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Public-key cryptosystem
the ElGamal encryption system is a public-key encryption algorithm based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange. It was described by Taher Elgamal in 1985
ElGamal_encryption
Topics referred to by the same term
Elgamal may refer to: ElGamal encryption, an asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography ElGamal signature scheme, a digital signature
Elgamal
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
been developed to aid in attacking some public key encryption algorithms; both RSA and ElGamal encryption have known attacks that are much faster than the
Public-key_cryptography
Digital signature scheme
variants. The ElGamal signature scheme must not be confused with ElGamal encryption which was also invented by Taher Elgamal. The ElGamal signature scheme
ElGamal_signature_scheme
American cryptographer
Taher Elgamal (Arabic: طاهر الجمل) (born 18 August 1955) is an Egyptian-American cryptographer and tech executive. Since January 2023, he has been a partner
Taher_Elgamal
Public-key cryptosystem
public-key encryption schemes such as RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5, RSAES-OAEP, and Elgamal encryption are limited to small messages and are almost always used to encrypt
Key_encapsulation_mechanism
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without first having to decrypt it. The result
Homomorphic_encryption
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
is used in digital signature such as RSASSA-PSS or RSA-FDH, public-key encryption of very short messages (almost always a single-use symmetric key in a
RSA_cryptosystem
Type of public-key encryption
Matthew K. Franklin (2001), and performs probabilistic encryption of arbitrary ciphertexts using an Elgamal-like approach. Though the Boneh-Franklin scheme is
Identity-based_encryption
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
used without forward secrecy by creating a variant of the classic ElGamal encryption variant of Diffie–Hellman. The other algorithms in this article, such
Post-quantum_cryptography
HTTP extension supporting TLS encryption
(HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It uses encryption for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on
HTTPS
Privacy-focused encrypted messaging app
symmetric encryption. This payload is then encrypted once more for transmission over the mixnet using multi-party ElGamal encryption. The encryption protocols
Xx_messenger
IEEE standardization project for public-key cryptography
Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme): Essentially the "DHAES" variant of ElGamal encryption. IFES-EPOC (Integer Factorization Encryption Scheme, EPOC version)
IEEE_P1363
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
SNP, in 1993." Netscape developed the original SSL protocols, and Taher Elgamal, chief scientist at Netscape Communications from 1995 to 1998, has been
Transport_Layer_Security
Use of randomness in key code generation
probabilistic encryption algorithms include Elgamal, Paillier, and various constructions under the random oracle model, including optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Probabilistic_encryption
{\displaystyle M} . The here described encryption scheme is based on a common hybrid version of the ElGamal encryption, where the secret key K {\displaystyle
XTR
Data encryption and authentication program
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication. PGP is used for signing
Pretty_Good_Privacy
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
replay-attacks. ephemeral, static: For example, used in ElGamal encryption or Integrated Encryption Scheme (IES). If used in key agreement it could provide
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Topics referred to by the same term
Scotland Alpi Eagles, an Italian airline Effluent limitation guidelines ElGamal encryption This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title
Elg
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
asymmetric-key algorithms include the Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem, ElGamal encryption, and various elliptic curve techniques. A document published in 1997
Cryptography
Cryptographic problem
other information (specifically, the identities of c1 and c2). The Elgamal encryption scheme is just one example of a well-known system with these properties
Mental_poker
Approach to public-key cryptography
modular exponentiation in finite fields, such as the RSA cryptosystem and ElGamal cryptosystem. Elliptic curves are applicable for key agreement, digital
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
and Victor Shoup in 1998, it is an extension of the ElGamal cryptosystem. In contrast to ElGamal, which is extremely malleable, Cramer–Shoup adds other
Cramer–Shoup_cryptosystem
Function used in computer cryptography
discrete logarithm cryptography are the cyclic groups (Zp)× (e.g. ElGamal encryption, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, and the Digital Signature Algorithm)
One-way_function
Computational hardness assumption
indistinguishable. Boneh, Boyen, and Shacham define a public key encryption scheme by analogy to ElGamal encryption. In this scheme, a public key is the generators u
Decision_Linear_assumption
Best results achieved to date
cryptographic systems, including Diffie–Hellman key agreement, ElGamal encryption, the ElGamal signature scheme, the Digital Signature Algorithm, and the
