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Viral genome integrated into the DNA of a host cell
A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred
Provirus
Family of viruses
integrated provirus is a necessary for permanent and an effective expression of retroviral genes. This DNA can be incorporated into host genome as a provirus that
Retrovirus
Provirus silencing, or proviral silencing, is the repression of expression of proviral genes in cells. A provirus is a viral DNA that has been incorporated
Provirus_silencing
DNA sequence
LTRs subsequently participate in integration of the provirus into the host genome. Once the provirus has been integrated, the LTR on the 5′ end serves as
Long_terminal_repeat
Inherited retrovirus encoded in an organism's genome
of the retroviral replication cycle. They are distinguished as germline provirus retroelements due to their integration and reverse-transcription into the
Endogenous_retrovirus
Species of virus
The Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1 and BoDV-2) are members of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus and cause Borna disease in mammals. BoDV-1/2
Borna_disease_virus
Species of virus
infection is established when HTLV-1 integrates into the host genome as a provirus. A patient infected with HTLV-1 can be diagnosed when antibodies against
Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
specific place in the host's chromosome. The viral genome is then known as a "provirus" or, in the case of bacteriophages a "prophage". Whenever the host divides
Virus
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
actively fighting infection. During viral replication, the integrated DNA provirus is transcribed into RNA. The full-length genomic RNAs (gRNA) can be packaged
HIV
Biological process
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
DNA_replication
Biological process
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Cell_division
Arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia
"Multi-generational koala pedigree analysis reveals rapid changes in heritable provirus load associated with life history traits". Nature Communications. 17 (1):
Koala
Stage of HIV infection
capability to enter a latent stage of infection where it exists as a dormant provirus in CD4+ T-cells. Most latently infected cells are resting memory T cells
HIV_latency
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Transcription_(biology)
Group of transport proteins
and is required for virus replication and enhanced gene expression from provirus in dividing or non-dividing cells such as T cells or macrophages. Vpr also
Vpr
German virologist (born 1964)
a provirus. While antiretrovial drugs are able to prevent the spread of actively transcribed and replicating HIV, they cannot target HIV provirus that
Melanie_Ott
DNA reverse transcribed from RNA
etc.) and then integrated into the host's genome, where it creates a provirus. The term cDNA is also used, typically in a bioinformatics context, to
Complementary_DNA
Protein found in humans
diverse mammalian species. ERVW-1 is located within ERVWE1, a full length provirus on chromosome 7 at locus 7q21.2 flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs)
Syncytin-1
Class of enzymes
return" for the cell, which becomes a permanent carrier of the viral genome (provirus). Integration is in part responsible for the persistence of retroviral
Integrase
Human disease
leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). All ATL cells contain integrated HTLV-1 provirus further supporting that causal role of the virus in the cause of the neoplasm
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma
Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas
Li, Hong-Chuan; Biggar, Robert J.; Miley, Wendell J.; et al. (2004). "Provirus load in breast milk and risk of mother-to-child transmission of Human T
Peopling_of_the_Americas
Species of virus
integrate into the genomic DNA of B‑lymphocytes as a DNA intermediate (the provirus), or exist as unintegrated circular or linear forms. Besides structural
Bovine_leukemia_virus
Cellular process of protein synthesis
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Translation_(biology)
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Self-replication
Ability of some viruses to lie dormant within a cell
potentially leading to degradation of the viral gene by cellular enzymes. A provirus is a viral genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.[citation
Virus_latency
Species of virus
Weiss AT, Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD (2010). "Prevalence of feline leukaemia provirus DNA in feline lymphomas". J Feline Med Surg. 12 (12): 929–35. doi:10.1016/j
Feline_leukemia_virus
Species of archaeon
smithii PS chromosome contains a provirus derived from the integration of a head-tailed archaeal virus genome. The provirus was shown to be sporadically induced
Methanobrevibacter_smithii
Enzyme which generates DNA
