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Hardware cache of a central processing unit
A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from
CPU_cache
Central computer component that executes instructions
components. Modern CPUs devote a lot of semiconductor area to caches and instruction-level parallelism to increase performance and to CPU modes to support
Central_processing_unit
Additional storage that enables faster access to main storage
When the cache client (a CPU, web browser, operating system) needs to access data presumed to exist in the backing store, it first checks the cache. If an
Cache_(computing)
Memory hierarchy concept applied to CPU caches with multiple levels
requested data is cached in high-speed access memory stores, allowing swifter access by central processing unit (CPU) cores. Cache hierarchy is a form
Cache_hierarchy
Processor design concept
address-translation cache. It is a part of the chip's memory-management unit (MMU). A TLB may reside between the CPU and the CPU cache, between CPU cache and the
Translation_lookaside_buffer
and hardware complexity Within the L1 cache of the NetBurst CPUs, Intel incorporated its execution trace cache. It stores decoded micro-operations, so
Trace_cache
16 KB L1 cache 256 KB integrated L2 cache 60 MHz system bus clock rate Variants 150 MHz 0.35 μm process technology, (two die, a 0.35 μm CPU with 0.6 μm
List_of_Intel_processors
Algorithm for caching data
In computing, cache replacement policies (also known as cache replacement algorithms or cache algorithms) are optimizing instructions or algorithms which
Cache_replacement_policies
AMD brand of server microprocessors
support for larger amounts of RAM, support for ECC memory, and larger CPU cache. They also support multi-chip and dual-socket system configurations by
Epyc
the CPUs support DDR4-2933 in dual-channel mode. L1 cache: 96 KB (32 KB data + 64 KB instruction) per core. L2 cache: 512 KB per core. All the CPUs provide
List_of_AMD_Ryzen_processors
2025 processor developed by AMD
includes AMD's stacked 3D V-Cache, resulting in a total of around 128 MB of L3 cache and for a total of 145 MB of CPU cache. The processor has a default
AMD_Ryzen_9_9950X3D
Design decisions affecting processor cache speeds and sizes
Cache placement policies are policies that determine where a particular memory block can be placed when it goes into a CPU cache. A block of memory cannot
Cache_placement_policies
Consumption of resources that is indirectly required to achieve a goal
files requires more overhead than a smaller number of large files. In a CPU cache, capacity is the maximum amount of data that it stores, including overhead
Overhead_(computing)
CoreWare CW33000-based core MIPS R3000A-compatible 32-bit RISC CPU MIPS R3051 with 5 KB L1 cache, running at 33.8688 MHz. The microprocessor was manufactured
PlayStation technical specifications
PlayStation_technical_specifications
Microprocessor with more than one processing unit
peripheral functions into the chip. The proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die allows the cache coherency circuitry to operate at a much higher clock
Multi-core_processor
Technique for increasing efficiency in computer memory allocation
science, cache coloring (also known as page coloring) is the process of attempting to allocate free pages that are contiguous from the CPU cache's point
Cache_coloring
Component that stores information
primary storage and static random-access memory (SRAM) used mainly for CPU cache. Most semiconductor memory is organized into memory cells each storing
Computer_memory
2020 AMD 7-nanometer processor microarchitecture
is composed of a single core complex (CCX) containing 8 CPU cores and 32 MB of shared L3 cache, this is in contrast to Zen 2 where each CCD is composed
Zen_3
Assignment of a task to a given core of a CPU
called CPU pinning or cache affinity, enables the binding and unbinding of a process or a thread to a central processing unit (CPU) or a range of CPUs, so
Processor_affinity
Program optimization approach in computing
is a program optimization approach motivated by efficient usage of the CPU cache, often used in video game development. The approach is to focus on the
Data-oriented_design
L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB data + 32 KB instructions) per core. L2 cache: 256 KB per core. In addition to the Smart Cache (L3 cache), Haswell-H CPUs also
List of Intel Core desktop processors
List_of_Intel_Core_desktop_processors
Cache coherence protocol for computer processors
store buffer, other CPUs cannot see those writes until they are flushed to the cache — a CPU cannot scan the store buffer of other CPUs. With regard to invalidation
