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Groups of organisms acting for mutual benefit
In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation
Cooperation_(evolution)
1984 book by Robert Axelrod
The Evolution of Cooperation is a 1984 book written by political scientist Robert Axelrod that expands upon a paper of the same name written by Axelrod
The_Evolution_of_Cooperation
Change in the heritable characteristics of populations
level above the individual, such as group selection, may allow the evolution of cooperation. Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of allele frequencies
Evolution
Groups working or acting together
cultural evolution. Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Certain studies have suggested that fairness affects human cooperation; individuals
Cooperation
Study of the evolution of life
synthesis. These include speciation, the evolution of sexual reproduction, the evolution of cooperation, the evolution of ageing, and evolvability. Some evolutionary
Evolutionary_biology
1902 essay collection by Peter Kropotkin
History of science portal Books portal A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution and Cooperation Ethology Evolutionary anthropology List of books about anarchism
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution
Process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species
opportunity can be the loss of antagonists (competitors or predators), the evolution of a key innovation, or dispersal to a new environment. Any one of these
Adaptive_radiation
View that combines evolutionary science with theism
Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution, or alternatively called evolutionary creationism) is a view that God acts
Theistic_evolution
Expected reproductive success
alleles with higher fitness more common over time, resulting in Darwinian evolution. The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction
Fitness_(biology)
Independent evolution of similar features
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures
Convergent_evolution
Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions
Genetic_diversity
Breeding for desired characteristics
Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution ed. Bels VL, Gasc JP, Casinos A. PDF Garland, T. Jr., Rose MR, eds. (2009). Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and
Selective_breeding
Similar evolution in distinct species
Parallel evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response
Parallel_evolution
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
microevolution is evolution occurring within the population(s) of a single species. In other words, microevolution is the scale of evolution that is limited
Macroevolution
French naturalist (1744–1829)
academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. Lamarck fought
Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck
Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book
Objections_to_evolution
1996 book by Matt Ridley
(Review) L. Markoczy & J. Goldberg (1997) The virtue of human universals and cooperation: A review essay of Matt Ridley's The Origins of Virtue v t e v t e
The_Origins_of_Virtue
Technique to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged
species is mostly conditioned by the time elapsed since the lines of evolution leading to these two species originally diverged. If this is correct,
Molecular_clock
Accumulation of genetic differences
Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading
Divergent_evolution
Armoured fighting vehicle
The ASCOD 2 (Austrian Spanish Cooperation Development 2), also known as the ASCOD SV (Special Vehicle) is an evolution of the ASCOD armoured vehicle with
ASCOD_2
Eurasian multilateral security organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic and international security organisation of ten member states. It focuses
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
organisms. Such uses have become central to understanding biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and genomes. Phylogenetics is a component of systematics that
Phylogenetics
Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory
Many scientists and philosophers of science have described evolution as fact and theory, a phrase which was used as the title of an article by paleontologist
Evolution_as_fact_and_theory
S2CID 4828678. Nowak, Martin A. (December 8, 2006). "Five rules for the evolution of cooperation". Science. 314 (5805): 1560–1563. Bibcode:2006Sci...314.1560N.
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
American evolutionary biologist (born 1962)
research includes work on the evolution of cooperation, the evolution of altruism, the evolution of aggression, the evolution of culture, the process of
Lee_Dugatkin
Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location
Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region. In
Sympatric_speciation
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
their population, thus driving various species' natural selection and evolution. It is a quantitative description of the amount of change occurring in
Evolutionary_pressure
The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have proceeded in modern day Pakistan during the Eocene epoch (56–34 mya), the second epoch of the Paleogene
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Religious rejection of evolution
Recurring cultural, political, and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
Topics referred to by the same term
Cooperation: Cooperation - as used in the social sciences. Co-operation (evolution) - co-operative behaviors in biology Cooperative - economic model Microbial
Cooperation_(disambiguation)
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution: In biology, evolution is change in the heritable allele frequencies of biological
Outline_of_evolution
Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
between species, function as a major driving force behind the processes in evolution which produce speciation. In evolutionary theory, the court jester hypothesis
Court_jester_hypothesis
Standard example in game theory
prisoner's dilemma was kindled by Robert Axelrod in his 1984 book The Evolution of Cooperation, in which he reports on a tournament that he organized of the N-step
Prisoner's_dilemma
Emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution
genetic and cultural evolution. Religion likely evolved by building on morality, introducing supernatural agents to encourage cooperation and restrain selfishness
Evolution_of_morality
2011 book by Robert Axelrod
The Complexity of Cooperation, by Robert Axelrod, is the sequel to The Evolution of Cooperation. It is a compendium of seven articles that previously
