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The history of general-purpose CPUs is a continuation of the earlier history of computing hardware. In the early 1950s, each computer design was unique
History of general-purpose CPUs
History_of_general-purpose_CPUs
Task of creating a processor
processing unit (CPU), modern design often involves system-on-chip (SoC) architectures, which integrate multiple processing units such as CPUs, graphics processing
Processor_design
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
see cache performance measurement and metric. Most general purpose CPUs implement some form of virtual memory. To summarize, either each program running
CPU_cache
Combinational digital circuit
architecture of the encapsulating processor and the operation being performed. Processor architectures vary widely, but in general-purpose CPUs, the ALU typically
Arithmetic_logic_unit
Overview of and topical guide to computers
components Punched cards History of general purpose CPUs History of the floppy disk History of personal computers Social media memes List of computer hardware
Outline_of_computers
Topics referred to by the same term
Multi-core processing unit, a system made of two or more independent cores; see History of general-purpose CPUs Mabua Airstrip (IATA code: MPU), an airport
MPU
Processor design concept
Instruction sets of CPUs that have software-managed TLBs have instructions that allow loading entries into any slot in the TLB. The format of the TLB entry
Translation_lookaside_buffer
Central computer component that executes instructions
or more CPUs on a single IC chip. Microprocessor chips with multiple CPUs are called multi-core processors (MCPs). The individual physical CPUs, called
Central_processing_unit
Use of a GPU for computations typically assigned to CPUs
the solution of general linear algebra problems on GPUs that ran faster than on CPUs. These early efforts to use GPUs as general-purpose processors required
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units
Security-related instruction code processor extension
(SGX) is a set of instruction codes implementing trusted execution environment that are built into some Intel central processing units (CPUs). They allow
Software_Guard_Extensions
Register in a computer's CPU
register (MBR) or memory data register (MDR) is the register in a computer's CPU that stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access storage
Memory_buffer_register
Program whose source code consists entirely of calls to functions
programming: the rediscovery of threaded code in order to exploit remote vulnerable systems. Tail call History of general-purpose CPUs Dartmouth BASIC, upon
Threaded_code
Method of CPU communication
(PMIO) are two complementary methods of performing input/output (I/O) between the central processing unit (CPU) and peripheral devices in a computer
Memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O
Memory-mapped_I/O_and_port-mapped_I/O
Digital circuit that produces sums from inputs
demonstration of an interactive Full Adder built in JavaScript solely for learning purposes. Brunnock, Sean. "Interactive demonstrations of half and full
Adder_(electronics)
Type of digital adder
A carry-save adder is a type of digital adder, used to efficiently compute the sum of three or more binary numbers. It differs from other digital adders
Carry-save_adder
General Purpose Technology". Journal of Cyber Policy. 1 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1080/23738871.2016.1157619. Web History: first 30 years "A Little History of
History_of_the_World_Wide_Web
Computer hardware technology
characteristic of a cryptographic hash algorithm is that (for all practical purposes) the hash result (referred to as a hash digest or a hash) of any two modules
Trusted_Execution_Technology
The history of computing extends beyond the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology including earlier methods that relied on pen
History_of_computing
Problems with central processing unit design
In the domain of central processing unit (CPU) design, hazards are problems with the instruction pipeline in CPU microarchitectures when the next instruction
Hazard (computer architecture)
Hazard_(computer_architecture)
Circuit that performs subtraction
adder, in the general case of calculations on multi-bit numbers, three bits are involved in performing the subtraction for each bit of the difference:
Subtractor
Computer architecture bit width
512 KB of RAM. While in general 8-bit CPUs have 16-bit addressing, in some architectures both are available, such as in the MOS Technology 6502 CPU, where
8-bit_computing
value of each possible pair of bits. As in conventional binary representation, the integer value of a given representation is a weighted sum of the values
