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Type of code
The Polybius square, also known as the Polybius checkerboard, is a device invented by the ancient Greeks[when?] Cleoxenus and Democleitus, and made famous
Polybius_square
Ancient Greek historian and politician of the 2nd century BC
using Polybius as a source for Scipio's generalship, notes Polybius's underlying and overt bias in Scipio's favour. H. Ormerod considers that Polybius cannot
Polybius
Unbroken cipher
similarities to the Polybius square, which the author used as examples in his book. He explicitly solves an example of a Polybius square based cipher from
D'Agapeyeff_cipher
Fictitious 1981 arcade game
that players returned to Polybius repeatedly until they went insane, died, or vanished. The lack of any surviving Polybius cabinets is explained by men
Polybius_(urban_legend)
Early block substitution cipher
table, one would first fill in the spaces in the table (a modified Polybius square) with the letters of the keyword (dropping any duplicate letters),
Playfair_cipher
Encoding for text messages
bars, pipes or the walls inside a cell. The tap code is based on a Polybius square using a 5×5 grid of letters representing all the letters of the Latin
Tap_code
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
decrypt text, a table of alphabets can be used. The tabula recta, Vigenère square, or Vigenère table has the alphabet written out 26 times in different rows
Vigenère_cipher
Means of communication used in Ancient Greece
left set. Polybius writes that he later perfected the system (see Polybius square). Byzantine beacon system Optical communication Polybius square Greek hydraulic
Phryctoria
Type of cipher used in World War I
was a fractionating transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition. The cipher is named after the
ADFGVX_cipher
Encryption system
classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion. It
Bifid_cipher
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
Chief Directorate with its spies. First the encipherer constructs a Polybius square using a mixed alphabet. This is used to convert both the plaintext
Nihilist_cipher
Simple encryption method
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
ROT13
Symmetric encryption cipher
The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was invented by the French cryptographer Felix Delastelle. The technique encrypts
Four-square_cipher
Encryption and decryption method
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Book_cipher
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Frequency_analysis
Steganography method
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Bacon's_cipher
Type of substitution cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Pigpen_cipher
Topics referred to by the same term
up Polybius in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Polybius (c. 203 BC – 120 BC) was an ancient Greek historian. Polybius may also refer to: Polybius (freedman)
Polybius_(disambiguation)
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
were introduced in 1901 by Felix Delastelle, including the bifid and four-square ciphers (both digraphic) and the trifid cipher (probably the first practical
Substitution_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
for instance, through the utilization of the chi-squared statistic or by minimizing the sum of squared errors between the observed and known language distributions
Caesar_cipher
Puzzle
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Cryptogram
Encryption technique
large networks of communicants—the number of pads required goes up as the square of the number of users freely exchanging messages. For communication between
One-time_pad
German cipher machine during World War II
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Enigma_machine
Complex Soviet pencil and paper cipher
converted to digits by use of a straddling checkerboard rather than a Polybius square. This has the advantage of slightly compressing the plaintext, thus
VIC_cipher
Type of transposition cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Rail_fence_cipher
Cryptographic cipher device
cipher's proneness to a frequency attack. Fractionation: Unlike in the Polybius Square (where every character is represented by a pair of digits), a straddling
Straddling_checkerboard
Substitution cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Atbash
Cipher method
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Chaocipher
Encryption technique
War II. In this case, double Playfair refers to a method using two Polybius squares plus seriation. Even variants of Double Playfair that encipher each
Two-square_cipher
Scavenger hunt based on Gravity Falls
it, Hirsch tweeted a hint for the final clue, which revealed that a Polybius square was needed to solve the clue. Fans also needed to find a pattern in
Cipher_Hunt
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Hill_cipher
Class of cipher
for chess. Each successive letter of the message is written in a single square. If the message is written vertically, it is taken off horizontally and
Grille_(cryptography)
Fundamental tool in cryptography
In cryptography, the tabula recta (from Latin tabula rēcta) is a square table of alphabets, each row of which is made by shifting the previous one to the
Tabula_recta
Method for writing secret messages
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Cardan_grille
How often identical letters appear in the same position in two texts
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Index_of_coincidence
French cypher that remained unbroken for several centuries
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Great_Cipher
Cryptographic system for numbers