MESI_protocol
Microprocessor security vulnerability
on Security and Privacy warned against a covert timing channel in the CPU cache and translation lookaside buffer (TLB). This analysis was performed under
Meltdown (security vulnerability)
Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)
Eighth-generation Intel Core microprocessor family
eight cores. Increased L3 cache in accordance to the number of threads Increased turbo clock speeds across i5 and i7 CPUs models (increased by up to
Coffee_Lake
Line of discontinued microprocessors made by Intel
supported both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 software. They typically include smaller CPU caches and fewer features, resulting in lower performance compared to Intel’s
Celeron
component compromises the way another component works. cache A small and fast buffer memory between the CPU and the main memory. Reduces access time for frequently
Glossary of computer hardware terms
Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms
Computer processing technique to boost memory performance
Cache prefetching is a technique used by central processing units (CPUs) to boost execution performance by fetching instructions or data from their primary
Cache_prefetching
Computer architecture treating code and data similarly, though not usually identically
are stored in the same memory system and (without the complexity of a CPU cache) must be accessed in turn. The physical separation of instruction and
Modified_Harvard_architecture
Computer architecture terminology
bus, was a computer bus used on early Intel platforms to connect the CPU to CPU cache memory, usually off-die L2. If a design utilizes a back-side bus along
Back-side_bus
Feature of computer systems
predict when the CPU does not intend to use the system buses. DMA can lead to cache coherency problems. Imagine a CPU equipped with a cache and an external
Direct_memory_access
A victim cache is a small, typically fully associative cache placed in the refill path of a CPU cache. It stores all the blocks evicted from that level
Victim_cache
Aspect of computer CPU design
In CPU design, the use of a sum-addressed decoder (SAD) or sum-addressed memory (SAM) decoder is a method of reducing the latency of the CPU cache access
Sum-addressed_decoder
Intel microprocessor
266, 300 MHz L1 cache: 16 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions) L2 cache: 512 KB, as external chips on the CPU module clocked at half the CPU frequency. Packaging:
Pentium_II
CPUs support dual-channel DDR4-2666 RAM. All CPU models provide 16 lanes of PCIe 3.0. All CPUs feature a DMI 3.0 bus to the chipset (PCH). L1 cache:
List of Intel Core mobile processors
List_of_Intel_Core_mobile_processors
Series of systems-on-a-chip designed by Apple
connected with UltraFusion Interconnect with a total of 20 CPU cores and 96 MB system level cache (SLC). The M1 integrates an Apple designed eight-core (seven
Apple_M1
Quickly accessible working storage available as part of a digital processor
minimum number of registers required to evaluate that expression tree. CPU cache Quantum register Register allocation Register file Shift register "What
Processor_register
Computer memory that loses its contents when unpowered
the storage capabilities of the DRAM family. SRAM is commonly used as CPU cache and for processor registers and in networking devices. Non-volatile memory
Volatile_memory
2024 AMD 4-nanometer processor microarchitecture
2nd Gen AMD 3D V-Cache™ Technology [...] 64MB L3 Cache Die Crider, Michael (April 8, 2026). "The new Ryzen 9: Did AMD just announce a CPU for exactly no
Zen_5
Computer architecture where code and data each have a separate bus
very fast memory known as a CPU cache which holds recently accessed data. As long as the data that the CPU needs is in the cache, the performance is much
Harvard_architecture
Computer vulnerability using speculative execution
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities are vulnerabilities in which instructions, most often optimized using speculative execution, are executed temporarily
Transient execution CPU vulnerability
Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerability
Type of computer memory
silicon area and cost. Typically, SRAM is used for the cache and internal registers of a CPU while DRAM is used for a computer's main memory. Semiconductor
Static_random-access_memory
Successor to the Intel 386
the Intel 386. It represents the fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs following the 8086 of 1978, the Intel 80286 of 1982, and 1985's i386. It
I486
Instruction for x86 microprocessors
