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Bacteriophage genome that is integrated into a bacterial cell
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal
Prophage
Process of virus reproduction
in the host cell. The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division
Lysogenic_cycle
Bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli
called a prophage and stays resident within the host's genome without apparent harm to the host. The host is termed a lysogen when a prophage is present
Lambda_phage
Class of transmembrane transport proteins
The Prophage Hp1 Hol (Hp1Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.46) consists of a single putative holin (TC# 1.E.46.1.1) of 69 amino acyl residues in length, exhibiting
Prophage_Hp1_holin_family
Transfer process in genetics
is integrated as a prophage into the bacterial chromosome, where it can stay dormant for extended periods of time. If the prophage is induced (by UV light
Transduction_(genetics)
Virus that infects bacteria
Hall AR (February 2021). "Fitness benefits to bacteria of carrying prophages and prophage-encoded antibiotic-resistance genes peak in different environments"
Bacteriophage
Strain of bacteria
specifically, it is derived from E. coli BL21 by the addition of a lambda prophage element called DE3. The genotype of this strain is designated with E. coli
Escherichia_coli_BL21(DE3)
phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates
Temperateness_(virology)
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
incorporated with the host cell's as a prophage. These latent infections become productive when the prophage DNA is activated by stimuli such as changes
Virus
Serotype of the bacteria Escherichia coli
syndrome (HUS). The antibiotics are thought to trigger prophage induction, and the prophages released by the dying bacteria infect other susceptible
Escherichia_coli_O157:H7
Bacteria
A prophage is either integrated into the host bacteria's chromosome or more rarely exists as a stable plasmid within the host cell. The prophage expresses
Lysogen
Biological process
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Cell_division
Discipline in genetics
consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping
Genomics
Viral genome integrated into the DNA of a host cell
to as prophages. However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably. Unlike prophages, proviruses
Provirus
DNA-containing virus-like particles produced by bacteria and archaea
more defective prophages that have undergone more-or less-extensive mutation and deletion. Gene transfer agents, like defective prophages, arise by mutation
Gene_transfer_agent
Biological process
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
DNA_replication
Exotoxin
pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. The toxin gene is encoded by a prophage called corynephage β. The toxin causes the disease in humans by gaining
Diphtheria_toxin
dyad symmetry sequences using the phage encoded enzyme integrase (see prophage integration). Richard Calendar (2006) The Bacteriophages (Oxford University
Dyad_symmetry
Filamentous bacteriophage
outside the bacterium. While integrated into the bacterial genome, CTX prophages are found on each of the two chromosomes (in the O1 serogroup of V. cholerae)
CTXφ_bacteriophage
Cell response to DNA damage
sensitivity of Escherichia coli B: a hypothesis relating filament formation and prophage induction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 57 (5): 1275–9
SOS_response
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Self-replication
Chemical compound
strands. It induces lytic development in certain bacteria that contain prophages. Colibactin is only produced by bacterial strains containing a polyketide
Colibactin
Undersea unicellular organisms
indicating that the vent environments may provide an advantage to the prophage. One study of virus-host interactions in diffuse-flow hydrothermal vent
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities
Species of bacterium
coded by the Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI), which is separate from the prophage. The larger first chromosome is 3 Mbp long with 2,770 open reading frames
Vibrio_cholerae
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Transcription_(biology)
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
Bucher M, Dahlman S, Patel DM, et al. (May 2026). "Cross-reactive anti-prophage antibodies and bacterial heteroresistance implicated in phage therapeutic
Cystic_fibrosis
Family of related toxins
Stx2, expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial
Shiga_toxin
Species of virus
the E. coli reference collection (SABC) contain P2-like prophages . Of these P2-like prophages is P2 best characterized. The P2 phage was found to be able
Bacteriophage_P2
DNA that does not code for proteins
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Non-coding_DNA
