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Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book
Objections_to_evolution
Study of the evolution of life
of evolution: natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection was independently discovered as the engine of evolution by
Evolutionary_biology
the door to teaching objections to evolution that might lead students to reject it. These included one amendment that compels science teachers to teach about
Strengths and weaknesses of evolution
Strengths_and_weaknesses_of_evolution
Change in the heritable traits of populations
in their religions and who raise various objections to evolution. As had been demonstrated by responses to the publication of Vestiges of the Natural
Evolution
Independent evolution of similar features
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures
Convergent_evolution
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
complement of observable characteristics. It is a key law or mechanism of evolution which changes the heritable traits characteristic of a population or species
Natural_selection
Science of classifying organisms
classification of living things with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa". In 1970, Michener et al. defined
Taxonomy_(biology)
Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species
predators), the evolution of a key innovation, or dispersal to a new environment. Any one of these ecological opportunities has the potential to result in an
Adaptive_radiation
Australian Christian fundamentalist (born 1951)
as "literal history" and first rejected what he termed "molecules-to-man evolution" during high school. As a young Earth creationist and biblical inerrantist
Ken_Ham
Darwinism Faith and rationality Galápagos Islands Genetic drift Objections to evolution Timeline of evolutionary history of life The Voyage of the Beagle
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Religious rejection of evolution
course on the creation/evolution controversy, and apparently as students learn more about biology, they find objections to evolution less convincing, suggesting
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
New religious movement from China
Gong's opposition to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its negative views on homosexuality and feminism, and its objections to evolution. Falun Gong is
Falun_Gong
Concept in genetics
relevant to its evolution?". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 55 (11). John Wiley & Sons for the Society for the Study of Evolution: 2161–9
Genetic_drift
List of alternatives to Darwinian natural selection
life. Some who came to accept evolution, but disliked natural selection, raised religious objections. Others felt that evolution was an inherently progressive
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution
Expected reproductive success
fitness more common over time, resulting in Darwinian evolution. The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction with physical fitness
Fitness_(biology)
Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
has a common ancestor has been met with objections from some religious groups. Their objections are in contrast to the level of support for the theory by
Introduction_to_evolution
Scientific view of guided evolution by God
Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution, or alternatively called evolutionary creationism) is a view that God acts
Theistic_evolution
Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God
synthesis Naturalism (philosophy) Neo-creationism Neo-Darwinism Objections to evolution Philosophy of science Progressive creationism Raëlian intelligent
Intelligent_design
emerged prior to 3.7 Ga. The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the process of evolution from a common
History_of_life
Species having two or more distinct forms
(see mimicry), and human hemoglobin and blood types. According to the theory of evolution, polymorphism results from evolutionary processes, as does any
Polymorphism_(biology)
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry) of life. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have
Common_descent
Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory
Status as a theory (in Objections to evolution) Theory vs. Fact (in Creation–evolution controversy) Gould, Stephen Jay (1981) "Evolution as Fact and Theory"
Evolution_as_fact_and_theory
Biological evolution of Homo sapiens from 50,000 years ago until present
Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation, sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift within Homo sapiens populations, since their
Recent_human_evolution
Accumulation of genetic differences
Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation
Divergent_evolution
Relationship between intelligent design and science
(ID) is presented by its proponents as science and claims to offer an alternative to evolution. The Discovery Institute, a politically conservative think
Intelligent design and science
Intelligent_design_and_science
Similar evolution in distinct species
evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response to similar
Parallel_evolution
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
Philosophical argument Level of support for evolution – Variation in support for the theory of evolution Objections to evolution Social effects of evolutionary theory –
Outline_of_evolution
Theory in evolutionary biology
histories, with reference particularly to the prehistory of the indigenous languages of Australia and his objections to the proposed Pama–Nyungan language
Punctuated_equilibrium
The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the
Evolution_of_mammals
Argument by proponents of intelligent design
Michael, Behe (2016-10-27). "Philosophical Objections to Intelligent Design: A Response to Critics". Evolution News. Retrieved 2022-10-12. Taylor, Tiffany
Irreducible_complexity
Period when evolution was widely accepted, but natural selection was not
mechanism. Six objections were raised to the theory in the 19th century: The fossil record was discontinuous, suggesting gaps in evolution. The physicist
The_eclipse_of_Darwinism
Idea that an animal's developmental stages resemble its evolutionary ancestors
fertilization to gestation or hatching (ontogeny), goes through stages resembling or representing successive adult stages in the evolution of the animal's
Recapitulation_theory
Development of bacteria throughout time
The evolution of bacteria has progressed over billions of years since the Precambrian time with their first major divergence from the archaeal/eukaryotic
Evolution_of_bacteria
Evolutionary process
explained by natural selection. Adaptation is related to biological fitness, which governs the rate of evolution as measured by changes in allele frequencies.
