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Theory of aging
The mutation accumulation theory of aging was first proposed by Peter Medawar in 1952 as an evolutionary explanation for biological aging and the associated
Mutation_accumulation_theory
Sub-field of gerontology
body from the environment or resulting from cell metabolism. Mutation accumulation theory was first proposed by Peter Medawar in 1952 as an evolutionary
Biogerontology
Deterioration of function with age
catastrophe, somatic mutation, accumulation of genetic material (DNA) damage (DNA damage theory of aging) and dysdifferentiation. The system theories include the
Senescence
Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
variability in the lifespans of organisms. The classical theories of evolution (mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and disposable soma) suggest
Evolution_of_ageing
Hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage
The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. Damage in this context
DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
A mutation accumulation (MA) experiment is a genetic experiment in which isolated and inbred lines of organisms (so-called MA lines) are maintained such
Mutation accumulation experiments
Mutation_accumulation_experiments
Changes to DNA with no overall impact
neutral mutations has led to the development of the neutral theory of molecular evolution, which is an important and often-controversial theory that proposes
Neutral_mutation
Change in the heritable traits of populations
genomes frequently have AT-biased mutation. Contemporary thinking about the role of mutation biases reflects a different theory from that of Haldane and Fisher
Evolution
Proposed evolutionary explanation for senescence
potentially all living domains... ". Evolution of ageing Mutation accumulation theory Disposable soma theory of aging Williams GC (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural
Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis
Aging Mutation accumulation theory of aging Neuroendocrine theory of aging Order to disorder theory of aging Rate of living theory Redundant DNA theory Reliability
Outline_of_life_extension
Accumulation of harmful mutations
in an accumulation of irreversible deleterious mutations. That happens because in the absence of recombination, and assuming reverse mutations are rare
Muller's_ratchet
Measure in population genetics
increases the accumulation of mutation load, culminating in extinction via mutational meltdown. The accumulation of deleterious mutations in humans has
Genetic_load
Causes of death outside the individual's control
lifespans and earlier reproductive periods. Classical theories of aging include: Mutation Accumulation Theory of Aging - Because extrinsic mortality is so high
Extrinsic_mortality
Allele equilibrium in a population when creation equals elimination by negative selection
PMID 7605513. Rice, WR (1998). "Requisite mutational load, pathway epistasis and deterministic mutation accumulation in sexual versus asexual populations"
Mutation–selection_balance
Rate at which mutations occur during some unit of time
characterizing the mutation rate is the mutation accumulation line. Mutation accumulation lines have been used to characterize mutation rates with the Bateman-Mukai
Mutation_rate
Type of evolutionary extinction vortex
confused with the concept of an error catastrophe) is the accumulation of harmful mutations in a small population, which leads to loss of fitness and
Mutational_meltdown
due to accumulation of mutations and decreases in response to natural selection and genetic drift. Mutation accumulation occurs when mutations of small
Behavior_mutation
Model for tracing the history of genetic variation
generation to the next, and the random occurrence of mutations in these alleles. The mathematical theory of the coalescent was developed independently by
Coalescent_theory
Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
selection as postulated by Charles Darwin. The neutral theory allows for the possibility that some mutations are deleterious, but holds that because most of
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution
Model of aging as a trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA maintenance
maintenance, leading to increased cellular damage, shortened telomeres, accumulation of mutations, compromised stem cells, and ultimately, senescence. Although
Disposable soma theory of aging
Disposable_soma_theory_of_aging
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Mutations result from
Mutation
Age at which one acquires a disease or disorder
substantially. Mutation accumulation is supported as a theory of aging, and therefore an onset cause in cases of diseases resulting from mutation accumulation. "National
Age_of_onset
the first to suggest that the combined effects of parasitism and mutation accumulation can lead to an increased advantage to sex under conditions not otherwise