Redundant binary representation
Redundant_binary_representation
Terminology used in computer graphics
a cost of programming flexibility, as the 8514/A was designed more like an ASIC than its competition that were similar to general-purpose CPUs. Following
Fixed-function (computer graphics)
Fixed-function_(computer_graphics)
Electrical component for processing data
CPUs work closely with the main memory, storage devices, and peripheral hardwares through the motherboard. Together, these components allow the CPUs to
Processor_(computing)
CPU socket for AMD Ryzen processors with Zen architecture
directly from CPU to expansion and M.2 slots, and general-purpose lanes. (Also depends on CPU PCIe support. Some CPUs have as low as 10 lanes of PCIe 4.0 available
Socket_AM5
Nvidia brand for surround sound technology on chipsets
surround sound technology found on the die of their nForce and nForce2 chipsets for x86 CPUs. It is also the name of a certification to be obtained from Nvidia
SoundStorm
19th century proposed mechanical computer
The analytical engine was a proposed digital mechanical general-purpose computer designed by the English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage
Analytical_engine
Family of instruction set architectures
CPUs". Phoronix.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022. "Zhaoxin aiming at 2021 release for its 7nm x86 CPUs - CPU
X86
Main printed circuit board used for a computing device
in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system
Motherboard
Additional CPUs could be connected via the included "Tube" interface which was designed for this purpose. Adapters for the Z80 and the 32-bit NS32016 CPUs would
History_of_personal_computers
(Intel Core 2) – 65 nm process technology Desktop CPU (SMP support restricted to 2 CPUs) Two CPUs on one die Introduced January 21, 2007 SSSE3 SIMD instructions
List_of_Intel_processors
4-bit microprocessor
Corporation on November 15, 1971, was the first in a long line of Intel central processing units (CPUs). Priced at US$60 (equivalent to $477 in 2025), the chip
Intel_4004
Programmable machine that processes data
known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components. Since the 1970s, CPUs have typically been constructed on
Computer
Computer processor contained on an integrated-circuit chip
marketplace AMD and others released new versions of multi-core CPUs, AMD's SMP enabled Athlon MP CPUs from the AthlonXP line in 2001, Sun released the
Microprocessor
AMD brand of server microprocessors
embedded Zen CPUs. Common features of EPYC Embedded 3000 series CPUs: Socket: SP4 (31xx and 32xx models use SP4r2 package). All the CPUs support ECC DDR4-2666
Epyc
Instructions for the x86 microprocessors
include instructions with general purpose registers (e.g. EAX). It was later used for coding new instructions on general purpose registers in later extensions
Advanced_Vector_Extensions
Spectrum in 1955.[citation needed] It was widely used in the CPUs and floating-point units of mainframe and other computers; it was implemented for the first
History_of_computing_hardware
Computer manufacturer
because of the low-density ECL chip footprint. As a result, CPUs could only be placed at each end of the SELbus, limiting computer systems to two CPUs.[citation
Systems Engineering Laboratories
Systems_Engineering_Laboratories
Type of parallel processing
instruction example. Small-scale (64 or 128 bits) SIMD became popular on general-purpose CPUs in the early 1990s and continued through 1997 and later with Motion
Single instruction, multiple data
Single_instruction,_multiple_data
AMD brand for microprocessors
Ryzen CPUs are based on Pinnacle Ridge architecture, while Threadripper CPUs are based on the Colfax architecture. The first of the 2000 series of Ryzen
Ryzen
Computer architecture designed for a specific task
within the confines of a given application domain. The term is often used in contrast to general-purpose architectures, such as CPUs, that are designed
Domain-specific_architecture
Computing resource shared by concurrent users
meaning of the term time-sharing a source of confusion and not what he meant when he wrote his paper in 1959. The first interactive, general-purpose time-sharing
Time-sharing
and motion detection capabilities of the human retina in real time would require a general-purpose computer capable of 1000 million instructions per second
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
1980 Soviet microprocessor family
The 1801 series CPUs were a family of 16-bit Soviet microprocessors based on the indigenous Elektronika NC [ru] microarchitecture cores, but binary compatible
1801_series_CPU
List of x86 microprocessor instructions
As of April 2026, the Intel SDM indicates that the long NOP is available on Family 6 and 15 CPUs — this holds for Intel CPUs, but some Family 6 CPUs from