Adaptation
Theory of the "selfish gene"
The gene-centered view of evolution, also known as the selfish gene theory, holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of
Gene-centered view of evolution
Gene-centered_view_of_evolution
Fallacious argument against abiogenesis of chance
monkey theorem Irreducible complexity Law of truly large numbers Objections to evolution Watchmaker analogy Weasel program Gregory, Jane (2005). "Fighting
Junkyard_tornado
Creationist argument by William Dembski
science to have arisen through a process of evolution, Dembski says that it describes features which cannot form through "undirected" evolution—and concludes
Specified_complexity
Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
a century later, evolutionary biologists still use tree diagrams to depict evolution because such diagrams effectively convey the concept that speciation
Phylogenetic_tree
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
or individual organisms. Such uses have become central to understanding biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and genomes. Phylogenetics is a component of
Phylogenetics
Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells. Cells first emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago
Evolution_of_cells
Breeding for desired characteristics
to Southern Corn leaf-blight. Animal breeding Animal husbandry Breed registry Breeding back Captive breeding Culling Eugenics Experimental evolution Gene
Selective_breeding
1859 book on evolution by Charles Darwin
tried to meet these objections in the fifth edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural
On_the_Origin_of_Species
Variation in support for the theory of evolution
level of support for evolution among scientists, the public, and other groups is a topic that frequently arises in the creation–evolution controversy, and
Level of support for evolution
Level_of_support_for_evolution
Overview of and topical guide to the creation–evolution controversy
creationism Evolution, and more specifically: Natural selection, Common descent, Origins of life, Age of the Earth/Universe Intelligent design Objections to evolution
Outline of the creation–evolution controversy
Outline_of_the_creation–evolution_controversy
Model used to visualise relationship between genotypes and reproductive success
forcing evolution to backtrack. However, the presence of the maze-like property in biophysically inspired fitness landscapes may not be sufficient to generate
Fitness_landscape
Behavioral theory
by the closely related fields of human behavioral ecology and cultural evolution, such explanations are predominantly focused on humans and emphasize the
Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology
Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology
Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
appears to be a major source of the genetic variation that contributes to RNA virus evolution. Genetic recombination also has been shown to play a key
Genetic_variation
American physician and inventor (1936–2022)
Damadian was the first to perform a full-body scan of a human being in 1977 to diagnose cancer. Damadian invented an apparatus and method to use NMR safely and
Raymond_Damadian
Measure of evolutionary success
can influence the evolution of social behaviours. Kin selection relies on positive relatedness (driven by identity by descent) to enable individuals
Inclusive_fitness
Termination of a species' lineage
mammoths. Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation. Species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing
Extinction
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
disrupted (e.g., by antibiotics), one becomes more vulnerable to pathogens. The rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance places an enormous selective pressure
Evolutionary_pressure
Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
Mosaic evolution (or modular evolution) is the concept, mainly from palaeontology, that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems
Mosaic_evolution
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
and organisms. Molecular evolution is the basis of phylogenetic approaches to describing the tree of life. Molecular evolution overlaps with population
Molecular_evolution
Pseudoscientific concept
"Understanding Ontogenetic Depth, Part I: Naming Versus Measuring". Evolution News. Retrieved 23 February 2024. Nelson, Paul (April 7, 2011). "Understanding
Ontogenetic_depth
Monophyletic closure of a set of living species
allows the order of these acquisitions to be established, and thus the ecological and functional setting of the evolution of the major features of the group
Crown_group
biology is to be taught in the appropriate scientific syllabuses. While many Christian denominations do not raise theological objections to the modern
Creation and evolution in public education
Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education
Statement issued in 2001 by the Discovery Institute