Discrete_logarithm_records
Cryptographer (born 1964)
computational number theory, particularly concerning message verification in the ElGamal and RSA public-key cryptosystems. His doctoral advisor was Ueli Maurer
Daniel_Bleichenbacher
decryption. Diffie–Hellman key exchange RSA encryption Rabin cryptosystem Schnorr signature ElGamal encryption Elliptic-curve cryptography Lattice-based
List_of_cryptosystems
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
more efficient provably-secure schemes such as ElGamal have been developed since. Because encryption is performed using a probabilistic algorithm, a
Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem
Goldwasser–Micali_cryptosystem
Data encryption and authentication program
2.2 versions, GnuPG supports the following algorithms: Public key RSA, ElGamal, DSA, ECDH (cv25519, cv448, nistp256, nistp384, nistp521, brainpoolP256r1
GNU_Privacy_Guard
Algorithm for public key cryptography
the public key and the encryption of m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} , one can compute the encryption of m 1 + m 2 {\displaystyle
Paillier_cryptosystem
Type of cryptosystem
the following schemes: Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem ElGamal Paillier cryptosystem RSA Broadcast encryption Distributed key generation Secret sharing Secure
Threshold_cryptosystem
Problem of inverting exponentiation in groups
cyclic groups Z p × {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{p}^{\times }} (e.g. ElGamal encryption, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, and the Digital Signature Algorithm)
Discrete_logarithm
and the message is an error pattern. The encryption of Niederreiter is about ten times faster than the encryption of McEliece. Niederreiter can be used to
Niederreiter_cryptosystem
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
Protocol) is a non-federated cryptographic protocol that provides end-to-end encryption for voice and instant messaging conversations. The protocol was developed
Signal_Protocol
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
cryptography, optimal asymmetric encryption padding (OAEP) is a padding scheme often used together with RSA encryption. OAEP was introduced by Bellare
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
memory can be sufficient for the cryptographic operations. For a chat encryption scenario using liboqs, replacing the extremely efficient, non-quantum-safe
ML-KEM
Asymmetric encryption algorithm developed by Robert McEliece
asymmetric encryption algorithm developed in 1978 by Robert McEliece. It was the first such scheme to use randomization in the encryption process. The
McEliece_cryptosystem
Lattice-based public key cryptosystem
very fast compared to other asymmetric encryption schemes, such as RSA, ElGamal and elliptic curve cryptography. However, NTRUEncrypt has not yet undergone
NTRUEncrypt
Public university in Giza, Egypt
success in the Six-Day War and other successes Taher Elgamal, designer of the ElGamal encryption system and considered "Father of SSL" Wael Ghonim, Egyptian
Cairo_University
Message authentication verifiable only by participants
April 2006). "A novel deniable authentication protocol using generalized ElGamal signature scheme" (PDF). Information Sciences. 177 (6): 1376–1381. doi:10
Deniable_authentication
Form of public key cryptography
public key cryptosystem, meaning that two keys are used, a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. It is based on the subset sum problem
Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem
Merkle–Hellman_knapsack_cryptosystem
Problem in cryptography
the Diffie–Hellman key exchange and many of its variants, including ElGamal encryption. In cryptography, for certain groups, it is assumed that the DHP is
Diffie–Hellman_problem
Cryptographic analysis
security of ElGamal encryption. Bellare, M.; Dessai, A.; Jokipii, E.; Rogerway, P. "A Concrete Security Treatment of Symmetric Encryption" (PDF). cs ucdavis
Concrete_security
Security system
Cramer–Shoup DH DSA ECDH X25519 X448 ECDSA EdDSA Ed25519 Ed448 ECMQV EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS Lattice/SVP/CVP/LWE/SIS BLISS
Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem
Naccache–Stern_knapsack_cryptosystem
Israeli computer scientist
September 2018 Yiannis Tsiounis, Moti Yung: On the Security of ElGamal Based Encryption. Public Key Cryptography 1998 117-134. Lecture Notes in Computer
Moti_Yung
Cryptosystem
is the shared secret of Alice and Bob. This scheme is based on the ElGamal encryption. Key Generation Alice chooses a random number a ( mod Φ n ( q )
CEILIDH
of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange as well as the security of the ElGamal encryption rely on the hardness of the DDH problem. There are concrete constructions
Computational Diffie–Hellman assumption
Computational_Diffie–Hellman_assumption
Cryptographic key management algorithm
can be used as part of a cryptographic protocol to provide end-to-end encryption for instant messaging. After an initial key exchange it manages the ongoing
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Property of some cryptographic algorithms
m_{1}+m_{2}} . In ElGamal and in RSA, one can combine encryptions of m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} to obtain a valid encryption of their
Malleability_(cryptography)
Hybrid encryption in cryptography