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Shackle_code
Method of encryption
and every letter in the message replaced by its co-ordinates (see Polybius square and Straddling checkerboard). Another method of fractionation is to
Transposition_cipher
Encryption tool used to perform a transposition cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Scytale
Disused cipher that was used historically
is much more difficult to decode is the Vigenère square, an innovative encoding method. With the square, there are 26 different cipher alphabets that are
Classical_cipher
Simple form of encryption
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Null_cipher
Long distance transmission of text
does meet these criteria. That was a system using the Polybius square to encode an alphabet. Polybius (2nd century BC) suggested using two successive groups
Telegraphy
Season of television series
Grace's help, attempts to reconcile his parents. When Jerry finds a polybius square cipher on McGarrett's toolbox, he cracks it as coordinates to a location
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) season 4
Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series)_season_4
Type of substitution cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Affine_cipher
Hiding messages in other messages
visible Musical Steganography – Hiding a message using musical notation Polybius square – Type of code Security engineering – Process of incorporating security
Steganography
Fractionated cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Trifid_cipher
Private amusement embedded in a court judgement in the ''DaVinci Code''
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Smithy_code
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Running_key_cipher
Cipher used by the UK in World War II
P and L) indicate a unique letter on the square (Q). The pad was never reused, while the substitution square could be reused without loss of security
Poem_code
usually known as a Polybius square or "checkerboard." The i-ro-ha alphabet contains forty-eight letters, so a seven-by-seven square is used, with one of
Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji
Japanese_cryptology_from_the_1500s_to_Meiji
Smoke used as a mode of communication
then informed the king. Modern aviation has made skywriting possible. Polybius square Optical telegraph Ivan, Djordjevic (2010). Coding for Optical Channels
Smoke_signal
Cryptographic algorithm
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Solitaire_(cipher)
Concept in cryptanalysis
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Contact_analysis
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
alphabets for each letter of the message. He started with a tabula recta, a square with 26 letters in it (although Trithemius, writing in Latin, used 24 letters)
Polyalphabetic_cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Rasterschlüssel_44
Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Alberti_cipher
Method in cryptanalysis
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Kasiski_examination
Polyalphabetic encryption system
The Beaufort cipher is based on the Beaufort square which is essentially the same as a Vigenère square but in reverse order starting with the letter
Beaufort_cipher
British paper cryptographic system
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
BATCO
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
then the rest of the message. More popular autokeys use a tabula recta, a square with 26 copies of the alphabet, the first line starting with 'A', the next
Autokey_cipher
Tower-based signaling network
for more information on many of the codes used Optical communication Polybius square Railway signalling San Jose Semaphore Semaphore Flag Signaling System
Optical_telegraph
Musical algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
proposed a different type of compound music cipher modeled after a polybius square cipher. Öttingen-Wallerstein used a 5x5 grid containing the letters
Music_cipher
Cryptographic cipher
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Aristocrat_Cipher
device consists of a frame on which a set of "rods" are clipped: plastic square sticks containing a sequence of digits (0–9) and dots on each face. 10 rods
Reihenschieber
Rotor cipher machine
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Schlüsselgerät_41
Cryptography in the Indian classic treatise Kamasutra
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Mlecchita_vikalpa
German Naval World War II hand-cipher system
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Reservehandverfahren
Account of the rise of Rome by Polybius
being Vaticanus Gr. 124 (dated A.D. 947). Polybius' Histories begin in the year 264 BC and end in 146 BC (Polybius was born around 200 BC and died around
Histories_(Polybius)
Paper based encryption system, used in the American civil war
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Slidex
Revelation of secrets to unauthorized parties
Enigma Trithemius Vigenère Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Nihilist Tap code Trifid VIC cipher Square Playfair Two-square Four-square Substitution Affine Atbash
Information_leakage
steganography. Another Greek method was developed by Polybius (now called the "Polybius Square"). The Romans were also knowledgeable about cryptography
History_of_cryptography
relatively simple substitution ciphers, including the Bacon cipher and Polybius square, before moving on to transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers and polyalphabetic
National_Cipher_Challenge
Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm • Poly1305 • Polyalphabetic cipher • Polybius square • Post-quantum cryptography • Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Wars between Rome and Carthage (264–146 BC)
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Those who did not
Punic_Wars
Carthaginian general (c. 275 – 228 BC)
Hannibal, p. 135 Polybius 1.76.4–5 Polybius 1.82.5 Polybius 1.73.7 Polybius 1.84.3 Polybius 1.85.7 Polybius 1.85.6 Polybius 1.86.7 Polybius 1.87.3 Diodorus
Hamilcar_Barca
Locations mentioned in Homer's Odyssey
accepts Polybius' arguments completely. Strabo offers the most detailed surviving set of identifications: Lotus-eaters: Djerba, following Polybius (1.2.17)
Geography_of_the_Odyssey
Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age
Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid
Sea_Peoples
French cryptographer (1886–1980)
recognised this and correctly concluded that the Germans had expanded the Polybius square from 5×5 to 6×6, enabling the encoding of 36 characters rather than
Georges_Painvin
analysis Index of coincidence Playfair cipher Polyalphabetic substitution Polybius square ROT13, ROT47 Scytale Steganography Substitution cipher Tabula recta
List of formal language and literal string topics
List_of_formal_language_and_literal_string_topics
Carthage-Rome engagement, 149–146 BCE
historians Livy (who relied heavily on Polybius), Plutarch and Dio Cassius. The classicist Adrian Goldsworthy states "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred
Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)
Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)
Ancient city, capital of the Median Empire
Jamshid. Ecbatana has also been mentioned by other Greek historians such as Polybius, Ctesias, Justin, and Xenophon. The Assyrians do not seem to mention Ecbatana
Ecbatana
Armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic
Goldsworthy (2001) 49 Polybius VI 26 Based on Polybius VI.19–26 Fields (2007) 32 Smith (1890) Equites Polybius VI.19 Polybius VI.34 Polybius VI.19, 26 Goldsworthy
Roman army of the mid-Republic
Roman_army_of_the_mid-Republic
anti-gaming activists, after playing Polybius. One of the oldest urban legends regarding video games, Polybius has entered popular culture, and numerous
List_of_creepypastas
Ancient city in Tunisia
Polybius (c. 200 – 118), Istorion at III, 22–25, selections translated as Rise of the Roman Empire (Penguin 1979) at 199–203. Nota bene: Polybius died
Carthage
Latin epic poem by Virgil
Brian (2012). Heroes and Heroines of Greece and Rome. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-7614-7952-9. Momigliano, Arnaldo (1977). Essays
Aeneid
Phoenician city-state
Carthaginians, Routledge, p. 153. Polybius, Book 6, 52. On the Perseus project Gibson, Bruce; Harrison, Thomas (2013). Polybius and His World: Essays in Memory
Ancient_Carthage
Naval battle in 260 BC
frère! Polybius, 1:23.3 Tacitus, The Annals 2.49 Polybius, The General History of Polybius, Book I, p. 24 Polybius, The General History of Polybius, Book
Battle_of_Mylae
Archaeological site
of the San Gregorio plain. Its identification is based on a mention by Polybius (I, 18, 2), who states that the temple was "in front of the city", one
Valle_dei_Templi
Dialect of Greek in the ancient world
Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of Plutarch and Polybius. Koine is also the language of the Septuagint (the 3rd century BC Greek
Koine_Greek
3rd century BC Roman politician and general
4.2.3. Polybius, 2.32, 33. Plutarch, "The Life of Fabius Maximus", 4.2. Polybius, 2.33 2-3. Polybius, 2.33 4. Polybius, 2.33 7-8. Polybius, 2.33 9.
Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)
Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)
Greek island in the Ionian Sea
battle is documented in The Histories, a work by the ancient historian Polybius. Paxos has been ruled by various conquerors, including the Romans in the
Paxos
Roman military boarding device
(Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2007), p. 95. Polybius, The Histories, 1.22. Polybius, The Histories, 1.25–1.29. Herman Tammo Wallinga, The Boarding-Bridge
Corvus_(boarding_device)
Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – 212 BC)
city after a long siege. Three different historians, Plutarch, Livy, and Polybius provide testimony about these war machines, describing improved catapults
Archimedes
Naval battle of the First Punic War; possibly the largest in history
Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Lazenby 1996, p. 85
Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus
Founder of Islam (c. 570–632)
Glubb, Sir John Bagot (2001). The Life and Times of Muhammad. Cooper Square. ISBN 978-0-8154-1176-5. Goddard, Hugh (2000). "The First Age of Christian-Muslim
Muhammad
Sailing rig consisting mainly of sails
the median plane of the keel, rather than perpendicular to it, as on a square-rigged vessel. Fore-and-aft rigged sails include staysails, Bermuda rigged
Fore-and-aft_rig
Oared warships
p. 69. Goldsworthy 2000, p. 97. Polybius, The Histories, I.20–21 Goldsworthy 2000, p. 104. Polybius, I.26.7 Polybius, I.63.8 Ferreiro 2010. Pliny, Natural
Hellenistic-era_warships
Oblique quadrilateral sail from south east Asia
particularly in Maritime Southeast Asia. It is also known as the tilted square sail, canted rectangular sail, rectangular balance lug, or balance lug sail
Tanja_sail
King of Macedon from 336 to 323 BC
especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Polybius began his Histories by reminding Romans of Alexander's achievements, and
Alexander_the_Great
Latin initialism referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic
Instances of "Roman Senate and People" on Perseus.edu Lewis & Short dictionary entry for populus on Perseus.edu Polybius on the Senate and People (6.16)
SPQR
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