Writers: Eugenie Scott". Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction. Retrieved 31 July 2008. "Charles Hodge and His Objection to Darwinism: The Exclusion
A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism
A_Scientific_Dissent_from_Darwinism
Subfield of genetics that studies biological invasions
species introduced outside of its native range, and how the mechanisms of evolution, such as natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift, operate in these
Invasion_genetics
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
is evolution occurring within the population(s) of a single species. In other words, microevolution is the scale of evolution that is limited to intraspecific
Macroevolution
Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time
the period. The main points to the transition from reptile to bird are the evolution from scales to feathers, the evolution of the beak (although independently
Evolution_of_reptiles
Theory in evolutionary biology
Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually
Phyletic_gradualism
Interdisciplinary study
Evolutionary anthropology, the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and of the relation between hominids and
Evolutionary_anthropology
Self-replicating computer program that mutates and evolves
used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution, and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical models of evolution. The study of
Digital_organism
Origin of three known varieties of flagella
The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of flagella – (eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal) each
Evolution_of_flagella
Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior
that aims to explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology
Sociobiology
Mythological narrative inspired by evolution
of support for evolution Modern synthesis (20th century) National Center for Science Education Natural history Objections to evolution Religious naturalism
Epic_of_evolution
Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location
Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region. In
Sympatric_speciation
Form of creationism
further information given at Objections to evolution, Atheism for support of this paragraph. Quote Mine Project: Examining 'Evolution Quotes' of Creationists
Young_Earth_creationism
Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
observing microevolution in the wild. Typically, observable instances of evolution are examples of microevolution; for example, bacterial strains that have
Microevolution
met with criticism typical of objections to evolution. Gary Botting described his own difficulty as a Jehovah's Witness to reconcile creation with simple
Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses
Criticism_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses
Origin and diversification of snake venom through geologic time
self defense, this is not believed to have had a strong effect on venom evolution. The evolution of venom is thought to be responsible for the enormous expansion
Evolution_of_snake_venom
Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
biology, which concentrates on developmental molecular genetics and evolution to understand how natural selection operated on developmental processes
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Extended_evolutionary_synthesis
French naturalist (1744–1829)
academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws, though the mechanism
Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck
Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
Quantum evolution is a component of George Gaylord Simpson's multi-tempoed theory of evolution proposed to explain the rapid emergence of higher taxonomic
Quantum_evolution
Use of laboratory and field experiments to explore evolutionary dynamics
Experimental evolution is the use of laboratory experiments or controlled field manipulations to explore evolutionary dynamics. Evolution may be observed
Experimental_evolution
Speciation that occurs between geographically isolated populations
parent population. This variation leads to a higher likelihood of ecological niche specialization and the evolution of reproductive isolation. Centrifugal
Allopatric_speciation
Evolutionary process
lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation
Speciation
American plant geneticist
mutations are so rare as to be outside of consideration." Therefore, natural selection is considered too slow to allow evolution.Additionally, the selective
John_C._Sanford
Argument for the existence of God
Infinite monkey theorem Irreducible complexity Junkyard tornado Objections to evolution "William Paley, A View of the Evidences of Christianity". www.wmcarey
Watchmaker_analogy
Measure used in population genetics
quantitative description of evolution, since fitness differences determine the change in genotype frequencies attributable to selection. The selection coefficient
Selection_coefficient
Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
