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Biological process
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which
Cell_division
Events leading to cell division
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequence of events that take place in a cell and lead to its division into two daughter cells. These events
Cell_cycle
Basic unit of life forms
A biological cell basically consists of a semipermeable cell membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains genetic material. Most cells are only visible
Cell_(biology)
Cell division into two identical cells
cell cycle in eukaryotic cells in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division by mitosis is an equational division which
Mitosis
Increase of the total mass of a cell
cell divisions occur repeatedly without cell growth. Conversely, some cells can grow without cell division or without any progression of the cell cycle
Cell_growth
Production of two daughter cells with different cellular fates
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise
Asymmetric_cell_division
Division of cells in the early embryo
In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization but before amniogenesis. The zygotes
Cleavage_(embryo)
Unspecialized biological cell that can become specialized
multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely
Stem_cell
Multipotent stem cell in the adult body
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate
Adult_stem_cell
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double
Mitochondrion
Biological process of growth and division
increase in cell number and is therefore a rapid mechanism of tissue growth. Cell proliferation requires both cell growth and cell division to occur at
Cell_proliferation
Type of eukaryotic cell present in green plants
method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells. Plant cells have cell walls composed
Plant_cell
Treatment of cancer using drugs that inhibit cell division or kill cells
means the non-specific use of intracellular poisons to inhibit mitosis (cell division) or to induce DNA damage (so that DNA repair can augment chemotherapy)
Chemotherapy
Limit to divisions of a normal human cell
number of times a normal somatic, differentiated human cell population will divide before cell division stops. The concept of the Hayflick limit was advanced
Hayflick_limit
Any biological cell forming the body of an organism
non-differentiated somatic cells form the germ line and, in Cnidaria, differentiated somatic cells are the source of the germline. Mitotic cell division is only seen
Somatic_cell
Tumor cell
Cancer cells are cells that divide continually, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood or lymph with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process
Cancer_cell
Free-living species of nematode
daughter cells of the first cell division are called the AB cell (containing PAR-6 and PAR-3) and the P1 cell (containing PAR-1 and PAR-2). A second cell division
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
replication and cell division. The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division; the process by which a single cell divides into
Gene
Transformation of a stem cell to a more specialized cell
differentiation, a precursor cell formerly capable of cell division permanently leaves the cell cycle, dismantles the cell cycle machinery and often expresses
Cellular_differentiation
Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of cells with little extracellular matrix. An example is the epidermis, the outermost
Epithelium
Final stage of cell division
cell division in the cell cycle, following mitosis. During cytokinesis the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
Oldest cultured human cell line (1951)
during division in cell cultures, but all HeLa cells are descended from the same tumor cells removed from Lacks. The total number of HeLa cells that have
HeLa
Blood cancer characterized by overproduction of lymphoblasts
rapid cell division. The excessive immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow interfere with the production of new red blood cells, white blood cells, and
Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia
Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences on chromosomes
Hayflick's idea of limited somatic cell division, Olovnikov suggested that DNA sequences are lost every time a cell replicates until the loss reaches a
Telomere
Shapes characteristic of certain bacteria and archaea
or clusters, depending on their orientation and attachment during cell division. In contrast to many bacilli-shaped bacteria, most cocci bacteria do
Bacterial cellular morphologies
Bacterial_cellular_morphologies
Long, filamentous structure in fungi and Actinobacteria
the cells. Yeasts form pseudohyphae. They are the result of a sort of incomplete budding where the cells elongate but remain attached after division. Some
Hypha
Gamete-producing cell
A germ cell is any cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate in the primitive
Germ_cell
Organism that consists of more than one cell
organisms arise in various ways, for example by cell division or by aggregation of many single cells. Colonial organisms are the result of many identical
Multicellular_organism
at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division and determine the lifespan of cells. The telomere was first discovered by biologist Hermann
Relationship between telomeres and longevity
Relationship_between_telomeres_and_longevity
Class of plant hormones promoting cell division
plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation,
Cytokinin
Plant hormone
cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within
Auxin
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
microscope only during the metaphase of cell division, where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form. Before this stage
Chromosome
Formation of cancer
the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division. Cell division is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and
Carcinogenesis
Structure in dividing plant cells
vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plate. After
Cell_plate
Protein complex in bacteria responsible for cell division
responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. The divisome
Divisome
Eukaryotic membrane-bounded organelle containing DNA
cell nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus 'kernel, seed'; pl.: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually
Cell_nucleus
Family of proteins that form microfilaments
of cells during cell division. Actin participates in many important cellular processes, including muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and
Actin
Type of plant tissue involved in cell proliferation
meristematic cells, which are undifferentiated cells capable of continuous cellular division. These meristematic cells play a fundamental role in plant growth
Meristem
Form of cellular asexual reproduction
outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. For example, the small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is known as a bud.