retrovirus particle, but, after an infection, each virus generates only one provirus. After infection, reverse transcription is accompanied by template switching
Reverse_transcriptase
DNA that does not code for proteins
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Non-coding_DNA
Small DNA molecule within a cell
Bacterial artificial chromosome Bacteriophage DNA recombination Plasmidome Provirus Secondary chromosome Segrosome Transposon Triparental mating VectorDB Lloyd
Plasmid
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Helper_dependent_virus
American biologist and Nobel laureate (1938–2025)
transcriptase, made contemporaneously with Howard Temin, who had proposed the provirus hypothesis, showed that genetic information could traffic bidirectionally
David_Baltimore
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
HERV-R_7q21.2 provirus ancestral envelope (Env) polyprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERV3 gene. The human genome includes many retroelements
ERV3
Enzymes that catalyze DNA formation
two RNA genomes, but, after an infection, each virus generates only one provirus. After infection, reverse transcription is accompanied by template switching
DNA_polymerase
Proteome Proteomics Proteus syndrome Proto-oncogene Protoplast Prototroph Provirus Pseudoallele Pseudoautosomal region Pseudodominance Pseudogene Public policy
Index_of_genetics_articles
French microbiologist (1902–1994)
1994(1994-09-30) (aged 92) Paris, France Alma mater Pasteur Institute Known for Provirus infection of bacteria Spouse Marguerite Lwoff Awards Nobel Prize in Medicine
André_Michel_Lwoff
Antiretroviral medication
integrated into the genetic material of the infected cell (where it is called a provirus). Cellular enzymes convert AZT into the effective 5'-triphosphate form
Zidovudine
original conception and design of the novel experiment that confirmed Temin's provirus hypothesis. However, Mizutani was not awarded the 1975 medicine prize along
List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees
List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees
characterized as reservoirs for HIV-1 and as carriers of the integrated provirus. 2014 there were reports of the cure of HIV in two infants, presumably
Management_of_HIV/AIDS
Germany ? André Michel Lwoff (1902–1994) Biologist 1932–1937 Coined the term Provirus; 1965 Physiology or Medicine Nobel laureate "for the discoveries concerning
List of Heidelberg University people
List_of_Heidelberg_University_people
American scientist (born 1939)
(1982-11-01). "Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome". Cell. 31 (1): 99–109
Harold_E._Varmus
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
Integron Mobile genetic elements Phylogenetic network Phylogenetic tree Provirus Reassortment Retrotransposon Symbiogenesis Tree of life (biology) Xenobiology
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Type of RNA found in cells
"HIV-1 VPR induces ciTRAN to prevent transcriptional repression of the provirus". Science Advances. 9 (36) eadh9170. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H9170B. bioRxiv 10
Circular_RNA
Bacteriophage genome that is integrated into a bacterial cell
Annual Reviews: 197–214. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-054952. PMID 27741409. S2CID 36517589. Wikispecies has information related to virus. Provirus
Prophage
Species of virus
genome is integrated it is then referred to as a genetically modified provirus. Where DNA or RNA which that has been packaged as part of a virus particle
Genetically_modified_virus
Type of CRISPR tool
employed the dCas-SAM system in human cell lines to reactivate latent HIV provirus, triggering apoptosis of infected cells. The SunTag activator system uses
CRISPR_activation
Sequence in a genome
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Origin_of_replication
Taiwanese infectious disease researcher
the genome of the T cells it infects; the integrated virus is known as a provirus. Ho worked to characterize the subset of HIV proviruses that remain in
Ya-Chi_Ho
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
internal enhancer sequences of ERVH48-1. SUPYN originates from the HERVH48 provirus gene and is considered an endogenous retroviral gene that became part of
Suppressyn
Branch of virology
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Synthetic_virology
Protein and coding gene in humans
because recombination between a lethally APOBEC3G-restricted provirus and a viable provirus has occurred. Such sublethal mutagenesis contributes to greater
APOBEC3G
is present inside the host cell but has not yet been activated by it. provirus pseudotyping Contents: A B C D E G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V Z See also
Glossary_of_virology
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
dsDNA molecule into the DNA of the host cell, where it is now called a provirus. The host cell's RNA polymerase II then transcribes RNA in the nucleus
Baltimore_classification