49h indicates a level-3 cache on GenuineIntel Family 0Fh Model 6 (Pentium 4 based Xeon) CPUs, and a level-2 cache on other CPUs. Intel's CPUID documentation
CPUID
FM1 CPU: K10 (also Husky or K10.5) cores with an upgraded Stars architecture, no L3 cache L1 cache: 64 KB Data per core and 64 KB Instruction cache per
List of AMD processors with 3D graphics
List_of_AMD_processors_with_3D_graphics
32-bit microprocessor by Intel
Pat Gelsinger led the port of Amdahl UTS to the CPU to confirm Unix's viability. A 512-byte CPU cache was meant to be incorporated (twice as large as
I386
Unscientific measurement of CPU speed made by the Linux kernel
frequency as well as the potentially present CPU cache. It is not usable for performance comparisons among different CPUs. In 1993, Lars Wirzenius posted a Usenet
BogoMips
Sixth-generation x86 microprocessor by Intel
as the CPU core. Additionally, unlike most motherboard-based cache schemes that shared the main system bus with the CPU, the Pentium Pro's cache had its
Pentium_Pro
2013 processor microarchitecture
eDRAM is a Level 4 cache; it is shared dynamically between the on-die GPU and CPU, and serving as a victim cache to the CPU's Level 3 cache. New sockets and
Haswell_(microarchitecture)
Set of rules describing computer system
particular processor will implement the ISA. The size of a computer's CPU cache for instance, is an issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA
Computer_architecture
Computer memory design used in multiprocessing
release of Skylake (2017). Nearly all CPU architectures use a small amount of very fast non-shared memory known as cache to exploit locality of reference in
Non-uniform_memory_access
List of MediaTek processors
processor. RT3883 includes a MIPS 74KEc CPU and an IEEE 802.11n-conformant WNIC. RT6856 includes a MIPS 34KEc CPU and an IEEE 802.11ac-conformant WNIC.
List of MediaTek systems on chips
List_of_MediaTek_systems_on_chips
Task of creating a processor
project schedule of a CPU. Key CPU architectural innovations include accumulator, index register, general-purpose register, cache, virtual memory, instruction
Processor_design
Open standard processor interconnection for data centers
loads/stores. CXL.cache – defines interactions between a host and a device, allows peripheral devices to coherently access and cache host CPU memory with a
Compute_Express_Link
Computer memory architecture
historically. Some CPUs include additional levels of cache between L3 and memory. For example, the Haswell microarchitecture includes an L4 cache of 128 MB on
Memory_hierarchy
Hardware
A CPU cache is a piece of hardware that reduces access time to data in memory by keeping some part of the frequently used data of the main memory in a
Cache performance measurement and metric
Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric
Computer processor contained on an integrated-circuit chip
it feasible to integrate memory on the same die as the processor. This CPU cache has the advantage of faster access than off-chip memory and increases
Microprocessor
variant used in some MacBook Pros contains an on-package L4 cache shared between the CPU and integrated graphics. Coffee Lake was the first 6-core processor
List of Mac models grouped by CPU type
List_of_Mac_models_grouped_by_CPU_type
CPU socket for old Intel CPUs
the CPU and cache remained closely integrated, but were mounted on a printed circuit board, called a Single-Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC). The CPU and
Slot_1
Linux kernel patch protecting against cold boot attacks
solutions for general-purpose computers. The other, called "frozen cache" uses the CPU cache instead. It was developed from its predecessor AESSE, presented
TRESOR
Brand of microprocessors by AMD
Athlon's CPU cache consisted of the typical two levels. Athlon was the first x86 processor with a 128 KB split level-1 cache; a 2-way associative cache separated
Athlon
Performance degration due to memory access patterns
Cache pollution describes situations where an executing computer program loads data into CPU cache unnecessarily, thus causing other useful data to be
Cache_pollution
by the CPU are cached. It uses a set of programmable model-specific registers (MSRs) which are special registers provided by most modern CPUs. Possible
Memory_type_range_register
Upcoming microprocessor family by Intel
Last Level Cache), to compete with AMD's 3D V-Cache after a long period of lagging behind in gaming benchmarks. Zen 6 – a competing x86 CPU lineup from
Nova_Lake_(microprocessor)
Processor security vulnerability
without hardware changes because it is caused by the inherent design of CPU caches and branch predictors. Pacman alone is not an exploitable vulnerability
Pacman (security vulnerability)
Pacman_(security_vulnerability)
Series of x86-compatible processor
comparable to the SiS 552, VIA CoreFusion or Intel's Tolapai, which integrate the CPU, memory controller, graphics and I/O devices into one package. Single processor
Geode_(processor)
Component of computer engineering
main memory. The CPU includes a cache controller which automates reading and writing from the cache. If the data is already in the cache it is accessed
Microarchitecture
Intel-licensed version of the 386SX
in 1991. It included power-management capabilities and an 8KB internal CPU cache, which enabled it to yield comparable performance to 386DX processors
IBM_386SLC
"FX" normally only refers to CPUs which are not just APUs with the iGPU disabled. These processors were the first AMD CPUs to use the "FX" designation
List_of_AMD_FX_processors
Line of CPUs produced by Intel
Alder Lake desktop CPU with 20MB L3 cache". VideoCardz.com. Retrieved May 25, 2026. "Intel showcases 13th Gen Core "Raptor Lake" CPU with 24 cores and
Intel_Core
Implementation of an associative array
radix tree that uses many situational node types to reduce latency from CPU cache-line fills. As a compressed radix tree, a Judy array can store potentially
Judy_array
High-speed internal memory for storage
Sony's PS1's R3000 had a scratchpad instead of an L1 cache. It was possible to place the CPU stack here, an example of the temporary workspace usage
Scratchpad_memory
Topics referred to by the same term
computing: Three Cs (Compulsory, Capacity, and Conflict), three categories of CPU cache misses An abbreviation used in Taiwan to refer to "computer, communication
3C
Series of personal computers
PowerPC G4 processors, which feature faster processor speeds, larger caches and cache speed boosts from their G3 predecessors. The Power Mac G4 used chips
Power_Mac_G4
Associative array for storing key–value pairs
entail CPU cache inefficiencies. In cache-conscious variants of collision resolution through separate chaining, a dynamic array found to be more cache-friendly
Hash_table
ns to 0.5 ns on modern desktop CPUs), while main memory has a latency of about 15–30 ns. Some second-level CPU caches run slower than the processor core
Wait_state
Aspect of the Windows operating system
Internet Explorer 4 Active Desktop Update for Windows 95 to 98, a thumbnail cache is used to store thumbnail images for Windows Explorer's thumbnail view
Windows_thumbnail_cache
Intel processor microarchitecture
AGU per core Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory channel Decoded micro-operation cache, and enlarged, optimized branch predictor Sandy
Sandy_Bridge
Performance-degrading usage pattern
most common usage of this term is in modern multiprocessor CPU caches, where memory is cached in lines of some small power of two word size (e.g., 64 aligned
False_sharing
Series of CPUs by AMD
with 1 MB L2 cache per core as production refinements resulted in an increased yield. Silicon on insulator (SOI) CPU stepping: E4 L1 cache: 64 + 64 KB
Athlon_64_X2
Core of a computer operating system
concerning such resources, and optimizes the use of common resources, such as CPU, cache, file systems, and network sockets. On most systems, the kernel is one
Kernel_(operating_system)
Dinero is a uniprocessor CPU cache simulator for memory reference traces written by Dr. Jan Edler and Prof. Mark D. Hill of the University of Wisconsin–Madison
Dinero_(cache_simulator)
Series of CPUs by AMD
(FX-55), 2800 MHz (FX-57) Dual-core CPU Stepping level: E6 L1 cache: 64 + 64 kB (data + instructions), per core L2 cache: 1024 kB full speed, per core MMX
Athlon_64
Topics referred to by the same term
low-lying ground Allocate-on-flush, a computer file system Cache flush, when a CPU cache is emptied Flush, Kansas, a community in the United States First
Flush
1000 MHz) of CPU speed. 900 - 1000 MHz have Orion designation. All models support: MMX, Enhanced 3DNow! L2 cache always runs with full CPU speed All models
List_of_AMD_Athlon_processors
The following is a list of Intel CPU microarchitectures. Intel has produced many generations of CPU microarchitectures since the 1970s, spanning x86 processors
List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures
Bit used in caches
being replaced or if it can simply be removed. Dirty bits are used by the CPU cache and in the page replacement algorithms of an operating system. Dirty bits
Dirty_bit
Equivalence of all cached copies of a memory location
where each CPU may have its own local cache of a shared memory resource. In a shared memory multiprocessor system with a separate cache memory for each
Cache_coherence
System-on-chip processors designed by Apple Inc.
They integrate one or more ARM-based processing cores (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), cache memory and other electronics necessary to provide mobile
Apple_silicon
System on a chip by Nvidia
Cortex-A9 CPU, an ultra low power (ULP) GeForce GPU, a 32-bit memory controller with either LPDDR2-600 or DDR2-667 memory, a 32 KB/32 KB L1 cache per core
Tegra
support of a specific microarchitecture includes optimizations for the CPU cache hierarchy, the TLB, etc. DEC Alpha (alpha) Synopsys DesignWare ARC cores
List of Linux-supported computer architectures
List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures
2010 64-bit mainframe microprocessor by IBM
8 GHz. Morgan, Timothy Prickett (July 23, 2010). "IBM's zEnterprise 196 CPU: Cache is king". The Register. Retrieved September 7, 2010. "IBM Unveils zEnterprise
IBM_z196
Method of CPU communication
methods of performing input/output (I/O) between the central processing unit (CPU) and peripheral devices in a computer (often mediating access via chipset)
Memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O
Memory-mapped_I/O_and_port-mapped_I/O
CPU microarchitecture by Intel
Ivy Bridge is a 2012 CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel, and is used for third generation Core and Xeon v2-branded processors. As a 22 nm die shrink
Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)
Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)
Intel processor microarchitecture
competitor processor, Athlon. Within the L1 cache of the CPU, Intel incorporated its Execution Trace Cache. It stores decoded micro-operations, so that
NetBurst
Microprocessor family released in 2016
PCI Express 3.0 lanes from the CPU, 24 PCI Express 3.0 lanes from PCH Support for Intel Optane Memory storage caching (only on motherboards with the 200
Kaby_Lake
Tendency of a processor to access nearby memory locations in space or time
core L2 CPU caches (128 KB to 24 MB) – slightly slower access, with the speed of the memory bus shared between twins of cores L3 CPU caches (2 MB up
Locality_of_reference
Californian company
a secure hypervisor into the CPU cache and acting as a gateway to encrypt memory paging in and out between the CPU cache and RAM. vCage memory encryption
PrivateCore
Early form of read-only memory
computing Amdahl's law Moore's law Kryder's law Volatile RAM Hardware cache CPU cache Scratchpad memory DRAM eDRAM SDRAM SGRAM DDR GDDR LPDDR QDRSRAM EDO
Core_rope_memory
data transfers between CPU cache and DRAM memory in existing computer architectures. Specifically, a conflict miss in the CPU cache would inevitably lead
Xiaodong Zhang (computer scientist)
Xiaodong_Zhang_(computer_scientist)
I/O-efficient algorithm regardless of cache size
and a CPU register may now be serviced from the cache. If a load or a store cannot be serviced from the cache, it is called a cache miss. A cache miss
Cache-oblivious_algorithm
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