elements being the major mobile elements in eukaryotes, and plasmids and prophages being the major types in prokaryotes. Virophages contribute to the viral
Mobilome
Skin product helping to prevent sunburn
(February 2003). "Sunscreen products increase virus production through prophage induction in marine bacterioplankton". Microbial Ecology. 45 (2): 109–118
Sunscreen
mother cause improper development in the mother's offspring Moron gene A prophage gene that has no role in the phage's lysogenic cycle. NEMO NF-kappa-B essential
List of unusual biological names
List_of_unusual_biological_names
Species of bacterium
Parkhill J, Brüssow H (October 2002). "Genome analysis of an inducible prophage and prophage remnants integrated in the Streptococcus pyogenes strain SF370"
Streptococcus_pyogenes
Genus of flowering plants
number of potentially useful biological properties including antiviral, prophage induction, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal, cytotoxic
Narcissus_(plant)
Cellular process of protein synthesis
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Translation_(biology)
American microbiologist (1922–2006)
gal genes and subsequently replicated as a prophage along with the DNA of the host bacterium. When the prophage is later prompted to leave the host, it must
Esther_Lederberg
Species of Gram-positive bacterium
bicomponent toxins. Strains of S. aureus can host phages, such as the prophage Φ-PVL that produces Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), to increase virulence
Staphylococcus_aureus
Biological phenomenon
DNA to break open. In the donor cell, a repressor protein encoded by the prophage (viral DNA) keeps the viral genes turned off so that virus is not produced
Zygotic_induction
Biotechnology company
shock protein-based cancer vaccines, a program that has developed into its Prophage Series of personalized anti-cancer vaccines. Antigenics became a public
Agenus
Genus of viruses
2024, the genus was named Corticovirus, sharing a name with its family. Prophages closely related to bacteriophage PM2 are abundant in the genomes of aquatic
Merivirus
moron, in the context of bacteriophage genetics, is an extra gene in a prophage genome without a function in the phage's lysogenic cycle. These genes may
Moron_(bacteriophage)
Bacterial disease
functionally equivalent bacterial attachment sites (attB) for integration of β prophage into the chromosome. The diphtheria toxin precursor is a protein of molecular
Diphtheria
Genus of bacteria
Bacteriophages have been described for many species of Streptococcus. 18 prophages have been described in S. pneumoniae that range in size from 38 to 41
Streptococcus
Organisms that live in salt water
PMID 27572161. S2CID 52829633. Krupovic M, Bamford DH (July 2007). "Putative prophages related to lytic tailless marine dsDNA phage PM2 are widespread in the
Marine_life
Genus of viruses
discovered BaGTA particles. GTAs can be considered as a form of “domesticated” prophage—that is, ancestrally derived from a bacteriophage genome, but altered by
Bartonegtaviriform
Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
determined that a commensal strain of N. meningitidis acquired an 8-kb prophage, the meningococcal disease-associated island (MDAΦ), previously associated
Neisseria_meningitidis
Viral protein in bacteriophages
the stimulation of the lysogenic cycle as well as the integration of the prophage into the bacterial chromosome. This then keeps eradication of the bacterial
Arbitrium
Genus of bacteria
is itself produced when a bacterium is transformed by a gene from the β prophage. Some Corynebacterium species are considered zoonotic agents which can
Corynebacterium
Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
significant number of transposable genetic elements, repeat elements, cryptic prophages, and bacteriophage remnants. Most genes have only a single copy. More
Escherichia_coli
RNA family
Parabacteroides-1 RNAs, it is likely that at least some of these RNAs are located in prophage region. Weinberg Z, Lünse CE, Corbino KA, Ames TD, Nelson JW, Roth A, Perkins
Parabacteroides-1_RNA_motif
Topics referred to by the same term
between France and Switzerland Moron (bacteriophage), an extra gene in prophage genomes that do not have a phage function in the lysogenic cycle Moron
Moron
Strain of bacteria
copy-number analysis both confirmed that two copies of the Shiga toxin stx2 prophage gene cluster are a distinctive characteristic of the genome of the O104:H4
Escherichia_coli_O104:H4
American astronaut and Navy captain (born 1952)
insignia Retirement December 18, 2025 Scientific career Fields Microbiology Thesis Synthetic Deoxyoligonucleotides and Prophage (ø80) Induction (1981)
Lee_Morin
Biological process
instance, in bacteria, while modulation of the SOS response and endogenous prophage DNA synthesis has been shown to increase Acinetobacter baumannii resistance
Mutagenesis
primary structure – primer – prion – prokaryote – prometaphase – promoter – prophage – prophase – proprioception – proteasome – protein biosynthesis – protein