Ramsahoye, B.H., Wo, Z.G., Okano, M. & Li, E. De novo methylation of MMLV provirus in embryonic stem cells: CpG versus non-CpG methylation. Gene 289, 41–8
Bayesian tool for methylation analysis
Bayesian_tool_for_methylation_analysis
Gene in the species Homo sapiens
HERV-K_19q12 provirus ancestral Pol protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVK6 gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology
ERVK6
Nucleoprotein complex
entry, the PIC's DNA payload may be integrated into the host DNA as a "provirus". HIV Barrier to autointegration factor 1 Arhel N (November 2010). "Revisiting
Pre-integration_complex
Biological process
Ramsahoye BH, Wo ZG, Okano M, Li E (May 2002). "De novo methylation of MMLV provirus in embryonic stem cells: CpG versus non-CpG methylation". Gene. 289 (1–2):
DNA_methylation
20th-century American geneticist
the cells, the "provirus". Using the antibiotic, actinomycin D, which inhibits the expression of DNA, he determined that the provirus was DNA or was located
Howard_Martin_Temin
Species of virus
transmitted vertically via milk from mother to pup. It is contained as a DNA provirus integrated in the DNA of milk lymphocytes. The viruses become transported
Mouse_mammary_tumor_virus
DNA region replicating from a single origin
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Replicon_(genetics)
Species of virus
into the cell's genome by the viral integrase, forming a provirus. The integrated provirus utilizes the promoter elements in the 5'LTR to drive transcription
Simian_foamy_virus
Virology 323: 233–242. 5. Mochizuki T, Sako Y, and Prangishvili D (2011) "Provirus induction in hyperthermophilic Archaea: Characterization of Aeropyrum pernix
David_Prangishvili
Viral disease of poultry
virus (REV). Integrated sequence of REV may contain the complete REV provirus sequence or fragments of genome sequence. Not all fowlpox isolates contain
Fowlpox
DNA-containing virus-like particles produced by bacteria and archaea
fragments but has not been otherwise characterized, although a defective provirus related to Methanococcus head-tailed viruses (Caudoviricetes) in M. voltae
Gene_transfer_agent
Informal grouping of virus species
to be expressed, and in turn is responsible for the expression of the provirus at the LTR during the early phase. Rex is also common to all extant Deltaretrovirus
Primate_T-lymphotropic_virus
Species of virus
host cell's DNA. The viral DNA integrated into the host genome is called "provirus". It is copied and translated by normal host-cell machinery to continue
Murine_leukemia_virus
Viruses that can cause cancer
(November 1982). "Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: molecular cloning of the provirus DNA and the unique terminal structure". Proceedings of the National Academy
Oncovirus
Microbial protein found in Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS
(2013-08-26). "Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus". Scientific Reports. 3 (1) 2510. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3.2510E. doi:10.1038/srep02510
Cas9
Chemical compound
HIV-1 integrase, the viral enzyme responsible for integrating the HIV provirus into the host genome. Integrase accomplishes this using two reactions:
Integrasone
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Hydrogenosome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Interferon alpha-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus synthesis in T-cells". Virology. 193 (1): 303–12. doi:10.1006/viro.1993
IFNA16
Viruses can become part of the DNA of those they infect
DNA, and integrase, which inserts that DNA into the host chromosome as a provirus. Because integration is an obligatory step in retroviral replication, occasional
Endogenization
Species of virus
Mg2+ ions; this finding is helpful in classifying the virus. The DNA (provirus) is then transported into the nucleus where it integrates into the host
Bovine_immunodeficiency_virus
American virologist
Chase Cancer Center, the laboratory cloned part of the avian endogenous provirus ev-1 as well as its integration site; the results suggested similarities
Anna_Marie_Skalka
Cell organelle in a few species
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem
Mitosome
Precursor microRNA family
Killeen N, Wabl M (2006). "Activation of an oncogenic microRNA cistron by provirus integration". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (49): 18680–4. Bibcode:2006PNAS
Mir-17 microRNA precursor family
Mir-17_microRNA_precursor_family
Genus of viruses
incorporated into the host genome by the integrase protein. After the integrated provirus has been transcribed by the host RNA polymerase II, new virus RNAs are
Semotivirus
French microbiologist and physicist
0021. S2CID 78542898. Galperin, Charles (January–March 1994). "Virus, provirus et cancer". Revue d'histoire des sciences. 47 (1): 7–56. doi:10.3406/rhs
Elisabeth_Wollman
Family of viruses
2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Mochizuki T, Sako Y, Prangishvili D (2011) Provirus induction in hyperthermophilic Archaea: Characterization of Aeropyrum pernix
