental tool in cryptography
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Tabula_recta
Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999.
Bcrypt
Stream cipher
number generator originally based on RC4. The API allows no seeding, as the function initializes itself using /dev/random. The use of RC4 has been phased out
RC4
Message-digest hashing algorithm
widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified
MD5
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
attack on cryptographic hash functions tries to find a message that has a specific hash value. A cryptographic hash function should resist attacks on its
Preimage_attack
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
algebraic properties, the S-box is constructed by combining the inverse function with an invertible affine transformation. The S-box is also chosen to avoid
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
International standard
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Stream cipher algorithm
secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block
NLS_(cipher)
Hash function phenomenon
derived from a hash function which takes a data input and returns a fixed length of bits. Hash is typically used as a many-to-one function, with the number
Hash_collision
Russian cryptographic hash function
The GOST hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined
GOST_(hash_function)
Type of cryptographic attack
values of a hash function, with H = 2 l {\textstyle H=2^{l}} . With a birthday attack, it is possible to find a collision of a hash function with 50 % {\textstyle
Birthday_attack
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TRAPDOOR FUNCTION
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TRAPDOOR FUNCTION
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