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
original idea involving mutation "by random change and a form of Darwinian selection". Internet memes are an example of Dawkins' meme theory at work in the sense
Meme
Accumulation of mutations
Somatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during
Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
international interaction is necessary. 1952 Peter Medawar proposed the mutation accumulation theory to explain how the aging process could have evolved. 1954 Vladimir
Timeline_of_aging_research
Phenomenon inducing a loss of genetic diversity
asexual populations produces Muller's ratchet, the accumulation of irreversible deleterious mutations. Background selection reduces the effective population
Background_selection
American geneticist (born 1951)
prokaryotic organisms using a mutation-accumulation strategy. To address this mutation diversity and the load of mutation on survival in some species,
Michael_Lynch_(geneticist)
Japanese-American geneticist (1931–2023)
between species occurs as a passive process of accumulation of interspecific incompatibility mutations In the early 1960s and 1970s, there was a great
Masatoshi_Nei
Subfield of genetics
Masel, C. W. Birky, Jr. and W. L. Nicholson (2007). "The roles of mutation accumulation and selection in loss of sporulation in experimental populations
Population_genetics
Free-radical aging theory
mutations which lead to an increase of ROS production and greatly enhance the accumulation of free radicals within cells. This mitochondrial theory has
Free-radical_theory_of_aging
Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
time within a population. This change is due to four different processes: mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow and genetic drift. This
Microevolution
pseudogenes. More recently, there has been an effort to use the MA (mutation accumulation) method and high-throughput sequencing (e.g., ). The canonical DNA
Mutation_bias
Influence of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits
caused by a mutation in a single gene on chromosome 12 that encodes the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This mutation leads to the accumulation of the amino
Pleiotropy
Loss of genetic information due to mutation rates
his mathematical evolutionary theory of the quasispecies. The term is most widely used to refer to mutation accumulation to the point of inviability of
Error_catastrophe
Type of genomic instability
pervasive mechanism in cancer genetic instability than simple accumulation of point mutations. The degree of instability varies between cancer types. For
Chromosome_instability
Abnormal accumulation of iron in the body
Iron overload is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total iron in the body, leading to organ damage. The primary mechanism of organ damage is oxidative
Iron_overload
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
frequencies of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Also known as descent with modification
Outline_of_evolution
Concept in genetics
needed for deterministic loss by mutation accumulation. In both cases, the time to fixation is dominated by mutation via the term 1/m, and is less affected
Genetic_drift
Sudden and large mutational change
saltational theory in his book Mimicry in Butterflies (1915). The mutation theory of evolution held that species went through periods of rapid mutation, possibly
Saltation_(biology)
Concept in economics
theory, the concept refers more broadly to the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of wealth under capitalism. The German sociologist Werner
Creative_destruction
fixed in the population through mutation accumulation if no disadvantage is incurred by loss of that pathway. Mutations causing loss of a complex trait
Evolution of biological complexity
Evolution_of_biological_complexity
Genetic condition involving iron buildup
other genetic or environmental factors contribute to excessive iron accumulation within their bodies. Haemochromatosis is protean in its manifestations
Hereditary_haemochromatosis
Dependence of a gene mutation's phenotype on mutations in other genes
phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a mutation on a trait is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations at different loci (locations on the genome)
Epistasis
German geneticist (1878–1958)
Goldschmidt believed that the neo-Darwinian view of gradual accumulation of small mutations was important but could account for variation only within species
Richard_Goldschmidt
Accumulation of genetic differences
silent mutations, some synonymous substitutions, or in stable mutation-selection balance. It is the position of Motoo Kimura's neutral theory and later
Divergent_evolution
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
fix. Many genomic features have been ascribed to accumulation of nearly neutral detrimental mutations as a result of small effective population sizes.