The_Complexity_of_Cooperation
Evolutionary biologist
University of California, Davis, completing a thesis entitled Evolution of cooperation in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis in 2005 supervised by Robert
Toby_Kiers
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
1111/1467-8322.00022. Heylighen, Francis (1992). "Selfish Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation". Journal of Ideas. 2 (4): 77–84. Jan, Steven (2007). The Memetics
Meme
The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the
Evolution_of_mammals
1984 compilation album by various artists
" in the album title is a backronym for "Peace, Energy, Action, Cooperation, Evolution". P.E.A.C.E. features 55 hardcore punk acts from around the world
International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation
International_P.E.A.C.E._Benefit_Compilation
International cooperation organisation
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organization of seven South Asian and Southeast
BIMSTEC
Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time
points to the transition from reptile to bird are the evolution from scales to feathers, the evolution of the beak (although independently evolved in other
Evolution_of_reptiles
Mechanism favouring cooperative traits
reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. If there are repeated encounters between the same two players
Reciprocity_(evolution)
Canadian forest ecologist (born 1960)
modern proponent of cooperation The Overstory – Richard Powers' 2018 Pulitzer Prize winning novel Lynn Margulis - considered cooperation a general pattern
Suzanne_Simard
Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
observing microevolution in the wild. Typically, observable instances of evolution are examples of microevolution; for example, bacterial strains that have
Microevolution
Theory in evolutionary biology
equilibrium is commonly contrasted with phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolution generally occurs uniformly by the steady and gradual transformation of
Punctuated_equilibrium
Behavioral theory
instincts and the evolution of cooperation. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-026445-0. OCLC 38933813. Boone, James L. (1998). "The evolution of magnanimity:
Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology
Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology
Bicameral legislature of the United States
[citation needed] Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship, and periods
United_States_Congress
Study of evolution on morality or ethics
According to David Copp, for example, evolution would favor moral responses that promote social peace, harmony, and cooperation. But such qualities are precisely
Evolutionary_ethics
1859 book on evolution by Charles Darwin
diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the Beagle expedition
On_the_Origin_of_Species
Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
developmental biology, which concentrates on developmental molecular genetics and evolution to understand how natural selection operated on developmental processes
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Extended_evolutionary_synthesis
Termination of a species' lineage
include non-avian dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, and mammoths. Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation. Species become extinct
Extinction
Italian Dominican friar and philosopher (1225–1274)
Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Cooperation Christendom Christian universalism Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World
Thomas_Aquinas
Neolithic burial ground near Skhirat, Morocco
longstanding cooperation between the Moroccan and French ministries responsible for culture and research. It identified customs cooperation between the
Rouazi-Skhirat_necropolis
Abrahamic monotheistic religion
countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, North Africa (Maghreb), Gulf Cooperation Council countries, Muslim world, and Oceania. Despite a decline in adherence
Christianity
Political party
Western Europe and the Anglosphere in terms of positions on international cooperation, support for an autocratic leadership style, and trust in institutions
Republican Party (United States)
Republican_Party_(United_States)
Book by Robert Wright
Robert Wright, in which the author argues that biological evolution and cultural evolution are shaped and directed first and foremost by "non-zero-sumness"
Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
Subfield of genetics
population genetics apart from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics, is its emphasis
Population_genetics
British psychologist
who is a Professor of Evolution and Behaviour at University College London. Her research considers the evolution of cooperation in nature. She was elected
Nichola_Raihani
Country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Organization (CSTO), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Organization of Turkic States (OTS)
Kazakhstan
Measure used in population genetics
Selection coefficients are central to the quantitative description of evolution, since fitness differences determine the change in genotype frequencies
Selection_coefficient
Branch of psychology
Andy (2011). "Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans". Evolution and Human Behavior. 32 (4): 231–262. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav
Evolutionary_psychology
Individual living life form
cells upwards) came to cooperate without conflicts. They propose that cooperation should be used as the "defining trait" of an organism. This would treat
Organism
Country in West Asia
organizations, including the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, UNESCO, and a delegation of parliamentarians sit at the Parliamentary
Palestine
cooperation. Evolution 46:882-895. Bull, J. J., I. J. Molineux, and W. R. Rice. 1991. Selection for benevolence in a host-parasite system. Evolution 45:875-882
Bacteriophage experimental evolution
Bacteriophage_experimental_evolution
Intergovernmental organization
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization comprising eight sovereign states with full membership:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
Molecular evolution describes how inherited DNA and/or RNA change over evolutionary time, and the consequences of this for proteins and other components
Molecular_evolution
1925 US legal case in Tennessee
textbooks, produced in cooperation with the American Institute of Biological Sciences, which stressed the importance of evolution as the unifying principle
Scopes_trial
Order of birds