The Integrated Encryption Scheme (IES) is a hybrid encryption scheme which provides semantic security against an adversary who is able to use chosen-plaintext
Integrated_Encryption_Scheme
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
access to proprietary databases from web browsers) were sufficient. Taher Elgamal and others at Netscape developed the SSL protocol ('https' in Web URLs);
Public_key_infrastructure
Elections (Ph.D. thesis) (PDF). Benaloh, Josh (1994). Dense Probabilistic Encryption (PDF). Workshop on Selected Areas of Cryptography. pp. 120–128. Fousse
Benaloh_cryptosystem
System of voting in government elections via the Internet in Estonia
verification is done by mixnet, making use of homomorphic properties and ElGamal encryption provided by Douglas Wikström. Universal tally verification is not
Electronic_voting_in_Estonia
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
2017. Schneier, Bruce (September 5, 2013). "The NSA Is Breaking Most Encryption on the Internet". Schneier on Security. Archived from the original on
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Asymmetric cryptographic primitive
Example signcryption schemes include: Zheng 1997's system based on ElGamal encryption, and the 1998 elliptic curve version. Signcryption is seen[citation
Signcryption
Public-Key Encryption Scheme • EKMS • Electronic Communications Act 2000 • Electronic money • Electronic signature • Electronic voting • ElGamal encryption • ElGamal
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
{\displaystyle c=g^{m}h^{r}{\bmod {n}}} . The value c {\displaystyle c} is the encryption of m {\displaystyle m} . An encrypted message c {\displaystyle c} can
Okamoto–Uchiyama_cryptosystem
Cryptography method
guess the oracle's choice. Semantically secure encryption algorithms include Goldwasser-Micali, ElGamal and Paillier. These schemes are considered provably
Semantic_security
1999 public-key cryptography algorithm
of transmitting a symmetric encryption key using a public-key encryption scheme and then switching to symmetric encryption, which is faster than Cayley-Purser
Cayley–Purser_algorithm
Hypothesis in computational complexity theory
include the original Diffie–Hellman key exchange, as well as the ElGamal encryption (which relies on the yet stronger Decisional Diffie–Hellman (DDH)
Computational hardness assumption
Computational_hardness_assumption
Digital verification standard
correctly using the declared public key. DSA is a variant of the Schnorr and ElGamal signature schemes. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol. Taher Elgamal, US (born Egyptian), inventor of the Elgamal discrete log cryptosystem. Shafi Goldwasser, US and
List_of_cryptographers
Method for strengthening public-key encryption against chosen-ciphertext attacks
CRYPTO paper gives instantiations for ElGamal and Okamoto–Uchiyama. It points to PSEC and EPOC, two encryption schemes that the authors and their colleagues
Fujisaki–Okamoto transformation
Fujisaki–Okamoto_transformation
identity-based encryption, which appeared particularly attractive since there was no need to acquire an identity's public key prior to encryption. However,
Identity-based_cryptography
Public key cryptosystem
perturbations?". 2024. "Multivariate Encryptions with LL' perturbations - is it possible to repair HFE in encryption? -". 2024. Nicolas T. Courtois, Magnus
Hidden_Field_Equations
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
wide variety of cryptographic protocols, with 2048-bit ElGamal/AES256/SHA256+Session Tags encryption and Ed25519 EdDSA/ECDSA signatures being the default
I2P
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
announced at PQCrypto 2016. Twenty-three signature schemes and fifty-nine encryption/KEM schemes were submitted by the initial submission deadline at the end
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Key agreement protocol
messenger app has used the ECDH protocol for its "Letter Sealing" end-to-end encryption of all messages sent through said app since October 2015. Signal Protocol
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
Public-key security system
k=1 this is essentially the Benaloh cryptosystem. This system allows encryption of a message m in the group Z / σ Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /\sigma
Naccache–Stern_cryptosystem
Assumption used in cryptographic systems
to prove the security of many cryptographic protocols, most notably the ElGamal and Cramer–Shoup cryptosystems. Consider a (multiplicative) cyclic group
Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption
Decisional_Diffie–Hellman_assumption
implementation of Damgard-Jurik encryption and Paillier encryption. Rust implementation of Damgard-Jurik encryption and Paillier encryption. Ivan Damgård, Mads Jurik:
Damgård–Jurik_cryptosystem
Set of algorithms that help secure a network connection
cipher suites usually contain include: a key exchange algorithm, a bulk encryption algorithm, and a message authentication code (MAC) algorithm. The key
Cipher_suite
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
The Blum–Goldwasser (BG) cryptosystem is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm proposed by Manuel Blum and Shafi Goldwasser in 1984. Blum–Goldwasser is
Blum–Goldwasser_cryptosystem
Turkish cryptographic engineer
(2025). "SOCT: Secure Outsourcing Computation Toolkit Using Threshold ElGamal Algorithm". IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. 13 (2): 711–720. Bibcode:2025ITCC
Çetin_Kaya_Koç
European research program in cryptography, 2000-2003
