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Influence of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits
Pleiotropy (from Ancient Greek πλείων (pleíōn) 'more' and τρόπος (trópos) 'turn, way, manner, style') is a condition in which a single gene or genetic
Pleiotropy
Proposed evolutionary explanation for senescence
The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis (APT) is a theory in evolutionary biology that suggests certain genes may confer beneficial effects early in an
Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis
putative cause for the broad changes seen in domestication syndrome is pleiotropy. Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated
Domestication_of_vertebrates
Drug's actions other than those for which the agent was specifically developed
In pharmacology, pleiotropy includes all of a drug's actions other than those for which the agent was specifically developed. It may include adverse effects
Drug_pleiotropy
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
Ectopia Lentis, and larger than normal aortas. Pleiotropy shares a relationship with Epistasis. While pleiotropy represents one single gene, epistasis is multiple
Dominance_(genetics)
Field of sexual orientation research
evolution such as kin selection and inclusive fitness, or antagonistic pleiotropy that favors heterozygotes causing homosexuality among homozygotes as a
Biology and sexual orientation
Biology_and_sexual_orientation
Deterioration of function with age
of mutations (evolution of ageing), disposable soma and antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis. The molecular theories of ageing include phenomena such as
Senescence
pleiotropy in the interleukin-4/13 system", Cell, 132(2):259-72. Ozaki, K; Leonard, WJ (16 August 2002). "Cytokine and cytokine receptor pleiotropy and
Cytokine_redundancy
Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
classical theories of evolution (mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and disposable soma) suggest that environmental factors, such as predation
Evolution_of_ageing
Type of genetic selection favoring one extreme phenotype
interactions or correlations among genes (pleiotropy or epistasis) and trade-offs (antagonistic pleiotropy). Such interactions would not necessarily preclude
Directional_selection
Biology of Aging exploring a view of the subject based on antagonistic pleiotropy, the hypothesis that aging is caused by genes that have two effects, one
Michael_R._Rose
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Pleiotropy Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex
Evolution
Conceptual model in genetic architecture
A very simple genotype–phenotype map that only shows additive pleiotropy effects.
Genotype–phenotype_map
Concept of eternal life
Antagonistic pleiotropy is a theory proposed as an alternative by George C. Williams, a critic of Medawar, in 1957. In antagonistic pleiotropy, genes carry
Immortality
Underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties
the distribution of allelic and mutational effects, and patterns of pleiotropy, dominance, and epistasis. There are several different experimental views
Genetic_architecture
Effort to improve purported human genetic quality
or criminality were hereditary, because these traits were subjective. Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic
Eugenics
Study designed to associate genetic variants with a large number of phenotypes
would include information about the patient's covariates. Every novel pleiotropy discovery will need further biological validation to ensure that the data-driven
Phenome-wide association study
Phenome-wide_association_study
Discipline in genetics
genome) phenomena such as epistasis (effect of one gene on another), pleiotropy (one gene affecting more than one trait), heterosis (hybrid vigour), and
Genomics
Extinct species of human
development of other typical Neanderthal traits through genetic drift or pleiotropy. The 120,000 to 140,000-year-old Israeli Nesher Ramla remains may represent
Neanderthal
Score from a test designed to assess intelligence
"Investigating cognitive transfer within the framework of music practice: genetic pleiotropy rather than causality". Developmental Science. 19 (3): 504–512. doi:10
Intelligence_quotient
Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Pleiotropy Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Medical condition
ataxia and congenital glaucoma Specialty Medical genetics Causes Suspected pleiotropy Prognosis Medium Frequency very rare, only 7 cases from a consanguineous
Combarros–Calleja–Leno syndrome
Combarros–Calleja–Leno_syndrome
function of standing genetic variation, and the covariance arises from pleiotropy and linkage disequilibrium. Although the G-matrix is one of the most relevant
Developmental_bias
Inherited neurodegenerative disorder
Advantageous Brain Early in Life: Evidence in Support of Antagonistic Pleiotropy". Annals of Neurology. 96 (5): 1006–1019. doi:10.1002/ana.27046. ISSN 0364-5134
Huntington's_disease
Statistical method in genetic epidemiology
exposure. This is known as the "exclusion restriction" or "no horizontal pleiotropy" assumption. To ensure that the first core assumption is validated, Mendelian