Budding
Protein encoded by the ftsZ gene
ftsZ gene that assembles into a ring at the future site of bacterial cell division (also called the Z ring). FtsZ is a prokaryotic homologue of the eukaryotic
FtsZ
Cell division inhibitor
inhibitor, or tubulin inhibitor, is a drug that inhibits mitosis, or cell division, and is used in treating cancer, gout, and nail fungus. These drugs
Mitotic_inhibitor
Cell organelle in animal cell helping in cell division
of the cell cycle. During the prophase in the process of cell division called mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic
Centrosome
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
the DNA. These epigenetic changes may last through cell divisions for the duration of the cell's life, and may also last for multiple generations, even
Epigenetics
conditions. cell cycle cell division The separation of an individual parent cell into two daughter cells by any process. Cell division generally occurs by
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Cell signaling pathway
receptor on the cell surface and ends when the DNA in the nucleus expresses a protein and produces some change in the cell, such as cell division. The pathway
MAPK/ERK_pathway
Growth from the tips of roots or shoots of plants
(meristematic cells) capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue
Primary_growth
Developmental history of a tissue or organ
ancestry due to the cell divisions and relocation as time progresses. This starts with the originator cells and finishes with a mature cell that can no longer
Cell_lineage
Cell division producing haploid gametes
cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that
Meiosis
Biological process
by which a cell makes exact copies of its DNA. This process occurs in all organisms and is essential to biological inheritance, cell division, and repair
DNA_replication
Theory that living organisms are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. Cell theory
Cell_theory
Species of bacterium
studying the regulation of the cell cycle, asymmetric cell division, and cellular differentiation. Caulobacter daughter cells have two very different forms
Caulobacter_crescentus
Presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. About 68% of human solid tumors are aneuploid. Aneuploidy originates during cell division when the
Aneuploidy
New cell wall that forms between two daughter cells in cell division
A septum in cell biology is the new cell wall that forms between two daughter cells as a result of cell division. Cell division is an extremely complex
Septum_(cell_biology)
Observation concerning cancer rates
they termed "a largely underappreciated relation of cell size to both metabolism and cell-division rates across species" as key factors underlying the
Peto's_paradox
Outermost of the three layers that make up the skin
epithelium, the epidermis is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale. Differentiating cells delaminate from the basement membrane and are
Epidermis
Gene that inhibits tumorigenic phenotype
suppressor gene (TSG), or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it results
Tumor_suppressor_gene
Cell division orientation is the direction along which the new daughter cells are formed. Cell division orientation is important for morphogenesis, cell
Cell_division_orientation
Cellular structure shaped like a star
microtubules and polar microtubules. During mitosis, there are five stages of cell division: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During
Aster_(cell_biology)
Biological process
is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending
Gametogenesis
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
Chloroplasts cannot be made anew by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division, which is thought to be inherited from their
Chloroplast
Precursor cells of neurons and glia during embryonic development
multiple cell types. They undergo symmetric or asymmetric cell division into two daughter cells. In symmetric cell division, both daughter cells are also
Neural_stem_cell
Single-celled alga with a silica cell wall
and bipartite silica cell wall that causes them to progressively shrink during asexual cell division. At a critically small cell size and under certain
Diatom
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
originated from the same zygote, but differ due to mutation during ordinary cell division. Normally, genetic chimerism is not visible on casual inspection; however
Chimera_(genetics)
Cell that multiplies constantly throughout life
labile cells are repaired rapidly due to an aggressive TR response. This continual division of labile cells allows them to reproduce new stem cells and replace
Labile_cell
Structure formed around day 5 of mammalian embryonic development
16 cells. The blastocyst has a diameter of about 0.1–0.2 mm and comprises 100-200 cells following 7-8 rounds of cleavage (cell division without cell growth)
Blastocyst
Biological signaling pathway h
of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumor formation. The pathway
JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
similar copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted
Self-replication
Connective tissue cell of any organ
growth factors that promote cell division. This keeps the epidermis regenerating from the bottom while the top layer of cells on the epidermis are constantly
Stromal_cell
Mechanism used by E. coli in cell division
used by E. coli as a means of properly localizing the septum prior to cell division. Each component participates in generating a dynamic oscillation of
Min_System
Multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development
female egg cell by the male sperm cell. The resulting fusion of these two cells produces a single-celled zygote that undergoes many cell divisions that produce
Embryo
Domain of organisms
material. Cell division is controlled in a cell cycle; after the cell's chromosome is replicated and the two daughter chromosomes separate, the cell divides
Archaea
Molecule that carries genetic information
translation. Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated
DNA
Diploid eukaryotic cell formed by fertilization between two gametes
After four divisions, the conceptus consists of 16 blastomeres, and it is known as the morula. Through the processes of compaction, cell division, and blastulation