Index_of_biology_articles
Infectious disease
Retrieved 23 June 2011. Brouwer, S.; Barnett, T.C.; et al. (6 October 2020). "Prophage exotoxins enhance colonization fitness in epidemic scarlet fever-causing
Scarlet_fever
Realm of viruses
are able to become integrated into the genome of their host, becoming a prophage. They do this by exploiting host XerCD recombinases that normally resolve
Volvereviria
Disease-causing bacterium
necessary sequence data available, B. glumae has the highest number of prophages (bacteriophages integrated into its genome). Varani, Alessandro; Vitorello
Burkholderia_glumae
RNA antitoxin
have been described in B. subtilis. YonT/SR6 system is located on the SPβ prophage of the B. subtilis chromosome and it was shown to be multi-stress responsive
Bacillus subtilis type I antitoxin SR6
Bacillus_subtilis_type_I_antitoxin_SR6
Scientific study
any plasmids that could permit bacterial conjugation, and has no viable prophage. As a consequence, evolution in the experiment occurs only by the core
E. coli long-term evolution experiment
E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment
Film of microorganisms on a surface
Biofilm destruction caused by the E. coli phage Rac and the P. aeruginosa prophage Pf4 causes detachment of cells from the biofilm. Detachment is a biofilm
Biofilm
Protein and protein family produced by a bacterial virus
genome sequence of N. gonorrhoeae revealed the presence of nine probable prophage islands. The genomic sequence of FA1090 identified five genomic regions
Pseudomonas_phage_F116_holin
Collection of viruses in an organism or ecosystem
2008). "Metagenomic analysis of lysogeny in Tampa Bay: implications for prophage gene expression". PLOS ONE. 3 (9) e3263. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3263M. doi:10
Virome
Species of prokaryote
Johnson J, et al. (2019). "Insights to the diphtheria toxin encoding prophages amongst clinical isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from India".
Corynebacterium_diphtheriae
Belgian scientist
discovered that some of the genes of the prophage, even though they are negatively regulated by the prophage's repressor, can be activated after infection
René_Thomas_(biologist)
incorporated into the genome, the prophage is also passed down to the bacteria's progenies. The bacterial strain carrying the prophage is known as a lysogenic strain
Phage_typing
PMID 11206551. Makino, K.; et al. (1999). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the prophage VT2-Sakai carrying the verotoxin 2 genes of the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes
Type of bacteria growth
PMID 20223293. Ragunathan PT, Vanderpool CK (December 2019). "Cryptic-Prophage-Encoded Small Protein DicB Protects Escherichia coli from Phage Infection
Filamentation
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Helper_dependent_virus
Species of virus
"Bacteriophage Mu genome sequence: analysis and comparison with Mu-like prophages in Haemophilus, Neisseria and Deinococcus", J Mol Biol, 317 (3): 337–359
Bacteriophage_Mu
Virus of bacteria
host's genome, forming a prophage. This integrated DNA is replicated along with the host's genome during cell division. The prophage may eventually enter
Corynebacteriophage
Genus of bacteria
increases in Arsenophonus genome size, associated with proliferation of prophage. This was considered a consequence of loss of CRISPR-Cas defences, hypothesized
Arsenophonus
Genus of bacteria in the Alphaproteobacteria class
Bordenstein SR, On J, Perlmutter JI, Shropshire JD, et al. (March 2017). "Prophage WO genes recapitulate and enhance Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility"
Wolbachia
Microbial community assemblage and activity
2008). "Metagenomic Analysis of Lysogeny in Tampa Bay: Implications for Prophage Gene Expression". PLOS ONE. 3 (9) e3263. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3263M. doi:10
Microbiome
Species of bacterium
Paradis-Bleau C, Sanschagrin F, et al. (January 2009). "Newly introduced genomic prophage islands are critical determinants of in vivo competitiveness in the Liverpool
Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
RNA family
occur within phages, suggesting that DUF2800 motif RNAs are present in prophage DNA. Since phages often contain long stretches of co-transcribed genes
DUF2800_RNA_motif
Sequence in a genome
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Origin_of_replication
Swiss microbiologist and geneticist (born 1929)
research bacteriophages and write his dissertation on defective lambda prophage mutants. In his Nobel Autobiography, he writes: In the summer of 1956,
Werner_Arber
Protein family
coli. Bacteria carry the prophage as a stable low copy number plasmid. The frequency with which viable cells cured of prophage are produced is about 10(-5)
Fic/DOC_protein_family
Diverse group of small proteins