Mendelian_randomization
Integral of drug concentration in blood plasma over time
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)
Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Pharmacomicrobiomics
Measure of organism response to stimulus
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Dose–response_relationship
Belief that genetics explains all aspects of human behavior
many biologists. According to Affifi (2017), "With the discoveries of pleiotropy and epistasis, cracks in the reductionist paradigm emerged even before
Genetic_reductionism
Species of fish
mechanism may be direct selection, or indirect selection through antagonistic pleiotropy, rather than genetic drift and neutral mutation, the traditionally favored
Mexican_tetra
Sex of an organism that produces ovums
There is also a hypothesis that female genital evolution is the result of pleiotropy, i.e. unrelated genes that are affected by environmental conditions like
Female
Rotational self-propulsion of organisms
Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Pleiotropy Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex
Rotating locomotion in living systems
Rotating_locomotion_in_living_systems
Evolution of novel genes from non-genic DNA sequence
specification, and adaptation, probably promoted by their low level of pleiotropy. Conversely, criticism of the methodology and interpretation used to identify
De_novo_gene_birth
Non-monogamy in monogamous species
intersexually pleiotropic. Under the hypothesis of intersexual antagonistic pleiotropy, the benefit males get from EPC cancels out the negative effects of EPC
Extra-pair_copulation
Piebald Pilus PKU Plant breeding Plasmid Plastid Pleiotropic mutation Pleiotropy Pluripotency Point mutation Poisson distribution Polar body Polar mutation
Index_of_genetics_articles
Nonspecific long-lasting anxiety
GAD and depressive disorders have been suggested, ranging from genetic pleiotropy (i.e., GAD and nonbipolar depression might represent different phenotypic
Generalized_anxiety_disorder
Drug discovery by phenotypic screening
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Classical_pharmacology
Half maximal inhibitory concentration
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
IC50
Field of study
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Pharmacoepigenetics
Biological process of getting older
Such a genetic effect is called the antagonistic pleiotropy effect when referring to a gene (pleiotropy signifying the gene has a double function – enabling
Ageing
Region of non-coding DNA that regulates the transcription of neighboring genes
may bind to many CREs, and hence control the expression of many genes (pleiotropy). The Latin prefix cis means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule
Cis-regulatory_element
German zoologist (1862–1937)
became director of the Jena "Phyletisches Museum". He coined the term Pleiotropy. Plate was a proponent of what he called old-Darwinism or orthoevolution
Ludwig_Hermann_Plate
fitness. Intralocus sexual conflict can also be considered a form of pleiotropy, in which genetic variants have opposing effects on different classes
Intralocus_sexual_conflict
Proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes
the genetic influences on a different trait estimating the degree of pleiotropy or causal overlap. A genetic correlation of 0 implies that the genetic
Genetic_correlation
Longer than typical lifespan, especially of humans
is an evolutionarily vulnerable state. According to the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis, one of the reasons biological immortality is so rare is that
Longevity
Theory of aging
theory, separate from that which also supports the similar antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis, an experiment was conducted involving the breeding of successive
Mutation_accumulation_theory
Systematic study of phenotypes
phenome definitions enable researchers to better understand concepts like pleiotropy and phenotypic plasticity. Yet, the major technical challenges involve
Phenomics
Cellular mechanism
under conditions of caloric restriction. This observation supports the pleiotropy theory of the biological origins of aging, which suggests that genes conferring
DNA_repair
Theoretical drug measure in pharmacology
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Volume_of_distribution
Involution (shrinking) of the thymus after the neonatal period
for enhanced early function readily accommodates, through antagonistic pleiotropy, deleterious later occurring effects, thus potentially accounting for
Thymic_involution
Evolutionary byproduct of some other characteristic
mating and mate choice, the other is its role in social bonding." Atavism Pleiotropy, a gene that has an effect on more than one trait Vestigiality Exaptation
Spandrel_(biology)
Biochemical analysis procedure
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Ligand_binding_assay
2008 book by Jaroslav Flegr
249962108. Østman, Bjørn (13 December 2010). "Frozen Evolution book review". Pleiotropy (Blog post). Retrieved 29 April 2026. Reeve, Catherine S. (December 2010)
Frozen_Evolution
High rates of congenital deafness in white cats