NESSIE (New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity and Encryption) was a European research project funded from 2000 to 2003 to identify secure cryptographic
NESSIE
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
pages of the contract. RSA DSA ECDSA EdDSA RSA with SHA ECDSA with SHA ElGamal signature scheme as the predecessor to DSA, and variants Schnorr signature
Digital_signature
Unsolved problem in cryptography
current or eventual security of RSA-based cryptosystems—both for public-key encryption and digital signatures. More specifically, the RSA problem is to efficiently
RSA_problem
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
"smart" home accessories & devices Proton Mail Authentication for Email Encryption SRP is a Go implementation of SRP, used to authenticate users on Posterity
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Mechanism for authenticating cryptographic keys
Cramer–Shoup DH DSA ECDH X25519 X448 ECDSA EdDSA Ed25519 Ed448 ECMQV EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS Lattice/SVP/CVP/LWE/SIS BLISS
Web_of_trust
Computational hardness assumption used in elliptic curve cryptography
can be used to construct pairing-based protocols which allow for ElGamal-style encryption and other novel cryptographic techniques. In practice, it is believed
XDH_assumption
Digital signature scheme
Just as with the closely related signature algorithms DSA, ECDSA, and ElGamal, reusing the secret nonce value k {\displaystyle k} on two Schnorr signatures
Schnorr_signature
Type of cryptographic smart card
OpenPGP functions. Using this smart card, various cryptographic tasks (encryption, decryption, digital signing/verification, authentication etc.) can be
OpenPGP_card
Asymmetric cryptographic technique based on integer factorisation
algorithm does not produce an ambiguity in the decryption at a cost of encryption speed. Choose two large distinct primes p and q and compute N = p 2 q
Schmidt-Samoa_cryptosystem
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
Algorithm Standard Parameter Length Bits of Security Notes Symmetric encryption AES FIPS 197 256 256 Digital Signature Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Cryptography framework
message. The protocol uses an encryption function E and a decryption function D. The encryption function uses an encryption key e to change a plaintext
Three-pass_protocol
developed for solving various cryptographic problems like key exchange, encryption-decryption, and authentication. These protocols are very similar to the
Non-commutative_cryptography
Cryptographic attack
Nevertheless, timing attacks are practical against a number of encryption algorithms, including RSA, ElGamal, and the Digital Signature Algorithm. In 2003, Boneh
Timing_attack
Cryptographic key agreement scheme
because .. the use of encryption to provide key confirmation in STS-ENC is questionable — traditionally the sole goal of encryption is to provide confidentiality
Station-to-Station_protocol
EPOC (Efficient Probabilistic Public Key Encryption) is a probabilistic public-key encryption scheme. EPOC was developed in 1999 by T. Okamoto, S. Uchiyama
Efficient Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Scheme
Efficient_Probabilistic_Public-Key_Encryption_Scheme
doi:10.17487/RFC5246. RFC 5246. RFC 6347. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6347. Elgamal, Taher; Hickman, Kipp E. B. (19 April 1995). The SSL Protocol. IETF. I-D
Comparison of TLS implementations
Comparison_of_TLS_implementations
Post-quantum digital signature scheme
Cramer–Shoup DH DSA ECDH X25519 X448 ECDSA EdDSA Ed25519 Ed448 ECMQV EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS Lattice/SVP/CVP/LWE/SIS BLISS
SQIsign
Multiparty cryptographic process
calculation of a shared public and private key set. Unlike most public key encryption models, distributed key generation does not rely on Trusted Third Parties
Distributed_key_generation
Cryptographic protocol designed to resist quantum computer attacks
encapsulation". "Chrome: Stop future computers from cracking current encryption". CNET. Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory
NewHope
Digital signature scheme
quantum computers. The traditional public key algorithms, such as RSA and ElGamal would become insecure if an effective quantum computer could be built (due
Merkle_signature_scheme
Cryptographic method
Cramer–Shoup DH DSA ECDH X25519 X448 ECDSA EdDSA Ed25519 Ed448 ECMQV EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS Lattice/SVP/CVP/LWE/SIS BLISS
Falcon_(signature_scheme)
European information security initiative
Whirlpool; MAC algorithms HMAC, CBC-MAC and CMAC; asymmetric encryption algorithms ElGamal and RSA; key exchange schemes and algorithms such as SSH, TLS
ECRYPT
other that they know the same password π, and to derive a shared secret encryption key for sending secure and authenticated messages to each other. The use
SPEKE
Concept in cryptography
work using the RLWE paradigm. There are public-key encryption algorithms, homomorphic encryption algorithms, and RLWE digital signature algorithms in
Ring learning with errors key exchange
Ring_learning_with_errors_key_exchange
Side-channel attack in cryptography
public-key encryption algorithm (since patched) GnuPG implementation of 4096-bit RSA (since patched) GnuPG implementation of 3072-bit ElGamal (since patched)
Electromagnetic_attack
travel, tourism, insurance
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