List_of_x86_instructions
Desktop or laptop computer specialized for video games
such as being able to change CPUs and GPUs. These PC builders build from scratch, and the possibility to change out CPUs and GPUs after they have been
Gaming_computer
The history of laptops describes the efforts, begun in the 1970s, to build small, portable laptop computers that combine the components, inputs, outputs
History_of_laptops
Register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results of a CPU are stored
The additional operands specify which one of many general-purpose registers (also called "general-purpose accumulators" or "accumulators") are used as
Accumulator_(computing)
Equal sharing of all resources by multiple identical processors
distinct modes of programming, one for the CPUs themselves and one for the interconnect between the CPUs. A single programming language would have to
Symmetric_multiprocessing
Layer of hardware-level instructions or data structures
by the VAX architecture. CMOS IBM System/390 CPUs, starting with the G4 processor, and z/Architecture CPUs use millicode to implement some instructions
Microcode
high-color and true-color capabilities of display adapters providing thousands and millions of colors, along with faster CPUs and accelerated graphic cards, cheaper
History of the graphical user interface
History_of_the_graphical_user_interface
Open-source CPU instruction set architecture
RISC-V CPUs were no longer supported from Ubuntu version 25.10 (i.e. from October 2025; older Ubuntu versions still supported older profiles and CPUs, of course)
RISC-V
Microprocessor design by Intel
which used a number of i860XP processors in its geometry engine. This sort of use slowly disappeared as well, as more general-purpose CPUs started to match
Intel_i860
Israel-based microelectronics company
offload with introduction of Nitro Hypervisor in November 2017. Following on from Nitro, Annapurna developed general-purpose CPUs under the Graviton family
Annapurna_Labs
a team led by John Backus; it was the first widely used high-level general-purpose language to have a functional implementation, in contrast to only a
History of programming languages
History_of_programming_languages
Instruction for x86 microprocessors
checking CPU family and model. It was introduced in AuthenticAMD Family 0Fh Model 14h (90nm Athlon64/Opteron) CPUs and is present in all later AMD CPUs - except
CPUID
Computing technique used to achieve parallelism
be it CPUs or GPUs. SPMD and SIMD are not mutually exclusive: each SPMD program can include SIMD, or vector, or GPU sub-processing. Many CPUs include
Single_program,_multiple_data
Component for the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft
(civilian and military-aerospace) CPUs. Before the RAD family of 32 bit CPUs were used in space missions, the MIL-STD-1750A (a CPU that could run modern applications)
NSSC-1
Chinese microprocessor manufacturer
name of a family of general-purpose, MIPS architecture-compatible, later in-house LoongArch architecture microprocessors, as well as the name of the Chinese
Loongson
The history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s, when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell Labs, and General Electric were jointly developing
History_of_Unix
Type of computer processor
2008, Khronos Group released the OpenCL with the aim to support general-purpose CPUs, ATI/AMD and Nvidia GPUs (and other accelerators) with a single common
Coprocessor
Attribute of multi-platform software development tools
specific details that the quality of code often surpasses that of non-retargetable compilers on many CPUs. A general-purpose global optimizer followed by machine-specific
Retargeting
8-bit microprocessor
6502 is the addition of an 8-bit general purpose I/O port, although only 6 I/O pins are available in the most common version of the 6510. In addition
MOS_Technology_6510
the integer "registers" usable by general instructions at any moment. Architectures always include special-purpose registers such as the program counter
Comparison of instruction set architectures
Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures
Software that manages computer hardware resources
of code for most operating systems. With multiprocessors multiple CPUs share memory. A multicomputer or cluster computer has multiple CPUs, each of which
Operating_system
Language for controlling network data forwarding
different types of execution machines such as general-purpose CPUs, FPGAs, system(s)-on-chip, network processors, and ASICs. These different types of machines
P4_(programming_language)
detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 2010 to 2019. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing.