Molecular_evolution
Genetic theory of cancer formation
result of a single, isolated event, rather than the slow accumulation of multiple mutations. The exact function of some tumor suppressor genes is not
Two-hit_hypothesis
Biological process of getting older
from age-related causes. Current ageing theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause
Ageing
History of the field of study
drift. The behavior of this type of mutation, described by an equation that combined the mathematics of the neutral theory with classical models, became the
History of molecular evolution
History_of_molecular_evolution
Formation of cancer
organs. According to the prevailing accepted theory of carcinogenesis, the somatic mutation theory, mutations in DNA and epimutations that lead to cancer
Carcinogenesis
Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
81–82. Provine 2001, pp. 109–114. Castle, W. E. (7 April 1905). "The Mutation Theory of Organic Evolution, from the Standpoint of Animal Breeding". Science
Modern synthesis (20th century)
Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)
Evolutionary process
in nature. Eventually a competing theory involving the gradual accumulation of mutations was shown to occur in nature so often that geneticists largely
Speciation
Metabolic disorders in which porphyrins build up in the body
are inherited from one or both of a person's parents and are due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme. They may be inherited in an autosomal
Porphyria
Theory of aging
catastrophe, somatic mutation, accumulation of genetic material (DNA) damage (DNA damage theory of aging) and dysdifferentiation. The system theories include the
Stem_cell_theory_of_aging
t e In ecology, the species discovery curve (also known as a species accumulation curve or collector's curve) is a graph recording the cumulative number
Species_discovery_curve
Cells of a multicellular organism that pass on genetic material to progeny
organism. Another recent theory suggests that early germline sequestration evolved to limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations in mitochondrial genes
Germline
Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral
Genetic_diversity
Statistical model in biology
the earliest strong evidence that cancer was the result of an accumulation of mutations. With their 1954 paper, Armitage and Doll began a line of research
Armitage–Doll multistage model of carcinogenesis
Armitage–Doll_multistage_model_of_carcinogenesis
Butlin RK, Bank C (March 2021). Buerkle A (ed.). "Deleterious mutation accumulation and the long-term fate of chromosomal inversions". PLOS Genetics
Balanced_lethal_systems
Scientific study
improvement, mutation accumulation was linear and clock like, even though several lines of evidence suggested that much of the accumulation was beneficial
E. coli long-term evolution experiment
E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment
Genetic disorder that causes early aging
progeroid syndrome; HGPS) is a type of progeroid syndrome. A single gene mutation is responsible for causing progeria. The affected gene, known as lamin
Progeria
Theory in evolutionary biology
biology, punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory that proposes that once a new species appears in the fossil record, the
Punctuated_equilibrium
Most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended
populations are defined by the accumulation of mutations on the mtDNA, and special trees are created for the mutations and the order in which they occurred
Most_recent_common_ancestor
Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
Mutational robustness (also called mutation tolerance) describes the extent to which an organism's phenotype remains constant in spite of mutation. Robustness
Robustness_(evolution)
Population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes
with a large number of variant genomes (related by mutations). Quasispecies result from high mutation rates as mutants arise continually and change in relative
Viral_quasispecies
Rare, severe disease of lysosomal storage
Heterozygote advantage. When applied to a particular allele, this theory posits that mutation carriers have a selective advantage, perhaps in a particular
Tay–Sachs_disease
Protein-coding gene in humans
heterozygous A4V mutations in SOD1. The mutation is rarely if ever found outside the Americas. It was recently estimated that the A4V mutation occurred 540
SOD1
fitness is not considered. Over generations, this results in maladaptive mutations that accumulate later in life due to aging being non-adaptive toward reproductive
Selection_shadow
of the neutral theory, because neutral (or nearly neutral) alleles create no such segregational load, and allow for the accumulation of a great deal
Infinite_alleles_model
Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other
Genetic_variation
Range of genetic disorders which cause a person to appear to grow older faster
caused by an accumulation of the truncated prelamin A, only mutation in one of the two genes is sufficient. At least 16 Other mutations in lamin A/C,
Progeroid_syndromes
DNA inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
while mitochondrial DNA is haploid, coming only from the mother. The mutation rate for nuclear DNA is less than 0.3% while that of mitochondrial DNA
Nuclear_DNA
Protein found in humans
alpha-synuclein accumulate within neurons as inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Mutations in the SNCA gene are linked to familial forms of Parkinson's disease.