Zygote
Early embryonic cell
In biology, a blastomere is a type of cell produced by cell division (cleavage) of the zygote after fertilization; blastomeres are an essential part of
Blastomere
2000 paper by Hanahan and Weinberg
way cells prevent over-division is that normal cells will also stop dividing when the cells fill up the space they are in and touch other cells; known
The_Hallmarks_of_Cancer
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
of haploid spore by meiosis that is capable of undergoing repeated cell division to produce a multicellular haploid organism. In either case, the gametes
Biological_sex
Vitamin B9; nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
DNA and RNA and metabolise amino acids necessary for cell division and maturation of blood cells. As the human body cannot make folate, it is required
Folate
Failure to separate properly during cell division
homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division (mitosis/meiosis). There are three forms of nondisjunction: failure
Nondisjunction
Phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division
Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul
Cellular_senescence
Precursor cell of skeletal muscle cells
Myosatellite cells, also known as satellite cells, muscle stem cells or MuSCs, are small multipotent cells with very little cytoplasm found in mature
Myosatellite_cell
Nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
which undergo closed mitosis, the nuclear membrane stays intact during cell division. The spindle fibers either form within the membrane, or penetrate it
Nuclear_envelope
Ability to move using metabolic energy
111. ISBN 978-0-340-96623-5. Division of the cytoplasm, known as cytokinesis, follows telophase. During division, cell organelles such as mitochondria
Motility
Matter with biological processes
Life is the capacity, in matter, for processes such as cell signaling, homeostasis, metabolism, cell growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction
Life
Pluripotent stem cell generated directly from a somatic cell
pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. The iPSC technology
Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell
Process by which animal embryos form and develop
embryonic development are as follows: The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions (called cleavage) to form a structure called a morula. The morula develops
Animal_embryonic_development
cellular division. Calcium acts both to modulate intracellular signaling as a secondary messenger and to facilitate structural changes as cells progress
Calcium signaling in cell division
Calcium_signaling_in_cell_division
Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae
gametes, haploid sex cells that participate in fertilization to form a diploid zygote, which has a double set of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results
Gametophyte
Telomere-restoring protein active in the most rapidly dividing cells
which is believed to be between 50 and 70 cell divisions. At the limit the cells become senescent and cell division stops. Telomerase allows each offspring
Telomerase
Cells forming the neural tube wall during embryogenesis
Neuroepithelial cells, or neuroectodermal cells, form the wall of the closed neural tube in early embryonic development. The neuroepithelial cells span the thickness
Neuroepithelial_cell
Protein-coding gene in humans
Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42 or CDC42) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC42 gene. Cdc42 is involved in regulation of
CDC42
Polar morphology of a cell, a specific orientation of the cell structure
cells. Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells.
Cell_polarity
Genetic disorder that causes early aging
caused by mutations that weaken the structure of the cell nucleus, making normal cell division difficult. The histone mark H4K20me3 is involved and caused
Progeria
Specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids
The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division. This constricted region of chromosome connects the sister chromatids,
Centromere
Medical condition
DNA in the cell nucleus. It has been shown to be a potent tumor suppressor gene, meaning that its primary role is to control cell division. Since this
Epithelioid_sarcoma
British biochemist
Hartwell for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells. While studying fertilized sea urchin eggs in the early 1980s, Hunt
Tim_Hunt
Study of plant life
changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life. Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be
Botany
Protein complex that regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division
each sister chromatid segregates to opposite poles during cell division. Without cohesin, the cell would be unable to control sister chromatid segregation
Cohesin
Genus of archaea
to pH. All known Archaea use cell division to duplicate. Euryarchaeota and Bacteria use the FtsZ mechanism in cell division, while Thermoproteota divide
Nitrosopumilus
Chemical compound
It has fungistatic (inhibiting the division of fungal cells) and bacteriostatic (inhibiting bacterial cell division) properties and is used in the treatment
Zinc_pyrithione
Process of virus reproduction
host cell. The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and later
Lysogenic_cycle
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
Girl/Female
Latin
Abbreviation of Cecilia: blind.
Boy/Male
French English
Handsome.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mill.German : variant of Melle.
Male
English
Short form of English unisex Kelly, KELL means "bright-headed."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a reduced form of the personal name Nicholas.Scottish or Irish : reduced form of McColl.Catalan : topographic name from coll ‘mountain pass’, from Latin collis ‘hill’.Americanized spelling of German Koll or Kohl.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a small valley, from Middle English, Old English dell ‘dell’, ‘valley’, or a habitational name from any of several minor places named Dell, from this word, for example in Buckinghamshire, Essex, and Sussex.German : from Low German delle ‘dell’, ‘depression’ (Middle High German telle ‘gorge’).