Timeline of computing 2010–2019
Timeline_of_computing_2010–2019
Intel processor microarchitecture
demonstrated an unknown Sandy Bridge CPU running stably overclocked at 4.9 GHz on air cooling. Non-K edition CPUs can overclock up to four bins from its
Sandy_Bridge
8-bit microprocessor first shipped in 1975
widespread use in the microcontroller market but saw less use as a CPU in general-purpose computers. It is relatively obscure today, as its embedded uses
Fairchild_F8
Higher level of microcode
with different performance is simplified. Millicode instructions can bypass CPU cache to improve performance. Instructions can update multiple storage locations
Millicode
Successor to the Intel 386
386. It represents the fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs following the 8086 of 1978, the Intel 80286 of 1982, and 1985's i386. It was the first
I486
many general-purpose programming languages also have libraries that can be used to develop AI applications. Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming
List of programming languages for artificial intelligence
List_of_programming_languages_for_artificial_intelligence
Modem that uses software to minimize the need for hardware
some CPU cycles on the host, which can conceivably slow down application software on older computers. This was a major issue in the 1990s, when CPUs were
Softmodem
Brand of microprocessors by AMD
parallel x86 instruction decoding. The CPU is an out-of-order design, again like previous post-5x86 AMD CPUs. The Athlon utilizes the Alpha 21264's EV6
Athlon
on the construction of at least one machine comparable to the American ENIAC. For this purpose, the Mathematical Apparatus Group of this Institute (pol
History of computing in Poland
History_of_computing_in_Poland
Livermore Advanced Research Computer
It was one of the earliest supercomputers. It used solid-state electronics. The LARC architecture supported multiprocessing with two CPUs (called Computers)
UNIVAC_LARC
The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science, usually appearing in forms like mathematics or physics. Developments
History_of_computer_science
8-bit microprocessor
with the TI-82 and TI-85, clock their Z80 CPUs at 6 MHz or higher. (A few models with TI-8x names use other CPUs, such as the M68000, but the vast majority
Zilog_Z80
Small computer on a single integrated circuit
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general-purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. In modern terminology, a microcontroller
Microcontroller
Influential 2012 deep convolutional neural network
to 70 times speedup over CPUs. A deep CNN of (Dan Cireșan et al., 2011) at IDSIA was 60 times faster than an equivalent CPU implementation. Between May
AlexNet
American multinational semiconductor company
"Summit Ridge" series CPUs on March 2, 2017, mid-range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on April 11, 2017, and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27, 2017. AMD
AMD
CPU that implements instruction-level parallelism within a single processor
length). Except for CPUs used in low-power applications, embedded systems, and battery-powered devices, essentially all general-purpose CPUs developed since
Superscalar_processor
Private university in Iloilo, Philippines
April 16, 2012. ""In 1966, CPU, under Pres. Rex Drilon acquired a lot in Pavia for the purpose of housing for employees of CPU...."". Archived from the
Central_Philippine_University
Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use
Timeline_of_computing
Russian microprocessor
Express, 10 Gb Ethernet and SATA. The CPUs are made by TSMC in a 28 nm process. Baikal Electronics plans to ship 15.000 CPUs per month, mostly to Russian state-owned
Baikal_CPU
Parallel computing execution model
processing units (GPGPU), e.g. some supercomputers combine CPUs with GPUs: in the ILLIAC IV that CPU was a Burroughs B6500. The SIMT execution model is still
Single instruction, multiple threads
Single_instruction,_multiple_threads
Processor family
To x86-64-v2 CPU Requirements". Red Hat Developer. Retrieved March 11, 2025. Larabel, Michael. "RHEL9 Raises Base Target For x86_64 CPUs Plus Possible
Intel_Core_2
logic elements, starting from small-scale integration CPUs (SSI) to large-scale integration CPUs (LSI). Computers primarily using ICs first came into use
List of early third-generation computers
List_of_early_third-generation_computers