Alpha-synuclein
Theory in the domain of evolutionary biology
context of this theory, "introduction" ("origination") is a technical term for events that shift an allele frequency upward from zero (mutation is the genetic
Bias in the introduction of variation
Bias_in_the_introduction_of_variation
Protein-coding gene in humans
people with the mutation, the repeat number is between 30 and thousands. There are three major theories about the way that the C9ORF72 mutation causes FTD
C9orf72
When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification
Objections_to_evolution
Cellular mechanism
lead to an increased rate of survival that will allow a greater accumulation of mutations. Yeast Rev1 and human polymerase η are members of Y family translesion
DNA_repair
2012 article by Gerald Crabtree
The data that support the theory that our intellectual abilities are particularly susceptible to the accumulation of mutations begins with determinations
Our_Fragile_Intellect
Theory of ageing
Harman proposed the free radical theory of ageing, which he later expanded to the MFRTA. When studying the mutations in antioxidants, which remove ROS
Mitochondrial theory of ageing
Mitochondrial_theory_of_ageing
American economist and sociologist (1857–1929)
Competitive System", International J of Ethics. in JSTOR 1913. "The Mutation Theory and the Blond Race", Journal of Race Development. in JSTOR 1913. "The
Thorstein_Veblen
Diverse collection of blood-related cancers
that the loss of mitochondrial function over time leads to the accumulation of DNA mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, and this accounts for the increased
Myelodysplastic_syndrome
Anti-capitalist cultural critique
Lash, Scott (May 2007). "Power after Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?". Theory, Culture & Society. 24 (3): 68–69. doi:10.1177/0263276407075956. S2CID 145639801
Marxist_cultural_analysis
Chemical compound
probably due to mutations in the organism's wild-type isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IleS). In E. coli IleS, a single amino acid mutation was shown to alter
Mupirocin
Protein and coding gene in humans
clock. Mutations in the phosphorylation area of PER2 are thought to be related to FASPS patients The canonical Wnt Pathway involves the accumulation of β-catenin
Casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon
Casein_kinase_1_isoform_epsilon
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. The hallmark feature of CF is the accumulation of thick mucus in different organs. Long-term issues include difficulty
Cystic_fibrosis
Idea about population growth and food supply
Malthusianism is a theory that population growth is potentially exponential, according to the Malthusian growth model, while the growth of the food supply
Malthusianism
British sociologist
Information Age", Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 22, no. 3, 2005, 1-23. "Power after Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?", Theory, Culture, and Society
Scott_Lash
Medical condition
errors during DNA synthesis leading to mutations, some of which may give rise to cancer. Germ-line DNA repair mutations that increase the risk of cancer are
DNA repair-deficiency disorder
DNA_repair-deficiency_disorder
Immune system theory
gene mutation encoding perforin that is associated with its pathology rather than evidence of immunosurveillance. There are some alternative theories suggested
Tumour_surveillance_theory
Inflammatory disease involving a buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
amyloid plaques in the brain and age spots on the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that misrepair mechanisms play an important role in the
Atherosclerosis
Sex chromosome in the XY sex-determination system
well-adapted Y chromosome manages to maintain genetic activity by avoiding mutation accumulation, there is no guarantee it will be passed down to the next generation
Y_chromosome
Gene known for its role in breast cancer
DNA double strand breaks. If BRCA1 or BRCA2 itself is damaged by a BRCA mutation, damaged DNA is not repaired properly, and this increases the risk for
BRCA2
Sharp reduction in the size of a population
3420403. PMID 3420403. Lynch, M.; Conery, J.; Burger, R. (1995). "Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations". The American Naturalist
Population_bottleneck
Sex-specific patterns of inheritance
the sex-specific patterns of inheritance and presentation when a gene mutation (allele) is present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex
Sex_linkage
Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in organisms' DNA. As
Introduction_to_evolution
Religious principle
positive emotions and feelings. Saṃkramaṇa (transformation) – It is the mutation or conversion of one sub-type of karmas into another sub-type. However
Karma_in_Jainism
Medical condition
of structure occurs due to G6PD gene mutations, the enzyme loses its protective role, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and thus damaging
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency
American philosopher (1922–1996)
Ludwik Fleck, Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm
Thomas_Kuhn
irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual organisms. Asexual organisms do not undergo gene exchange and therefore cannot recreate mutation-free
Bacteriophage experimental evolution
Bacteriophage_experimental_evolution
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