Family 1.E.45 - The Xanthomonas Phage Holin (XanPHol) Family 1.E.46 - The Prophage Hp1 Holin (Hp1Hol) Family 1.E.47 - The Caulobacter Phage Holin (CauHol)
Holin
Species of bacterium
analyzed using SEED viewer. Searching for antibiotic resistance genes and prophage sequences were completed via PHAST while identification, using a method
Cardiobacterium_hominis
Species of bacteria
clinically derived C. difficile strains carry a diverse and prevalent set of prophages. Hall IC, O'toole E (1935). "Intestinal flora in new-born infants: with
Clostridioides_difficile
Species of bacterium
genome sequencing revealed that it contains two full and two partial prophages, as well as numerous CRISPR loci. Thermus aquaticus is generally of cylindrical
Thermus_aquaticus
Species of bacterium
"Cloning Serratia entomophila antifeeding genes—a putative defective prophage active against the grass grub Costelytra zealandica." Journal of Bacteriology
Serratia_entomophila
RNA family
JE, Trempy JE, Gottesman S (April 1994). "Excision of a P4-like cryptic prophage leads to Alp protease expression in Escherichia coli". Journal of Bacteriology
Transfer-messenger_RNA
Unclassified/poorly understood genetics
which 77% were previously unreported. Health-related findings include a prophage that might be associated with cirrhosis of the liver, and seven novel sequences
Biological_dark_matter
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
prokaryotic genomes within mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids, prophages, insertion sequences/transposons, integrative conjugative elements (ICE)
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Mobile genetic element in the genome of S. aureus
and widespread in other Gram-positive cocci. SaPI DNA is maintained in a prophage-like state under the control of a master repressor and is induced to excise
SaPI
Branch of virology
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Synthetic_virology
Species of bacterium
of pathogenicity. An analysis of the C. rodentium genome has shown that prophage insertion has disrupted several of its genes, including the flagella biosynthesis
Citrobacter_rodentium
but it can be degraded by pseudomurein endoisopeptidase encoded by two prophages. The pseudomurein endoisopeptidases function by cleaving the peptide links
Pseudopeptidoglycan
Protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
secretion of the CTXφ bacteriophage without requiring excision of the prophage from the original host bacterium. As a result, the phage can horizontally
Cholera_toxin
American geneticist (1921–2023)
sensitivity of Escherichia coli B: a hypothesis relating filament formation and prophage induction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 57 (5): 1275–1279
Evelyn_M._Witkin
Genus of bacteria
"Analysis of Anoxybacillus Genomes from the Aspects of Lifestyle Adaptations, Prophage Diversity, and Carbohydrate Metabolism". PLOS ONE. 9 (3) e90549. Bibcode:2014PLoSO
Anoxybacillus
Site-specific recombinase technology
integrate their genetic material into the infected host. The virus, called a prophage in such a state, accomplishes this via integration and excision. The points
Cre-Lox_recombination
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA
bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. ssRNAPs cannot proofread. B. subtilis prophage SPβ uses YonO, a homolog of the β+β′ subunits of msRNAPs to form a monomeric
RNA_polymerase
Species of butterfly
Java, Indonesia, to be insensitive to suppression, carrying an additional prophage element with additional male-killing determinants. This observation indicated
Hypolimnas_bolina
Study of microorganisms in soil
genome through the lysogenic cycle. Phages that are lysogenic are called prophages and do not generate virions or kill host cells. Temperate phages are capable
Soil_microbiology
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat
Hydrogenosome
Species of virus
coding sequence of the tRNA gene remains intact after integration of the prophage. Phage T12 is the first example of a phage from a gram-positive, low G-C
Bacteriophage_T12
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Leader.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
Ideal
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Graceful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Randall.Scottish (Orkney) : habitational name from Rendall in Orkney.Probably also an Americanization of Swedish Rendahl.
Boy/Male
Polynesian
Hope.
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Celtic, Chinese, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish
Bringer of Good News; Dependence; Hard Working; Industrious; Wealthy
Girl/Female
American, Australian
Combination of Traditional Madelaine and the Lynn
Boy/Male
Tamil
Manpav | மாநà¯à®ªà®¾à®µ
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Loving from Heart
Girl/Female
German, Hindu, Indian
Pleasing; Season
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE
PROPHAGE