Armstrong KN (2007). "Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony". Evolution and Development. 9 (6):
Parrot
World Wide Web content existing on darknets
of goods received over the dark web. One such study was performed on Evolution, one of the most popular crypto-markets active from January 2013 to March
Dark_web
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
the fact that some habits of cooperation were found to solve certain types of problems, and that once such cooperation became more important, it forced
Reason
Country in East Africa
Non-Aligned Movement, East African Community, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. In 2026 the United Nations and the World Food Programme warned that
Somalia
Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behavior
cultural adaptation, social norms, language, and extensive help and cooperation beyond close kin. Within the tradition of evolutionary anthropology and
Behavioral_modernity
Colonial empire based in Italy (1882-1943)
Dodecanese Campaign, an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese with the cooperation of the Italian troops ended in total German victory. In China, the Imperial
Italian_Empire
Multi-sport event in Dakar, Senegal
participation registrations are being managed directly by the IOC, in close cooperation with the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and the respective sports
2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics
West uses theoretical and empirical approaches to explain the evolution of cooperation, communication, and sex ratio. With with John Krebs and Nicholas
Stuart_West
American political scientist
since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work on the evolution of cooperation. His current research interests include complexity theory (especially
Robert Axelrod (political scientist)
Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)
Ideology supporting both civil and economic liberties
the 19th century. The evolution from classical to social/welfare liberalism is for example reflected in Britain in the evolution of the thought of John
Classical_liberalism
Denomination of Protestant Christianity
salvation involves cooperation between God and man, Lutherans believe that God brings about the salvation of individuals without any cooperation on their part
Methodism
President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
Democrats were soundly defeated in the 1994 midterms, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating
Bill_Clinton
Chinese global infrastructure project
Road, which outlined the principles, framework, key areas of cooperation and cooperation mechanisms of the initiative. The BRI is considered a central
Belt_and_Road_Initiative
Continent
European Union as a potential superpower Euroregion – Transnational-cooperation structure in the European Union Financial and social rankings of sovereign
Europe
U.S. state
Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely
Alaska
Country in West Asia
dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and member of many other global organisations. The geopolitical evolution of the modern Saudi state
Saudi_Arabia
Class of animals
descended from four-limbed ancestors but have lost the limbs through evolution. Unlike the anamniotic amphibians, reptiles do not rely on waterbodies
Reptile
European political entity (800/962–1806)
of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. It depended on continuing cooperation between emperors and still relatively powerful and independent vassals
Holy_Roman_Empire
Large cat native to the Americas
"Evolution of acoustic communication signals of mammals: Friendly close-range vocalizations in Felidae (Carnivora)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 6
Jaguar
First-century Jewish preacher and religious leader
Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Cooperation Christendom Christian universalism Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World
Jesus
Country in West Asia
the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and is also a member of the United Nations, OPEC, the Arab League, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. The name
Kuwait
Evolutionary theory
did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking" (i.e., by cooperation). Christian de Duve proposed that the peroxisomes may have been the first
Symbiogenesis
Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
than cases of clinal isolation for showing that gene flow hampers the evolution of reproductive isolation. In clinal isolation, one can argue that reproductive
Parapatric_speciation
Host and associated species living as a discrete ecological unit
organic nutrients, participating in defense mechanisms, or by driving the evolution of the host. There is still some controversy surrounding these terms,
Holobiont
President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
foreign policy towards the Soviets wavered between brinkmanship and cooperation. Reagan appreciated Gorbachev's revolutionary change in the direction
Ronald_Reagan
Theory of human behavior
inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain human behavior
Dual_inheritance_theory
Christian church based in Rome
vaccine is available, since "the moral duty to avoid such passive material cooperation is not obligatory if there is a grave danger, such as the otherwise uncontainable
Catholic_Church
Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
Quantum evolution is a component of George Gaylord Simpson's multi-tempoed theory of evolution proposed to explain the rapid emergence of higher taxonomic
Quantum_evolution
Variation in support for the theory of evolution
level of support for evolution among scientists, the public, and other groups is a topic that frequently arises in the creation–evolution controversy, and
Level of support for evolution
Level_of_support_for_evolution
Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological
Introduction_to_evolution
Electors of the U.S. president and vice president
on this original intention, a U.S. Senate report in 1826 critiqued the evolution of the system: It was the intention of the Constitution that these electors
United States Electoral College
United_States_Electoral_College
Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Cooperation Christendom Christian universalism Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World
Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus
American multinational technology conglomerate
2017. Neal, Ryan W. (July 11, 2013). "Snowden Reveals Microsoft PRISM Cooperation: Helped NSA Decrypt Emails, Chats, Skype Conversations". International
Microsoft
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