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Encryption technique
The Two-square cipher, also called double Playfair, is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was developed to ease the cumbersome nature of the
Two-square_cipher
Early block substitution cipher
The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution
Playfair_cipher
Encryption system
In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion
Bifid_cipher
Symmetric encryption cipher
The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was invented by the French cryptographer Felix Delastelle. The technique encrypts
Four-square_cipher
Polyalphabetic encryption system
rotor-based cipher machine, the Hagelin M-209. The Beaufort cipher is based on the Beaufort square which is essentially the same as a Vigenère square but in
Beaufort_cipher
Type of cipher used in World War I
transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition. The cipher is named after the six possible letters used in
ADFGVX_cipher
Type of code
key phrase "polybius cipher" would lead to the reordered square below. There are several encryption methods using the Polybius square. Three of them are
Polybius_square
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though
Polyalphabetic_cipher
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher, originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s
Nihilist_cipher
Disused cipher that was used historically
In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher that was used historically but, for the most part, has fallen into disuse. In contrast to modern
Classical_cipher
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different
Vigenère_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which
Caesar_cipher
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input)
Substitution_cipher
Steganography method
its content. Baconian ciphers are categorized as both a substitution cipher (in plain code) and a concealment cipher (using the two typefaces). To encode
Bacon's_cipher
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
An autokey cipher (also known as the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from
Autokey_cipher
Unbroken cipher
The D'Agapeyeff cipher is an unsolved cipher that appears in the first edition of Codes and Ciphers, an elementary book on cryptography published by the
D'Agapeyeff_cipher
Fundamental tool in cryptography
ciphers, including the Vigenère cipher and Blaise de Vigenère's less well-known autokey cipher. All polyalphabetic ciphers based on the Caesar cipher
Tabula_recta
Method of encryption
In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition)
Transposition_cipher
Type of substitution cipher
pigpen cipher (alternatively referred to as the masonic cipher, Freemason's cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher, and tic-tac-toe cipher) is a geometric
Pigpen_cipher
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which
Hill_cipher
Algorithm
use either stream ciphers or block ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt the digits (typically bytes), or letters (in substitution ciphers) of a message one
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Encryption and decryption method
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key
Book_cipher
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Class of cipher
In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet
Grille_(cryptography)
Complex Soviet pencil and paper cipher
The VIC cipher was a pencil and paper cipher used by the Soviet spy Reino Häyhänen, codenamed "VICTOR". If the cipher were to be given a modern technical
VIC_cipher
Scavenger hunt based on Gravity Falls
The Cipher Hunt was an alternate reality game and international scavenger hunt created by storyboard artist and voice actor Alex Hirsch based on his animated
Cipher_Hunt
Encryption technique
the principles of information theory. Digital versions of one-time pad ciphers have been used by nations for critical diplomatic and military communication
One-time_pad
German cipher machine during World War II
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication
Enigma_machine
Cryptography construction
cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the
Feistel_cipher
Type of cipher
cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building
Block_cipher
Type of transposition cipher
The rail fence cipher (also called a zigzag cipher) is a classical type of transposition cipher. It derives its name from the manner in which encryption
Rail_fence_cipher
Stream cipher
Rabbit is a high-speed stream cipher from 2003. The algorithm and source code was released in 2008 as public domain software. Rabbit was first presented
Rabbit_(cipher)
French cypher that remained unbroken for several centuries
The Great Cipher (French: Grand chiffre) was a nomenclator cipher developed by the Rossignols, several generations of whom served the French monarchs
Great_Cipher
Substitution cipher
(Hebrew: אתבש; also transliterated Atbaš) is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use
Atbash
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Simple encryption method
substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it in the Latin alphabet. It is a special case of the Caesar cipher which was developed
ROT13
Type of substitution cipher
The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using
Affine_cipher
Simple form of encryption
null cipher, also known as concealment cipher, is an ancient form of encryption where the plaintext is mixed with a large amount of non-cipher material
Null_cipher
Stream cipher
(also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR, meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher. While it is remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software, multiple
RC4
British paper cryptographic system