warning of the appearance of a predator. Cat coat genetics Merle (dog coat) Pleiotropy Van cat Waardenburg syndrome Bosher, SK; Hallpike, CS (13 April 1965)
Congenital sensorineural deafness in cats
Congenital_sensorineural_deafness_in_cats
American evolutionary biologist (1926–2010)
the gene-centered view of evolution in the 1960s. Williams's 1957 paper Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence is one of the most
George_Christopher_Williams
Subfield of biology
Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Pleiotropy Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex
Ecological evolutionary developmental biology
Ecological_evolutionary_developmental_biology
Protein that binds to a cytokine
immunodeficiency states. In this regard, and also because the redundancy and pleiotropy of cytokines are a consequence of their homologous receptors, many authorities
Cytokine_receptor
Measure of average lifespan in a given population
1126/science.1248429. PMC 4028126. PMID 24675955. Williams G (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence". Evolution. 11 (4)
Life_expectancy
Gene variant
create further pathology. The best evidence for this proposed antagonistic pleiotropy is found in flavivirus infections. In general many viral infections are
CCR5-Δ32
Comparison of organism developmental processes
reused not by duplication and modification, but by a complex mosaic of pleiotropy, i.e., being applied unchanged in many independent developmental processes
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary_developmental_biology
Causes of death outside the individual's control
mutations accumulate with little to no selective disadvantage. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis - Because pleiotropic genes that express phenotypes that increase
Extrinsic_mortality
Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
to differences in potential fertility in women: a case of antagonistic pleiotropy?". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 282 (1803) 20142395. doi:10.1098/rspb
Apolipoprotein_E
Harmful effect resulting from a medication or other medical intervention
Nocebo Patient safety Perioperative mortality Pharmacotoxicology Placebo Pleiotropy (drugs) Polypharmacy Toxicology Edwards, I. Ralph; Aronson, Jeffrey K
Adverse_effect
American neuroscientist
methods for evaluating genetic overlap (pleiotropy) across diseases and phenotypes. These genetic pleiotropy methods have provided valuable insights across
Anders_Dale
Indian-American neuroscientist and neuroradiologist (1978–2019)
Helping develop and validate methods to quantify genetic pleiotropy. These genetic pleiotropy methods have provided valuable insights across a number of
Rahul_Desikan
Genetic disease resulting in abnormal formation or function of cilia
of ciliopathies is complex, with significant allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy, meaning the same gene may cause different disorders, while different
Ciliopathy
American cancer researcher (born 1966)
immune system, providing the first genetic evidence for lineage-specific pleiotropy in immune aging and genetic basis for heterogeneity of human aging and
Norman_Sharpless
Medical condition
Karen L. (February 2004). "Mutations of ARX are associated with striking pleiotropy and consistent genotype-phenotype correlation". Human Mutation. 23 (2):
Proud_syndrome
Gene
phenotype was caused by a single mutation. Johnson proposed a negative pleiotropy theory, in which the age-1 gene is beneficial early in life but harmful
Age-1
Population based epidemiological study
haematological parameters identifies 22 associated loci and extensive disease pleiotropy on chromosome 12q24. Nat Genetics, in press Spitzer C, Barnow S, Völzke
Study_of_Health_in_Pomerania
Branches of science that involve the scientific study of life
includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In
List_of_life_sciences
List of terms used in biology
quantity Pleiogynium timoriense, Burdekin plum, sweet plum, tulip plum; pleiotropy, (a gene) exhibiting multiple phenotypic expression All pages with titles
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names
Hypertension occurring during pregnancy
just pre-eclampsia but also an increase in BMI and hypertension. This pleiotropy is one of the reasons why these traits are considered to be a risk factor
Pre-eclampsia
Proposed biological phenomenon
syndrome because their criteria assumed it must be caused by genetic pleiotropy, and arises in response to 'selection for tameness'--as was claimed by
Domestication_syndrome
Drug discovery by identifying protein targets
(medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Reverse_pharmacology
Method of inducible gene expression
since the 19bp tet-o sequence is naturally absent from mammalian cells, pleiotropy is thought to be minimized compared to hormonal methods of control. When
Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation
Tetracycline-controlled_transcriptional_activation
Darwinian perspective that biological traits are evolved adaptations
constraints on the power of random mutation followed by natural selection. With pleiotropy, some genes control multiple traits, so that adaptation of one trait is
Adaptationism
Dependence of a gene mutation's phenotype on mutations in other genes