genes which allows the organisms to evolve. The rate of evolution on adaptive genes is greater than on neutral genes due to the influence of selection. However
Genetic_diversity
Evolutionary psychology theories
be explained with reference to human evolution. Many animal and human traits have been argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive
Evolutionary_aesthetics
Protestant objections to evolution occurred after about 1875. Previously, citing Louis Agassiz and other scientific luminaries, Protestant contributors to religious
History of the creation–evolution controversy
History_of_the_creation–evolution_controversy
Study of evolution on morality or ethics
evolutionary ethics consists of biological approaches to morality based on the alleged role of evolution in shaping human psychology and behavior. Such approaches
Evolutionary_ethics
Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
alone know where to begin to sort through the interpretive mess left behind by the numerous critics and commentators. Objections to evolution Also known variously
Modern synthesis (20th century)
Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)
18th and 19th-century evolutionary ideas
and human progress. Opposition in the scientific community to these early theories of evolution, led by influential scientists like the anatomists Georges
Transmutation_of_species
Subfield of genetics
population genetics apart from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics, is its
Population_genetics
Form of speciation involving hybridization between two different species
28.1.593. Bullini L (1994). "Origin and evolution of animal hybrid species". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 9 (11): 422–426. Bibcode:1994TEcoE...9.
Hybrid_speciation
Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
and Constance I. Millar) have started to use the term "Court Jester hypothesis" to describe the view that evolution at a macro scale is driven by abiotic
Court_jester_hypothesis
Practical application of biological evolution
theory of evolution lacks any practical applications; however, this claim has been refuted by scientists. The evolutionary approach is key to much current
Applications_of_evolution
Interaction of biology and evolution
interactions between them. Conversely, it can be seen as an approach to the study of evolution that incorporates an understanding of the interactions between
Evolutionary_ecology
Process of increasing reproductive isolation
over history have led to multiple meanings and complications. Various objections have been raised by evolutionary biologists as to the plausibility of its
Reinforcement_(speciation)
History of the field of study
history of molecular evolution starts in the early 20th century with "comparative biochemistry", but the field of molecular evolution came into its own in
History of molecular evolution
History_of_molecular_evolution
Political philosophy
economic evolution. Although the Marxian school is considered heterodox, ideas that have come out of Marxian economics have contributed to mainstream
Marxism
Sociobiological approaches to linguistics
language evolution famously having been banned by the Paris Linguistic Society as early as in 1866. Ferdinand de Saussure proposed structuralism to replace
Evolutionary_linguistics
Theory in evolutionary biology
The sloshing bucket model of evolution is a theory in evolutionary biology that describes how environmental disturbances varying in magnitude will affect
Sloshing bucket model of evolution
Sloshing_bucket_model_of_evolution
Hypothesis on normative mate selection
7 000 to 12 000 years ago. This raises the question of why the long term rate of evolution is far slower than is theoretically possible. Evolution is imposed
Koinophilia
Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
on to conclude that: Nevertheless, ring species are more convincing than cases of clinal isolation for showing that gene flow hampers the evolution of
Parapatric_speciation
Goat evolution is the process by which domestic goats came to exist through evolution by natural selection. Wild goats — medium-sized mammals which are
Domestication_of_the_goat
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kashmiri, Oriya, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
To Rejoice; To Celebrate; To Praise; To Bless; Delight
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of the priest Anhur-mes.
Boy/Male
Tamil
To possess, To hav power to rule, To govern, To be master
Girl/Female
Tamil
To see, To perceive, To have vision
Female
Egyptian
, a daughter of King Amenhotep I.
Boy/Male
Hindu
To possess, To hav power to rule, To govern, To be master
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Finnish, German, Norse, Swedish
Rescue; To Save; To Help; To Protect
Girl/Female
Indian
To see, To perceive, To have vision
Girl/Female
Tamil
To win, To conquer
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
To Flower; To Blossom; To Glow
Boy/Male
Tamil
To expand, To progress
Male
Chamoru
, to concern, to pertain to.