contained on a set of vocabulary cards, and cipher sheets for superencryption of the numeric code words. The cipher sheets, which are typically changed daily
BATCO
Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system
The Alberti cipher, created in 1467 by Italian architect Leon Battista Alberti, was one of the first polyalphabetic ciphers. In the opening pages of his
Alberti_cipher
Soviet/Russian national standard block cipher
GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89, is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block
GOST_(block_cipher)
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide
Running_key_cipher
Block cipher
cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA. The cipher's designers were David Wheeler and Roger Needham
XTEA
Block cipher
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of
Twofish
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
design elements, a relatively short key length of the symmetric-key block cipher design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a backdoor
Data_Encryption_Standard
Puzzle
text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. Substitution ciphers where each letter is
Cryptogram
Encoding for text messages
timing of the taps to isolate letters. To communicate the word "hello", the cipher would be the following (with the pause between each number in a pair being
Tap_code
Musical algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
cryptography, a music cipher is an algorithm for the encryption of a plaintext into musical symbols or sounds. Music-based ciphers are related to, but not
Music_cipher
Method in cryptanalysis
method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenère cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but
Kasiski_examination
Cipher method
The Chaocipher is a cipher method invented by John Francis Byrne in 1918 and described in his 1953 autobiographical Silent Years. He believed Chaocipher
Chaocipher
Fractionated cipher
trifid cipher is a classical cipher invented by Félix Delastelle and described in 1902. Extending the principles of Delastelle's earlier bifid cipher, it
Trifid_cipher
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
(or "E") for the eavesdropping adversary. Since the development of rotor cipher machines in World War I and the advent of computers in World War II, cryptography
Cryptography
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Cryptographic cipher device
one-digit and two-digit codes, designing the first variable length cipher, although this was still a substitution cipher: With that cipher, La vigilanza
Straddling_checkerboard
Block cipher designed in 2000 by Chang-Hyi Lee
In cryptography, Zodiac is a block cipher designed in 2000 by Chang-Hyi Lee for the Korean firm SoftForum. Zodiac uses a 16-round Feistel network structure
Zodiac_(cipher)
Earliest civilian block ciphers
Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM. Lucifer was a direct
Lucifer_(cipher)
Encryption tool used to perform a transposition cipher
cylinder", also σκύταλον skútalon) is a tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it on which
Scytale
Block cipher
In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines
Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
Set of three ciphertexts
The Beale ciphers are a set of three ciphertexts, one of which allegedly states the location of a buried treasure of gold, silver and jewels estimated
Beale_ciphers
Block cipher
Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition. Threefish
Threefish
Block cipher
SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korea Information Security Agency (KISA). It is used broadly throughout South Korean industry, but seldom found
SEED
Block cipher
Prince is a block cipher targeting low latency, unrolled hardware implementations. It is based on the so-called FX construction. Its most notable feature
Prince_(cipher)
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of
Frequency_analysis
Block cipher
(Russian for 'Grasshopper'; Cyrillic script: Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher. It has a block size of 128 bits and key length of 256 bits. It is defined
Kuznyechik
Block cipher
In cryptography, ARIA is a block cipher designed in 2003 by a large group of South Korean researchers. In 2004, the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards
ARIA_(cipher)
Block cipher
cryptography, Corrected Block TEA (often referred to as XXTEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in the original Block TEA. XXTEA is vulnerable
XXTEA
Block cipher
Anubis is a block cipher designed by Vincent Rijmen and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto as an entrant in the NESSIE project, a former research program initiated
Anubis_(cipher)
Block ciphers
The BEAR and LION block ciphers were invented by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham by combining a stream cipher and a cryptographic hash function. The algorithms
BEAR_and_LION_ciphers
Substitution cipher
up over the next fifty years with the closely related four-square and two-square ciphers, which are slightly more cumbersome but offer slightly better
Polygraphic_substitution
Cryptographic cipher
The Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters
Aristocrat_Cipher
Block cipher
LOKI97 is a block cipher which was a candidate in the Advanced Encryption Standard competition. It is a member of the LOKI family of ciphers, with earlier
LOKI97
Rotor cipher machine
The Schlüsselgerät 41 ("Cipher Machine 41"), also known as the SG-41 or Hitler mill, was a rotor cipher machine, first produced in 1941 in Nazi Germany
Schlüsselgerät_41
Cipher used by the UK in World War II
words a number. The numbers are then used as a key for a transposition cipher to conceal the plaintext of the message, often by double transposition.