Fitness landscape Interactome (Genetic interaction network) Mutation Pleiotropy Quantitative trait locus Synthetic lethality Synthetic viability Neil
Epistasis
Ratio of lengths of fingers
development play an important role in affecting these multiple traits (pleiotropy). Direct effects of sex hormones on bone growth might be responsible,
Digit_ratio
Chinese scientist (1982–2020)
"Quantitative Systems Pharmacological Analysis of Drugs of Abuse Reveals the Pleiotropy of Their Targets and the Effector Role of mTORC1", Frontiers in Pharmacology
Bing_Liu_(scientist)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Hsu YH, Zhou Y, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Demissie S (2010). "Genome-wide pleiotropy of osteoporosis-related phenotypes: the Framingham Study". J. Bone Miner
COX18, cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor
COX18,_cytochrome_c_oxidase_assembly_factor
Co-occurrence of two or more diseases
between the diseases One disease resulting from complications of another Pleiotropy The factors responsible for the development of comorbidity can be chronic
Comorbidity
Speciation that occurs between geographically isolated populations
by-product of selection. Reproductive isolation has been shown to arise from pleiotropy (i.e. indirect selection acting on genes that code for more than one trait)—what
Allopatric_speciation
Model of genetic architecture of complex traits
that the authors propose that facilitates this effect is called "network pleiotropy", in which peripheral genes can affect core genes, not by having a direct
Omnigenic_model
Genetic data platform
distinguishing disease-specific from pleiotropic associations. Disease Pleiotropy Index (DPI): Indicates how broadly a gene or variant is associated across
DisGeNET
Scientific study
grow. Their analysis suggested that this decay was due to antagonistic pleiotropy, in which mutations that improved ability to grow on glucose had reduced
E. coli long-term evolution experiment
E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment
heliotropism, isentropic, isotrope, isotropic, isotropy, pleiotropic, pleiotropy, polytrope, protrepsis, protreptic, psychotropic, treponeme, treponematosis
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/P–Z
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/P–Z
Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
Templeton, A.R.; Johnson, J.S. (1982). "Life History Evolution Under Pleiotropy and K-selection in a Natural Population of Drosophila mercatorum". In
R/K_selection_theory
Ecologist and evolutionary biologist
fundamental concepts in behavioural evolution, plasticity, and genetic pleiotropy. Specifically, Sokolowski is best known for her discovery of the foraging
Marla_Sokolowski
Sub-field of gerontology
to 120, died of amytrophic lateral sclerosis at age 79. Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis Hallmarks of aging Biomarkers of aging Aging and memory Old
Biogerontology
Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humans
some involving sexual selection, others natural selection, and others pleiotropy. Richard Dawkins argued that "When you notice a characteristic of an animal
Sexual_selection_in_humans
Collection of molecular regulators
topology. This is consistent with the view that most genes have limited pleiotropy and operate within regulatory modules. This structure is thought to evolve
Gene_regulatory_network
Iron metabolism in the body
pathological in old age, which supports the notion that antagonistic pleiotropy or "hyperfunction" drives human aging. Chronic iron toxicity is usually
Human_iron_metabolism
Theory about the evolution of pathogens
selection that operates on other traits, as is the case with antagonistic pleiotropy. A potential for virulence exists whenever a pathogen invades a new environment
Optimal_virulence
colleagues put forward in 1945. 1957 George Williams proposed the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis for the explanation of the emergence of aging. 1958 Physicist
Timeline_of_aging_research
Form of dementia
"Tau and TDP-43 proteinopathies: kindred pathologic cascades and genetic pleiotropy". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy
Limbic-predominant_age-related_TDP-43_encephalopathy
Mammalian protein found in humans
An alternative theory is mTOR signaling is an example of antagonistic pleiotropy, and while high mTOR signaling is good during early life, it is maintained
MTOR
is known as a phylogeny or phylogenetic tree. phylogeny phylogeography pleiotropy The phenomenon by which one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated
Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology
heliotropism, isentropic, isotrope, isotropic, isotropy, pleiotropic, pleiotropy, polytrope, protrepsis, protreptic, psychotropic, treponeme, treponematosis
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/T
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/T
Genetic disorder in horses
and enteric nerve cells—are termed pleiotropic. The unusual instance of pleiotropy in LWS foals suggested early on that the syndrome was related to an important
Lethal_white_syndrome
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