unsuccessful Cray MTA-2. It uses the Threadstorm3 CPUs inside Cray XT3 blades. Designed to make use of commodity parts and existing subsystems for other
Cray_XMT
engineers. Soviet Bloc computers with references to Romania Computing in East Germany (in German) List of Soviet Russian made CPUs and support chips
History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries
History_of_computer_hardware_in_Eastern_Bloc_countries
the 1980s, Data General was clearly in a downward spiral relative to DEC. With the performance of custom-designed minicomputer CPU's dropping relative
Aviion
Radio receiver
a single component. Rake receivers must have either a general-purpose CPU or some other form of digital signal processing hardware in them to process
Rake_receiver
List of Windows 11 operating system versions
required for ARM variants, dropping unofficial support for ARMv8.0. On ARMv8.0 CPUs, the Windows kernel is unbootable. ARM variants drop support for 32-bit ARM
Windows_11_version_history
Intel processor microarchitecture
Kentsfield is the code name of the first Intel desktop Core 2 Quad and quad-core Xeon CPUs, released on November 2, 2006. The top-of-the-line Kentsfields were
Kentsfield_(microprocessor)
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
memory. The architecture increases the number of general-purpose registers from 8 to 16, and extends each of the register's width (capacity) to 64 bits.
X86-64
Specialized electronic circuit that accelerates graphics
consoles, the CPU cores and the GPU block share the same pool of RAM and memory address space.[citation needed] It is common to use a general purpose graphics
Graphics_processing_unit
Computer architecture bit width
are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 256-bit integers or addresses, though a number of processors do operate on 256-bit
256-bit_computing
Massachusetts computer pioneer
of the market, to RISC-based CPUs. They chose the Motorola 88000, and released the Encore-91 in late 1991, supporting two (9102) or four (9104) CPUs running
Encore_Computer
market, was finished. The special-purpose trend of business-computer development was continued with the creation of the CER-22 model in 1967. It was intended
History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia
History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia
Data transfer channel connecting parts of a computer
the bus had to talk at the same speed. While the CPU was now isolated and could increase speed, CPUs and memory continued to increase in speed much faster
Bus_(computing)
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HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for someone who made bags or purses or for an official in charge of expenditure, from Middle English purse (via Old English from Latin bursa).Scottish : variant of Purser.
Girl/Female
Shakespearean
Tragedy of King Lear' Daughter to King Lear.
Boy/Male
Australian, Latin
Form of Aristotle; Excellence Purpose
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
For a Purpose
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Intent in Purpose
Girl/Female
Italian
meaning white wave, of the race of women, fair and yielding.
Boy/Male
English French
Surnames derived from place name Deverel.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Best Purpose
Girl/Female
Biblical
A wall.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Celtic, Christian, Dutch, French, German, Swiss
Tribe Woman; Of the Race of Women; Juniper Tree; White Wave; Woman; Race of Women; White Race
Girl/Female
Latin
Firrn of purpose.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King Henry IV, Part 1' Earl of March. Scroop.
Female
English
Pet form of French Geneviève, probably GENEVA means "race of women."
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French
Riverbank; Surnames Derived from Place Name Deverel
Girl/Female
French American German
Of the race of women. Juniper.
Female
Welsh
Medieval Welsh name, probably GENERYS means "white lady."Â
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Intention; Purpose; Aim
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : unexplained.
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Italian
Italian Form of Genevieve; White Wave; Of the Race of Women; Fair and Yielding; Juniper Tree
Female
Italian
Variant spelling of Italian Ginevra, probably GENEVRA means "race of women."
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
HISTORY OF-GENERAL-PURPOSE-CPUS
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