Female
English
Pet form of English Eleanor, NELL means "foreign; the other."
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Belle, BELL means "beautiful."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hill, from southeastern Middle English hell ‘hill’, a dialect form characteristic of Kent and Sussex.English : from a personal name, Helle, which may have been a variant of Elie (a Middle English form of Elias), or perhaps a short form of a personal name formed with Hild- as the first element (see Hilliard for example), or perhaps from the female personal name Helen.German : nickname from Middle High German hell ‘bright’, ‘shining’.German : variant of Helle 3.
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced form of McCall.English : from Middle English calle ‘close-fitting cap for women’ (from Old French cale), probably applied as a metonymic occupational name. Compare Cale.Catalan : topographic name from call ‘narrow track’ (Latin callis). Compare Calle.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Koll or Goll.
Surname or Lastname
English (Essex)
English (Essex) : unexplained; perhaps from the personal name Yuel, a form of the Biblical name Joel.Scottish (Shetland) : from the name of the principal island of the Shetlands. According to Black, ‘Persons of this name in Shetland have changed to Dalziel, probably from the idea of its being more aristocratic, and spell
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Pell, a pet form of Peter.English : metonymic occupational name for a dealer in furs, from Middle English, Old French pel ‘skin’.English : variant of Pill 1.German : variant of Pelle or, in some instances, a variant of Pfell, the South German form of this name, from Middle High German phelle(e) ‘purple silk cloth’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a spring or stream, Middle English well(e) (Old English well(a)).German : from a short form of the personal names Wallo, Walilo.German : nickname from Middle High German wël ‘round’.
Male
Hebrew
(סֶלַע) Hebrew name CELA means "a rock." In the Old Testament bible, this is the name of the capital city of Edom, possibly an early name for Petra.
Surname or Lastname
Dutch and German
Dutch and German : from the personal name Nel, a reduced form of Cornelius.South German : nickname from Middle High German nelle ‘crown of the head’, perhaps denoting an obstinate person.English : from the Middle English personal name Nel(le), a variant of Neill.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly northern)
English (chiefly northern) : topographic name for someone who lived by an area of high ground or by a prominent crag, from northern Middle English fell ‘high ground’, ‘rock’, ‘crag’ (Old Norse fjall, fell).English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a furrier, from Middle English fell, Middle High German vel, or German Fell or Yiddish fel, all of which mean ‘skin’, ‘hide’, or ‘pelt’. Yiddish fel refers to untanned hide, in contrast to pelts ‘tanned hide’ (see Pilcher).
Girl/Female
English American German
noble.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic)
Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : nickname for a man with red hair, from Yiddish gel ‘red-headed’, Middle High German gel ‘yellow’, German gelb (see Geller).German : unexplained.English : from a short form of the personal name Julian.Variant of French Gille.
Boy/Male
Latin
Blind.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English selle, a rough hut of the type normally occupied by animals, hence a topographic name for someone who lived in a hut like this. In many cases the name may have been in effect a metonymic occupational name for a herdsman.Americanized spelling of Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish Széll, a topographic name for someone who lived in a spot exposed to the wind, from Hungarian szél ‘wind’.German : variant of Selle.
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Gift of God
Boy/Male
Hindu
An epithet of Ganesh
Male
Polish
Modern form of Polish Jacenty, JACEK means "hyacinth flower."
Boy/Male
Indian
Attached
Girl/Female
French, German, Hebrew
Dear; Man; The Plain
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
An Imaginary bird
Boy/Male
Tamil
A cry of grief
Girl/Female
Tamil
Honored, Noble, Goddess Parvati
Girl/Female
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Divine Blessing
Male
African
an Ethiopian king; Ergamenes.
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
a.
Containing a cell or cells.
n.
Same as Cella.
a.
Safe; as, a chip warranted well at a certain day and place.
v. t.
To put a bell upon; as, to bell the cat.
v. t.
To make bell-mouthed; as, to bell a tube.
n.
A cell; a house.
n.
Development of cells in animal and vegetable organisms. See Gemmation, Budding, Karyokinesis; also Cell development, under Cell.
a.
Being in health; sound in body; not ailing, diseased, or sick; healthy; as, a well man; the patient is perfectly well.
a.
Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells.
n.
Alt. of Sancte bell
a.
Consisting of, or having, many cells or more than one cell.
v. t.
To utter in a loud or distinct voice; -- often with off; as, to call, or call off, the items of an account; to call the roll of a military company.
pl.
of Cello
a.
Surrounding a cell; as, the pericellular lymph spaces surrounding ganglion cells.
n.
The continuous development of cells in tissue formation; cell formation.
a.
Being well folded.
v. t.
To pour forth, as from a well.
v. t.
To place or inclose in a cell.
v. i.
To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as, hops bell.