Poem_code
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007. The GCM algorithm belongs to
Galois/Counter_Mode
Input to a cryptographic primitive
between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Some cryptographic
Initialization_vector
Family of authenticated ciphers
Ascon is a family of lightweight authenticated ciphers and hash functions that have been selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
Ascon_(cipher)
Form of cryptanalysis
block ciphers based on differential cryptanalysis. The attack was published in 1999 by David Wagner, who used it to break the COCONUT98 cipher. The boomerang
Boomerang_attack
Block cipher
Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The 56-bit key
Triple_DES
Symmetric-key block cipher
Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Attacks against common ciphers
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against block ciphers and stream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known
Cipher_security_summary
Cryptographic algorithm
flaws in the cipher such that it is now considered insecure. This algorithm uses a standard deck of cards with 52 suited cards and two jokers which are
Solitaire_(cipher)
Topics referred to by the same term
Russian four square Four-square cipher Lagrange's four-square theorem, stating that any natural number equals the sum of four integers squared Jacobi's four-square
Four_square_(disambiguation)
Block cipher
block cipher designed by Ron Rivest in 1987. "RC" stands for "Ron's Code" (see also RC2, RC5 and RC6), but generally called simply RC2. Other ciphers designed
RC2
Private amusement embedded in a court judgement in the ''DaVinci Code''
Titanic Historical Society – among other things. The cipher was a type of polyalphabetic cipher known as a Variant Beaufort, using a keyword based on
Smithy_code
Block cipher
MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after
MARS_(cipher)
Length of bit string processed by a cipher
modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of
Block_size_(cryptography)
cryptography include: A5/1 • A5/2 • ABA digital signature guidelines • ABC (stream cipher) • Abraham Sinkov • Acoustic cryptanalysis • Adaptive chosen-ciphertext
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Family of block ciphers
(Secure and Fast Encryption Routine) is the name of a family of block ciphers designed primarily by James Massey (one of the designers of IDEA) on behalf
Secure and Fast Encryption Routine
Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine
Block cipher
block cipher proposed by Hitachi in 1997 for use in the IEEE 1394 FireWire standard. The design allows some freedom in choosing a few of the cipher's operations
M6_(cipher)
Block cipher
In cryptography, SC2000 is a block cipher invented by a research group at Fujitsu Labs. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected. It
SC2000
Block cipher
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, in which it ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent
Serpent_(cipher)
Form of cryptanalysis
to the action of a cipher. Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks
Linear_cryptanalysis
Block cipher
3-Way is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen. It is closely related to BaseKing; the two are variants of the same general cipher technique. 3-Way
3-Way
Block cipher
KASUMI is a block cipher used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile communications systems. In UMTS, KASUMI is used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms
KASUMI
Method for writing secret messages
messages inside an ordinary letter so that the whole would not appear to be a cipher at all. Such a disguised message is considered to be an example of steganography
Cardan_grille
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, According to Ron Rivest, RC stands
RC5
Cryptographic attack
reduces one or two of those parameters in favor of the other one or two. This type of attack is very difficult, so most of the ciphers and encryption
Time/memory/data tradeoff attack
Time/memory/data_tradeoff_attack
Block cipher
The Hasty Pudding cipher (HPC) is a variable-block-size block cipher designed by Richard Schroeppel, which was an unsuccessful candidate in the competition
Hasty_Pudding_cipher
How often identical letters appear in the same position in two texts
change if both texts are scrambled by the same single-alphabet substitution cipher, allowing a cryptanalyst to quickly detect that form of encryption. The
Index_of_coincidence
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Spear.
Male
English
French form of English Stewart, STUART means "house guard; steward." In use by the English and Scottish.
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of English Tom, TWM means "twin."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Squire.
Male
Polish
Polish form of Latin Ivo, IWO means "yew tree."
Male
Swedish
Swedish name derived from Old Norse stúra, STURE means "obstinate."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Shield Bearer; Knight's Companion
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a frugal person, from Middle English spare ‘sparing’, ‘frugal’.
Girl/Female
British, English
Bless
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Scottish
Steward; Stewart is Clan Name of the Royal House of Scotland; Surname; House Guard
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English squyer ‘esquire’, ‘a man belonging to the feudal rank immediately below that of knight’ (from Old French esquier ‘shield bearer’). At first it denoted a young man of good birth attendant on a knight, or by extension any attendant or servant, but by the 14th century the meaning had been generalized, and referred to social status rather than age. By the 17th century, the term denoted any member of the landed gentry, but this is unlikely to have influenced the development of the surname.
Boy/Male
French Latin
A squire.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon American English Scottish
Steward.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Squire.
Boy/Male
British, English
Spear-man
Boy/Male
English
Shieldbearer.
Boy/Male
Italian
Squire.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Shield Bearer
Boy/Male
Indian
Cover
Boy/Male
English American
Shieldbearer.
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
Boy/Male
Tamil
Variant of michelle. alternate spelling: Misha, Mishaye. smile
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Fortunate
Girl/Female
Indian
Holy Smile
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
A Holy Water Pot
Boy/Male
Indian
Warrior of God
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Friend of Religion
Boy/Male
American, English
Flower
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
The Victor of Infinity; Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Indian
Giver of Peace
Girl/Female
Australian, Hebrew
Pearl
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
TWO SQUARE-CIPHER
n.
To adjust; to regulate; to mold; to shape; to fit; as, to square our actions by the opinions of others.
a.
Forming a right angle; as, a square corner.
v. t.
To attend as a squire.
n.
A square piece or fragment.
n.
To place at right angles with the keel; as, to square the yards.
a.
Having four equal sides and four right angles; as, a square figure.
n.
To multiply by itself; as, to square a number or a quantity.
n.
A body of troops formed in a square, esp. one formed to resist a charge of cavalry; a squadron.
a.
Even; leaving no balance; as, to make or leave the accounts square.
n.
To make even, so as leave no remainder of difference; to balance; as, to square accounts.
n.
An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter's square, the try-square., etc.
a.
Of or pertaining to a square, or to squares; resembling a quadrate, or square; square.
n.
A square; a measure; a rule.
n.
Having the toe square.
imp. & p. p.
of Square
n.
Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so
n.
The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 / 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2.
n.
To form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces; as, to square mason's work.
n.
A square. See 1st Squire.
a.
Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing.