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Subtype of carbohydrates
Deoxy sugars are sugars that have had a hydroxyl group replaced with a hydrogen atom. Examples include: Deoxyribose, or 2-deoxy-D-ribose, a constituent
Deoxy_sugar
Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are a class of organic compounds usually with the formula (CH2O)x
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide made of glucose and fructose
disaccharide, a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the
Sucrose
Sugars that contain free OH group at the anomeric carbon atom
A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. In an alkaline solution, a reducing sugar forms some aldehyde or ketone,
Reducing_sugar
Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
g., glycosaminoglycans), carboxylic acid and deoxy modifications (e.g., fucose and sialic acid). Sugars may be linked to other types of biological molecules
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate
(gen. lactis), the Latin word for milk, plus the suffix -ose used to name sugars. The compound is a white, water-soluble, non-hygroscopic solid with a mildly
Lactose
Type of sugar molecule
chemistry, an amino sugar is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group. More than 60 amino sugars are known, with one
Amino_sugar
Chemical compound
H−(C=O)−(CH2)−(CHOH)3−H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy sugar, meaning that it is derived from ribose, a simple sugar, by replacing a hydroxy group with a hydrogen
Deoxyribose
Beta-glucan Deoxy sugar Glucan Glycolipid Glycoprotein Heptoses Mannan Nonoses Octoses Sugar alcohol Sugar acid Media related to Sugars at Wikimedia
List_of_sugars
Chemical compound
Maltose (/ˈmɔːltoʊs/ or /ˈmɔːltoʊz/), also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4)
Maltose
Naming system for building blocks of carbohydrate
positions except C-1. Rules for nomenclature of modified sugars: State if the sugar is a deoxy sugar, which means the –OH group is replaced by H. Specify
Monosaccharide_nomenclature
Organic compounds
Sugar alcohols (also called polyhydric alcohols, polyalcohols, alditols or glycitols) are organic compounds, typically derived from sugars, containing
Sugar_alcohol
Polysaccharide of glucose
reduce the fat content. It is an effective flavorant, bulking agent, and sugar substitute. Maltodextrin is easily digestible and can provide a quick source
Maltodextrin
Complex sugar
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is a sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. It is therefore a dimer
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide gum used as a food additive and thickener
that prevents ingredients from separating. It can be produced from simple sugars by fermentation and derives its name from the species of bacteria used,
Xanthan_gum
Chain-elongating inhibitor of DNA polymerase
Dideoxynucleotides are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing. They are also known as 2',3' because
Dideoxynucleotide
Chemical compound
Digitalose is a deoxy sugar that is a component of various cardiac glycosides including thevetin and emicymarin. It was first reported in 1892 as being
Digitalose
Chemical compound
Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian, insect and plant cell surface. Fucose
Fucose
Simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants
fruit sugar, is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically a ketonic simple sugar found in
Fructose
Sweet-tasting, water-soluble carbohydrates
Sugar is a class of sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose
Sugar
Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants
sugars, for example by malting. These sugars may be fermented to produce ethanol in the manufacture of beer, whisky and biofuel. In addition, sugars produced
Starch
Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine
from units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (to be precise, 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose). These units form covalent β-(1→4)-linkages (like the linkages
Chitin
6-carbon simple sugar
L-Rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) D-Quinovose (6-deoxy-D-glucose), found as part of the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) L-Pneumose (6-deoxy-L-talose)
Hexose
5-Carbon simple sugar
In chemistry, a pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms. The chemical formula of many pentoses is C 5H 10O 5, and their molecular
Pentose
Chemical compound
(GRAS) as a sugar substitute in various specified food categories. Because it is absorbed and metabolized differently from other sugars, the FDA has
Allulose
Chemical compound
Mannose is a sugar with the formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CHO, which sometimes is abbreviated Man. It is one of the monomers of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates
Mannose
Covalent bond joining a sugar molecule to another group
or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
Glycosidic_bond
Natural plant polysaccharides
inulin. The extraction process for inulin is similar to obtaining sugar from sugar beets. After harvest, the chicory roots are sliced and washed, then
Inulin
Class of plant cell wall polysaccharides
sugars, and can include the five-carbon sugars xylose and arabinose, the six-carbon sugars glucose, mannose and galactose, and the six-carbon deoxy sugar
Hemicellulose
Organic compound
caffeine. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation process of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. Historically
Ethanol
Chemical compound
Fuculose or 6-deoxy-tagatose is a ketohexose deoxy sugar. Fuculose is involved in the process of sugar metabolism. l-Fuculose can be formed from l-fucose
Fuculose
Naturally produced monosaccharide
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is made from water and
Glucose
Structural carbohydrate in the cell walls of land plants and some algae
plants. The principal chemical component of pectin is galacturonic acid (a sugar acid derived from galactose). Commercially produced pectin is a white-to-light-brown
Pectin
Chemical compound
"Transport of a Fluorescent Analogue of Glucose (2-NBDG) versus Radiolabeled Sugars by Rumen Bacteria and Escherichia coli". Biochemistry. 55 (18): 2578–89
2-NBDG
Mixture of short-chain carbohydrates
cereal products. Since IMO is about 50% as sweet as sucrose (sugar), it cannot replace sugar in a one-to-one ratio. However, IMO has few side effects compared
Isomaltooligosaccharide
Sugar
Greek: ξύλον, xylon, "wood") is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. Xylose is classified as aldopentose type, which means that it contains
Xylose
Polysaccharides found in animal tissue
polysaccharides of repeating disaccharide (two-sugar) units, consisting of one uronic sugar and one amino sugar. They are an evolutionarily ancient component
Glycosaminoglycan
Chemical compound
Sulfoquinovose, also known as 6-sulfoquinovose and 6-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucopyranose, is a monosaccharide sugar that is found as a building block in the sulfolipid
Sulfoquinovose
Group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates
Cellodextrin – Glucose polymers Dextrose equivalent – Amount of reducing sugars in a sugar product Icodextrin – Pharmaceutical drug Modified starch – Thickening
Dextrin
Chemical compound
(Rha, Rham) is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose predominantly occurs
Rhamnose
Class of prebiotics
galactooligosaccharides result in a significant increase in Bifidobacteria. These sugars can be found naturally in human milk, known as human milk oligosaccharides
Galactooligosaccharide
Natural sweetener
Two other isomeric sugar alcohols exist. It is a colorless or white crystalline solid. It is classified as a polyalcohol and a sugar alcohol, specifically
Xylitol
Chemical compound
Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose
Arabinose
Chemical compound
incorporating κ-carrageenan, alginate, xanthan gum, or low-molecular-weight sugars can reduce the loss in stability. The ability to bind water can add substance
Amylose
Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae
arabinose. Hemicelluloses consist of shorter chains – between 500 and 3000 sugar units. Furthermore, hemicelluloses are often branched, whereas cellulose
Cellulose
Chemical compound
with a fenton type reagent. Glyceraldehyde is a precursor to four-carbon sugars (tetroses) via cyanation followed by hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin: HOCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CN
Glyceraldehyde
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
raɪd/; from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús) 'many, much' and σάκχαρ (sákkhar) 'sugar') are "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked
Polysaccharide
Glucose polymer used as energy store in animals
reducing sugar by the action of a "ferment" in the liver. By 1857, he described the isolation of a substance he called "la matière glycogène", or "sugar-forming
Glycogen
Group of simple sugar and carbohydrate compounds
Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C5H10O5 and the linear-form composition H−(C=O)−(CHOH)4−H. The naturally occurring form
Ribose
Class of enzymes
1-phosphate The enzyme characterised from Escherichia coli converts the deoxy sugar, L-fuculose, to L-fuculose 1-phosphate by transferring a phosphate group
L-Fuculokinase
Monosaccharides with one >C=O group per molecule
ketose with no optical activity. All monosaccharide ketoses are reducing sugars, because they can tautomerize into aldoses via an enediol intermediate,
Ketose
Chemical compound
imaging modality positron emission tomography (PET). Chemically, it is 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-D-glucose, a glucose analog, with the positron-emitting radionuclide
Fluorodeoxyglucose_(18F)
Monosaccharide sugar
-ose, sometimes abbreviated gal) is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically an aldohexose
Galactose
Sugar alcohol that is used as a sweetener
is an organic compound, the naturally occurring achiral meso four-carbon sugar alcohol (or polyol). It is the reduced form of either D- or L-erythrose
Erythritol
Sugar molecule with an –OH group at the end(s) of the carbon chain
5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid) Ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO or 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) Uronic acids Glucuronic acid (6C) Galacturonic
Sugar_acid
Chemical compound
Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose
Galactose-α-1,3-galactose
Chemical compound
Fucitol, also known as L-fucitol, 1-deoxy-L-galactitol, and (2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol, is a sugar alcohol derived from fucoidan which is found
Fucitol
Chemical compound
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
1-Octanol
Chemical compound
the α-(1-4)-linkage. Both of the sugars are dimers of glucose, which is a pyranose sugar. Isomaltose is a reducing sugar. Isomaltose is produced when high
Isomaltose
Chemical compound
rich in dextrans. Dextran is a complicating contaminant in the refining of sugar because it elevates the viscosity of sucrose solutions and fouls plumbing
Dextran
Chemical reaction which exchanges the R groups of an alcohol and ester
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Transesterification
Form of stereoisomerism in carbohydrates
and μέρος 'part') are specific types of stereoisomers found in sugars. Many common sugars, such as glucose, exist in both a linear (or open-chain) form
Anomer
Method for preparing ethers
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Williamson_ether_synthesis
Secondary alcohol CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
2-Butanol
Chemical compound
Cladinose is a hexose deoxy sugar that in several antibiotics (such as erythromycin) is attached to the macrolide ring. In ketolides, a relatively new
Cladinose
Aromatic alcohol
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Benzyl_alcohol
Fructose polymer
fermentation in vitro. Espoo 2003. VTT Publications 500. 96 p. + app. 52 p.[1] Sugar – Chemical, Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Sucrose. John Yudkin,
Fructan
Chemical compound
2-Deoxy-d-glucose is a glucose molecule which has the 2-hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen, so that it cannot undergo further glycolysis. As such; it
2-Deoxy-D-glucose
Oligosaccharide fructans
alternative sweetener. FOS exhibits sweetness levels between 30 and 50 percent of sugar in commercially prepared syrups.[unreliable source?] It occurs naturally
Fructooligosaccharide
Simplest secondary alcohol
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Isopropyl_alcohol
Chemical compound
Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication. It is used as a low-calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines
Mannitol
Carbocyclic sugar
compound is a carbohydrate, specifically a sugar alcohol with half the sweetness of the disaccharide sucrose (table sugar). It is one of the most ancient components
Inositol
Set of reactions to attach substituents to an aromatic ring
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Friedel–Crafts_reaction
Chemical compound
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Isoamyl_alcohol
Chemical compound
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
2,4-Dichlorobenzyl_alcohol
Organic compound ethane-1,2-diol
glyceraldehyde catalyzed by aldehyde reductase. The glyceraldehyde is derived from sugar. According to most sources, French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817–1884)
Ethylene_glycol
Class of chemical compounds
Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose
Beta-glucan
Chemical compound
galactinol (α-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol) and sucrose. The galactose sugar part of galactinol is transferred to the primary alcohol in the glucopyranose
Raffinose
Chemical compound
Erythrulose is a colorless, sweet-tasting, water-soluble solid. Among the sugars, it is relatively obscure, being described as a "novelty tetrose". In 2026
Erythrulose
Chemical compound
2-O-alpha-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose 2-O-alpha-L-Rhamnosyl-D-glucose 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranose Identifiers CAS Number 17074-02-1 Y
Neohesperidose
Chemical compound
Allose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a rare monosaccharide that occurs as a 6-O-cinnamyl glycoside in the leaves of the African shrub Protea rubropilosa
Allose
Organic compound (HOCH2–CHO)
although a diose is not strictly a saccharide. While not a true sugar, it is the simplest sugar-related molecule. It is reported to taste sweet. Glycolaldehyde
Glycolaldehyde
Chemical compound
disaccharide with the formula (C6H7(OH)4O)2O. It is classified as a reducing sugar - any sugar that possesses the ability or function of a reducing agent. The chemical
Cellobiose
Chemical compound
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
2-Octanol
Chemical compound
Rutinose Names IUPAC name 6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranose Systematic IUPAC name (2R,3S,4S,5S)-6-[ [(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4
Rutinose
Chemical compound
ketose belonging to the group of sugars known as monosaccharides. It has a sweetness that is equivalent to sucrose (table sugar). The commercial production
Sorbose
Sugar alcohol used as a sweetener
Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (a polyol) used as a sugar substitute and laxative. It has 75–90% of the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar) and nearly identical
Maltitol
Chemical compound
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
3-Methyl-3-pentanol
Rare monosaccharide not fermentable by yeast
Gulose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a monosaccharide that is very rare in nature, but has been found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. It also exists
Gulose
Treatment for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy
Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It is administered orally for constipation, and
Lactulose
Chemical compound
methylation mutation, which will block the drug from normally functioning. Deoxy sugar Rodríguez E, Peirú S, Carney JR, Gramajo H (March 2006). "In vivo characterization
Desosamine
Saccharide polymer
σάκχαρ (sákkhar) 'sugar') is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars). Oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharide
Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely digested
contents of the intestinal tract and may attenuate the absorption of sugar, reduce sugar response after eating, and reduce lipid absorption (notably shown
Dietary_fiber
CH3OH; simplest possible alcohol
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Methanol
Group of isomers (C8H17OH)
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Octanol
Chemical compound
Sorbitol (C6) Galactitol (C6) Iditol (C6) Volemitol (C7) Deoxy sugar alcohols Fucitol Cyclic sugar alcohols Inositol Glycylglycitols Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt
Cetyl_alcohol
Class of natural products
products with a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides belong
Macrolide
Class of organic compounds
Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies
Alcohol_(chemistry)
Polysaccharides formed from mannose
Mannans are polymers containing the sugar mannose as a principal component. They are a type of polysaccharide found in hemicellulose, a major source of
Mannans
Chemical compound
(/ˈsɔː(r)bɪtɒl/), less commonly known as glucitol (/ˈɡluːsɪtɒl/), is a sugar alcohol with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly. It can
Sorbitol
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