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of Kauta.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Traditional
Objectives and Strategies to Make Money
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pallavit | பலà¯à®²à®µà®¿à®¤
To sprout, To grow
Pallavit | பலà¯à®²à®µà®¿à®¤
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pradyuta | பà¯à®°à®¤à¯à®¯à¯à®¤à®¾
To begin to shine
Pradyuta | பà¯à®°à®¤à¯à®¯à¯à®¤à®¾
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of Simouth.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bihari, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Prosperity; To be Successful; To Succeed; To Grow; To Increase; To Make Gain
Boy/Male
Tamil
To help, To support
Female
Egyptian
, another form of Ratta or Ritho.
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
Boy/Male
Hindu
Light, A victorious person who gives light to everyone, Ray of victory
Girl/Female
Indian
A little song, A small song
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lamp of the Gods
Girl/Female
Irish
Torch bringer.
Boy/Male
Spanish Teutonic
strong warrior'.
Boy/Male
Indian
Thesun, Lord of Sun, Newly risen Sun, Lord Surya, The Sun
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English
Wasteland
Boy/Male
Hindu
Without miseries
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Victory of Lord Rama
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
A Fragrant Breeze; Fragrance
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
OBJECTIONS TO-EVOLUTION
n.
The act of objecting; as, to prevent agreement, or action, by objection.
prep.
Effect; end; consequence; as, the prince was flattered to his ruin; he engaged in a war to his cost; violent factions exist to the prejudice of the state.
n.
Reply to an objection in formal disputation.
v. i.
To raise captious and frivolous objections; to find fault without good reason.
prep.
Apposition; connection; antithesis; opposition; as, they engaged hand to hand.
n.
Frivolous or sophistical objection.
v. i.
To make objection or opposition in controversy.
prep.
Accord; adaptation; as, an occupation to his taste; she has a husband to her mind.
n.
One who takes exceptions or makes objections.
prep.
Comparison; as, three is to nine as nine is to twenty-seven; it is ten to one that you will offend him.
prep.
As sign of the infinitive, to had originally the use of last defined, governing the infinitive as a verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective; thus, ready to go, i.e., ready unto going; good to eat, i.e., good for eating; I do my utmost to lead my life pleasantly. But it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is direct object or subject; thus, I love to learn, i.e., I love learning; to die for one's country is noble, i.e., the dying for one's country. Where the infinitive denotes the design or purpose, good usage formerly allowed the prefixing of for to the to; as, what went ye out for see? (Matt. xi. 8).
prep.
Accompaniment; as, she sang to his guitar; they danced to the music of a piano.
prep.
Hence, it indicates motion, course, or tendency toward a time, a state or condition, an aim, or anything capable of being regarded as a limit to a tendency, movement, or action; as, he is going to a trade; he is rising to wealth and honor.
v. t.
To fortify beforehand; to guard against objection.
n.
That which is, or may be, presented in opposition; an adverse reason or argument; a reason for objecting; obstacle; impediment; as, I have no objection to going; unreasonable objections.
prep.
In a very general way, and with innumerable varieties of application, to connects transitive verbs with their remoter or indirect object, and adjectives, nouns, and neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which limits their action. Its sphere verges upon that of for, but it contains less the idea of design or appropriation; as, these remarks were addressed to a large audience; let us keep this seat to ourselves; a substance sweet to the taste; an event painful to the mind; duty to God and to our parents; a dislike to spirituous liquor.
a.
Given to making objections; captious.
a.
Liable to exception or objection; objectionable.
prep.
An obsolete intensive prefix used in the formation of compound verbs; as in to-beat, to-break, to-hew, to-rend, to-tear. See these words in the Vocabulary. See the Note on All to, or All-to, under All, adv.
n.
Anticipation of objections.