Guttaviridae
Biotechnology for gene delivery
integrate their genome directly into that of the host in the form of a provirus. This ability to transfer foreign genetic material has been exploited by
Viral_vector
pseudoploid – they have two genomes within each capsid, but in general only one provirus is seen after infection with a single virion. Retrovirus particles contain
Pseudodiploid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein with WD40-repeat and SH3 domains, is targeted by the Ahi-1 and Mis-2 provirus integrations". Journal of Virology. 76 (18): 9046–9059. doi:10.1128/JVI
AHI1
Species of virus
is converted into a double-stranded DNA form and gets integrated as a provirus into the host. Following integration, expression of JSRV RNA from the viral
Jaagsiekte_sheep_retrovirus
Genus of viruses
viral DNA integration into host DNA. The virus is now referred to as a provirus, which means the gammaretrovirus DNA has integrated into the host cell
Gammaretrovirus
Components of human immunodeficiency virus
single-stranded RNA within a virion but the production of only a single DNA provirus is called pseudodiploidy. The RNA component is 9749 nucleotides long and
Structure_and_genome_of_HIV
1982). "Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome". Cell. 31 (1): 99–109
Roel_Nusse
HIV-infected individual who does not progress to immune deficiency
Tara; d'Aquila, Richard T.; Unutmaz, Derya (16 October 2013). "Lower HIV Provirus Levels Are Associated with More APOBEC3G Protein in Blood Resting Memory
Long-term_nonprogressor
Species of virus
located between env and the 3 prime long terminal repeats of the FeFV provirus. A gag gene is also necessary for FeFV replication. The foamy virus replication
Feline_foamy_virus
Swedish Virologist
published in Science, Vahlne and colleagues identified deleted HTLV-I provirus in blood and cutaneous lesions of patients with mycosis fungoides, offering
Anders_Vahlne
Protein found in humans
Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: HERV-FRD HERV-FRD provirus ancestral Env polyprotein". Priščáková P, Svoboda M, Feketová Z, Hutník
Syncytin-2
Family of viruses
of infectious petunia vein clearing (pararetro) virus from endogenous provirus in petunia". The EMBO Journal. 22 (18): 4836–4845. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg443
Caulimoviridae
Cancer research
(1982). "Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome". Cell. 31 (1): 99–109
Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
Mouse_models_of_breast_cancer_metastasis
performing Cre-Lox recombination, the new enzyme performs recombination at HIV provirus sites. The structure of Tre in complex with loxLTR has been resolved (PDB:
Tre_recombinase
Species of virus
becomes a permanent genetic element for the life of the cell. The integrated provirus may remain inactivate or be transcribed by host RNA polymerase II into
Mason-Pfizer_monkey_virus
bactéries lysogènes et la notion de provirus. Masson, Paris. [French; The Lysogenic Bacteria and the Concept of the Provirus] OCLC 5780525 International Union
Phage_monographs
American microbiologist and epidemiologist
Haseltine, W.A. Restriction enzyme analysis of the feline sarcoma virus provirus in murine fibroblasts transformed by transfection. In: W. Hardy Jr., M
Zeda_Rosenberg
from a single pre-mRNA species. Transcription from an integrated HIV-1 provirus generates a single 9 kilobase (kb) pre-mRNA containing multiple splice
HIV_Rev_response_element
Protein-coding gene in humans
VV, Howard BH, Nakatani Y, Jeang KT (1998). "Activation of integrated provirus requires histone acetyltransferase. p300 and P/CAF are coactivators for
PCAF
RNA-based gene silencing process
pathogen defense, and can silence viral DNA (either as a viral minichromosome, shown, or as an integrated provirus) using sRNAs derived from viral mRNAs.
RNA-directed_DNA_methylation
Protein
the HIV integrase and thereby aborting chromosomal integration of the provirus. HIV infected individuals who naturally suppress viral replication have
P21
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS
Girl/Female
Afghan, American, Arabic, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Italian, Latin, Netherlands
Slang Term for Woman; Blind One
Boy/Male
Tamil
Heart
Girl/Female
English
Nobility; strength.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Virgin of Paradise. Nymph. (Note: Has pious meaning, not slovenly.).
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Laxmi
Girl/Female
British, English, Latin
Bringer of Gladness
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Wiswell in Lancashire, named from Old English wisc ‘marshy meadow’ + wella ‘spring’, ‘stream’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Ray 1–4.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of the merciful.
Female
Arthurian
, far from shame.
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS
PROVIRUS