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Variant of the meet-in-the-middle method of cryptanalysis
A biclique attack is a variant of the meet-in-the-middle (MITM) method of cryptanalysis. It utilizes a biclique structure to extend the number of possibly
Biclique_attack
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
Khovratovich, and Christian Rechberger, and were published in 2011. The attack is a biclique attack and is faster than brute force by a factor of about four. It
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Attacks against common ciphers
Andrey Bogdanov; Dmitry Khovratovich; Christian Rechberger (2011-08-17). "Biclique Cryptanalysis of the Full AES". Cryptology ePrint Archive. Vincent Rijmen
Cipher_security_summary
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
In cryptography, a brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or
Brute-force_attack
Cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute
Timing_attack
Block cipher
uses no S-boxes or other table lookups in order to avoid cache timing attacks; its nonlinearity comes from alternating additions with exclusive ORs.
Threefish
Cryptographic algorithm
truncated differential attack on 26 out of 31 rounds of PRESENT was suggested in 2014. Several full-round attacks using biclique cryptanalysis have been
PRESENT
Cryptography algorithm
was encrypted with the same key before (this is known as the TLS CBC IV attack). For some keys, an all-zero initialization vector may generate some block
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Bipartite graph where each node of 1st set is linked to all nodes of 2nd set
the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete bipartite graph or biclique is a special kind of bipartite graph where every vertex of the first set
Complete_bipartite_graph
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
(strengthened against differential cryptanalysis, but weakened against brute-force attacks), which was published as an official Federal Information Processing Standard
Data_Encryption_Standard
Cryptographic attack
Correlation attacks are a class of cryptographic known-plaintext attacks for breaking stream ciphers whose keystreams are generated by combining the output
Correlation_attack
Block cipher
64-bit block size and therefore it could be vulnerable to Sweet32 birthday attacks. Schneier designed Blowfish as a general-purpose algorithm, intended as
Blowfish_(cipher)
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
meaningful word or phrase) with a code word (for example, "wallaby" replaces "attack at dawn"). A cypher, in contrast, is a scheme for changing or substituting
Cryptography
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
number of platforms. Käsper and Schwabe described a "Faster and Timing-Attack Resistant AES-GCM" that achieves 10.68 cycles per byte of AES-GCM authenticated
Galois/Counter_Mode
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Block cipher
independent key bits. It is still vulnerable to the meet-in-the-middle attack, but the attack requires 22 × 56 steps. Keying option 2 K1 and K2 are independent
Triple_DES
Algorithm
successful attack.[citation needed] It is also possible to increase the key length or the rounds in the encryption process to better protect against attack. This
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
susceptible to padding oracle attacks. Padding oracle attacks allow the attacker to gain knowledge of the plain text without attacking the block cipher primitive
Padding_(cryptography)
Generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack
The meet-in-the-middle attack (MITM), a known-plaintext attack, is a generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack against encryption schemes that rely
Meet-in-the-middle_attack
Type of cipher
of 2012[update], the best attack which applies to all keys can break a full 8.5-round IDEA using a narrow-bicliques attack about four times faster than
Block_cipher
Form of cryptanalysis
cryptography, the boomerang attack is a method for the cryptanalysis of block ciphers based on differential cryptanalysis. The attack was published in 1999
Boomerang_attack
Symmetric-key block cipher
using a meet-in-the-middle attack. Independently in 2012, full 8.5-round IDEA was broken using a narrow-bicliques attack, with a reduction of cryptographic
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Cryptography construction
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Feistel_cipher
Block cipher
button press. This provides protection against brute-force attack and capture and replay attack, known as RollJam for Samy Kamkar's work. For simplicity
KeeLoq
Block cipher
claimed attack against the full cipher was published in 2002, but a later paper with attack designer as a co-author clarified in 2009 that no attack on the
Skipjack_(cipher)
Type of cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Product_cipher
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
resistant to this attack and many including the Advanced Encryption Standard, have been proven secure against the attack. The attack relies primarily on
Differential_cryptanalysis
Cryptographic attack
cryptography, a known-key distinguishing attack is an attack model against symmetric ciphers, whereby an attacker who knows the key can find a structural
Known-key distinguishing attack
Known-key_distinguishing_attack
Cryptanalytic attacks using a system of multivariate equations
Algebraic attack is a method of algebraic cryptanalysis by which a set of algebraic equations can be used to solve a cryptographic Boolean function that
Algebraic_attack
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
algorithm were found by NIST to have a key length that made it vulnerable to attacks, thus prompting the transition to SHA-2. With the rise of secure transport
Cryptographic_agility
Input to a cryptographic primitive
whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted
Initialization_vector
Form of cryptanalysis
a cipher. Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks on block ciphers;
Linear_cryptanalysis
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
DEAL
Block cypher operating mode
smart card proposals. In 1984, to protect DES against exhaustive search attacks, Ron Rivest proposed DESX: XOR a pre-whitening key to the plaintext, encrypt
Xor–encrypt–xor
Family of authenticated ciphers
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Ascon_(cipher)
Cryptographic algorithm
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Ciphertext_stealing
Wide-block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Adiantum_(cipher)
Concept in cryptography
the hash function being exposed to attacks including collision attacks, length extension attacks, and preimage attacks. Constructing a cipher or hash to
Avalanche_effect
Family of block ciphers
successfully attacked. The best published attacks on Speck in the standard attack model (CPA/CCA with unknown key) are differential cryptanalysis attacks; these
Speck_(cipher)
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Authenticated encryption EAX mode Galois/Counter Mode Stream cipher Stream cipher attacks CCMP Dworkin, Morris (May 2004). Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes
CCM_mode
Family of block ciphers
"direct mode" NOEKEON, to be used for maximum efficiency where related-key attacks are not possible, and "indirect mode" NOEKEON where they are. NOEKEON has
NOEKEON
Type of cryptanalytic attack
differential cryptanalysis is a generalization of differential cryptanalysis, an attack used against block ciphers. While in standard differential cryptanalysis
Higher-order differential cryptanalysis
Higher-order_differential_cryptanalysis
Implementations of Advanced Encryption Standard
taken when implementing AES in software, in particular around side-channel attacks. The algorithm operates on plaintext blocks of 16 bytes. Encryption of
AES_implementations
Chinese block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
SM4_(cipher)
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
CAST-128
Block cipher
Nikolić found a weakness in the key schedule of SC2000 which allows an attacker to find colliding keys which result in identical encryptions in just 239
SC2000
Form of cryptanalysis
1994, the differential-linear attack is a mix of both linear cryptanalysis and differential cryptanalysis. The attack utilises a differential characteristic
Differential-linear_attack
Cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
S-1_block_cipher
technique that can be used with a MITM attack. Partial-matching is where the intermediate values of the MITM attack, i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle
Partial-matching meet-in-the-middle attack
Partial-matching_meet-in-the-middle_attack
Algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key
in order to resist such forms of cryptanalysis as related-key attacks and slide attacks, many modern ciphers use more elaborate key schedules to generate
Key_schedule
Cipher design construction
very complex manner. If an attacker somehow obtains one plaintext corresponding to one ciphertext – a known-plaintext attack, or worse, a chosen plaintext
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
BassOmatic
Type of cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys
Related-key_attack
Cryptographic attack
A time/memory/data tradeoff attack is a type of cryptographic attack where an attacker tries to achieve a situation similar to the space–time tradeoff
Time/memory/data tradeoff attack
Time/memory/data_tradeoff_attack
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Xmx
European research program in cryptography, 2000-2003
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
NESSIE
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
IAPM_(mode)
Form of cryptanalysis
The slide attack is a form of cryptanalysis designed to deal with the prevailing idea that even weak ciphers can become very strong by increasing the number
Slide_attack
Type of cryptanalytic attack
cryptography, an interpolation attack is a type of cryptanalytic attack against block ciphers. After the two attacks, differential cryptanalysis and
Interpolation_attack
Block cipher
2001). "An Evaluation of the Security of CIPHERUNICORN-E Against Certain Attacks" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved
CIPHERUNICORN-E
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
is encrypted multiple times with the same nonce. When that happens, an attacker is able to observe repeat encryptions, since encryption is a deterministic
AES-GCM-SIV
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
SEED
Block cipher
cipher was first presented. A later paper (den Boer, 1988) describes an attack requiring 100–10000 chosen plaintexts, and Sean Murphy (1990) found an improvement
FEAL
Block cipher
rather than the voice data. In 1997, a group of cryptographers published attacks on the cipher showing it had several weaknesses which give it a trivial
Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm
Process of developing the AES standard
relatively small 56-bit key which was becoming vulnerable to brute-force attacks. In addition, the DES was designed primarily for hardware and was relatively
Advanced Encryption Standard process
Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process
Block cipher
cipher to strengthen it against this particular kind of attack. A biclique cryptanalysis attack has been published on the full cipher. It is somewhat inline
Prince_(cipher)
Man-in-the-middle attack Man-on-the-side attack Meet-in-the-middle attack Length extension attack Replay attack Pre-play attack Dictionary attack Biclique attack Denial-of-service
List of cybersecurity information technologies
List_of_cybersecurity_information_technologies
Form of cryptanalysis
cryptography, a distinguishing attack is any form of cryptanalysis on data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data
Distinguishing_attack
Tables for the Data Encryption Standard
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
DES_supplementary_material
Block cipher
cycle. Different multiples of a magic constant are used to prevent simple attacks based on the symmetry of the rounds. The magic constant, 2654435769 or
Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
Earliest civilian block ciphers
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Lucifer_(cipher)
Type of cryptographic attack
cryptography, the Davies attack is a dedicated statistical cryptanalysis method for attacking the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The attack was originally created
Davies_attack
Block cipher
the designers deemed 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future discoveries in cryptanalysis
Serpent_(cipher)
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
MULTI2
Mathematical function used in cryptography
triangular T-functions are naturally vulnerable to guess-and-determine attacks, well chosen bitwise transpositions between rounds can neutralize that
T-function
Length of bit string processed by a cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Block_size_(cryptography)
Classified National Security Agency Type 1 encryption algorithm
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
SAVILLE
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
MAGENTA
Type of cryptographic statistical attack
The rebound attack is a tool in the cryptanalysis of cryptographic hash functions. The attack was first published in 2009 by Florian Mendel, Christian
Rebound_attack
Block cipher
purpose." Frédéric Muller has discovered an attack which can break five of KHAZAD's eight rounds. No attacks better than this are known as of August 2009
KHAZAD
Cryptographic hardware
even a small nonprofit organization such as the EFF to mount a realistic attack.[non-primary source needed] DES was a federal standard, and the US government
EFF_DES_cracker
Authenticated encryption mode of operation for block ciphers
existential forgery attack against OCB2 that requires only a single prior encryption query and almost no computational power or storage. The attack does not extend
OCB_mode
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
3-Way
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
RC6
Block cipher
rounds of a modified version of SHARK can be broken using an interpolation attack (Jakobsen and Knudsen, 1997). KHAZAD Square Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen
SHARK
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
BATON
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
they had been carefully tuned to increase resistance against this specific attack such that it was no better than brute force. Biham and Shamir found that
S-box
Attack applicable to block and stream ciphers
In cryptography, mod n cryptanalysis is an attack applicable to block and stream ciphers. It is a form of partitioning cryptanalysis that exploits unevenness
Mod_n_cryptanalysis
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
IDEA_NXT
Block cipher
"Related-key rectangle attack on the full SHACAL-1", 2006, Orr Dunkelman, Nathan Keller and Jongsung Kim presented a related-key rectangle attack on the full 80
SHACAL
Block cipher
rectangle attack on 36 rounds of XTEA, breaking more rounds than any previously published cryptanalytic results for XTEA. The paper presents two attacks, one
XTEA
Block cipher
Chiasmus seems to be resistant against the most common cryptographic attacks (linear and differential cryptanalysis), but a lot slower than the openly
Chiasmus_(cipher)
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Grand_Cru_(cipher)
Block cipher
on the plaintext and secret key in order to produce the ciphertext. An attacker uses this knowledge to search for weaknesses in the cipher which may allow
FROG
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
GDES
Type of cryptanalytic attack
In cryptography, integral cryptanalysis is a cryptanalytic attack that is particularly applicable to block ciphers based on substitution–permutation networks
Integral_cryptanalysis
Republic of Korea national standard block cipher
successful attack on full-round LEA is known. As is typical for iterated block ciphers, reduced-round variants have been attacked. The best published attacks on
LEA_(cipher)
Block cipher
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
SXAL/MBAL
Block cipher
technology. In 1999, Niels Ferguson published an impossible differential attack that breaks 6 rounds out of 16 of the 256-bit key version using 2256 steps
Twofish
Family of block ciphers
transformation) Attack (cryptanalysis) Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Algebraic Cube attack Gröbner attack Linear (Piling-up
Secure and Fast Encryption Routine
Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine
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