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Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
Evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure is exerted by factors that reduce or increase reproductive success in a portion of a population
Evolutionary_pressure
Island off the coast of Brazil
ocean levels disconnected the island from the mainland. The ensuing evolutionary pressure allowed the snakes to adapt to their new environment, increasing
Ilha_da_Queimada_Grande
Diversity and variations in ecosystems
deciduous forests all are formed as a result of evolutionary pressures. Even seemingly small evolutionary interactions can have large impacts on the diversity
Ecosystem_diversity
Concept in epidemiology
be necessary regardless of sex. Herd immunity itself acts as an evolutionary pressure on pathogens, influencing viral evolution by encouraging the production
Herd_immunity
Hypothesis about human childbirth
difference is due to the biological trade-off imposed by two opposing evolutionary pressures in the development of the human pelvis: smaller birth canals in
Obstetrical_dilemma
The large canine teeth of a chimpanzee in Kibale. The main evolutionary pressure behind male chimpanzees' canine tooth size is socio-behavioral: displays
Ngogo_chimpanzee_war
Locally adapted variety of a species
area to breed feral populations that form new landraces through evolutionary pressure. There are differences between authoritative sources on the specific
Landrace
Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms
cephalothorax across disparate decapod species suggest similar evolutionary pressures. Some occurrences of carcinisation are derived from convergent but
Carcinisation
extant aquatic organisms possess homogeneous lenses; presumably the evolutionary pressure for a heterogeneous lens is great enough for this stage to be quickly
Eye
Plant adapted to tolerate fire
amber specimens. These indicate that frequent fires have exerted an evolutionary pressure on flowering plants ever since their origins in the Cretaceous,
Pyrophyte
Application of natural systems to technology
between lifeforms and manufactured objects is desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces living organisms—fauna and flora—to become optimized
Bionics
of the evolutionary pressures placed on the lysogenic virus as a result of its inability to enter into the lytic cycle. This selective pressure resulted
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Similar evolution in distinct species
related, but share a similar original trait in response to similar evolutionary pressure. Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features
Parallel_evolution
The evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory is a conceptual framework which seeks to explain trends in violent and criminal behavior from an evolutionary
Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory
Evolutionary_neuroandrogenic_theory
shared evolutionary attribute, as both animals and plants share a huge amount of homology between their pathways. The third is that there is evolutionary pressure
Xenohormesis
Change in a genome
In any case, the genome instability ("genome shock") acts as an evolutionary pressure to coax the genome back to a (functionally) diploid state, both
Diploidization
Aspect of T-cell interactions
The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of evolutionary pressure favoring T cell receptors that are capable of binding to MHC. The
MHC_restriction
demonstrating that around 1.2 million years ago there was a strong evolutionary pressure which acted on the development of dark skin pigmentation in early
Human_skin_color
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
reproduction Evolutionary arms race – Concept in Evolution Evolutionary capacitance – Evolutionary biology hypothesis Evolutionary fauna Evolutionary pressure –
Outline_of_evolution
Cheating, adultery, or having an affair
beyond actual gender and evolutionary pressures associated with each. There is currently debate in the field of evolutionary psychology whether an innate
Infidelity
Human evolution hypothesis
enhancing their competitive edge in acquiring prey. Consequently, these evolutionary pressures have led to the prominence of endurance running as a primary factor
Endurance_running_hypothesis
Concept in fiction or futuristic applications
pleasure. Wireheading is so powerful and easy that it becomes an evolutionary pressure, selecting against that portion of humanity without self-control
Wirehead_(science_fiction)
Transfer of substances by passing through space between cells
the intestine. This has been hypothesized to compensate for an evolutionary pressure to reduce mass in flying animals, which resulted in a reduction
Paracellular_transport
Agonistic behaviors
display, color changes, and flared gills. Aggression is an important evolutionary pressure that increases an individual's access to resources while reducing
Fish_aggression
Form of collective animal behaviour
form cooperative societies. Sociality is a survival response to evolutionary pressures. For example, when a mother wasp stays near her larvae in the nest
Sociality
Origin and diversification of primates through geologic time
The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 57-90 million years. One of the oldest known primate-like mammal species, Plesiadapis, came
Evolution_of_primates
Plant considered undesirable in a particular place or situation
continue and develop, weeds evolve further, with humans exerting evolutionary pressure upon weeds through manipulating their habitat and attempting to
Weed
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Mendelian inheritance and population genetics to give rise to modern evolutionary theory. In this synthesis the basis for heredity is in DNA molecules
Evolution
Muscle of the upper limb
is no apparent evolutionary pressure (positive or negative) concerning the muscle, it has remained largely unaffected by evolutionary processes. Palmaris
Palmaris_longus_muscle
Having no mechanism to prevent desiccation
exchange and limited water loss. This provided strong selective evolutionary pressure towards individuals that were the most energy efficient. Two major
Poikilohydry
Group of crustaceans
other animals. The evolutionary palaeobiologist Matthew Wills comments that all the crabs are decapods, and the evolutionary pressures apply in a marine
Crab
Scientific theory in vertebrate development
g., better locomotion). The evolutionary pressure decreases with better symmetry. According to de Lussanet, the pressure decreases as a body part is less
Axial_twist_theory
Concept in educational psychology
collaboration as a tool for success. Meyer used the concepts of Cognitive Evolutionary Pressure and Cognitive Empathetic Resonance to provide a theoretical underpinning
Zone_of_proximal_development
Evolutionary process
it is the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Secondly,
Adaptation
Family of birds
morphological, but slow genetic evolution, which would require a very high evolutionary pressure, coupled with a long lifespan and slow reproduction. The earliest
Auk
Aspect of animal behaviour and morphology
methods of camouflage are employed in nature. There is a strong evolutionary pressure for prey animals to avoid predators through camouflage, and for
Crypsis
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
are theorized to be hardwired for loss aversion due to asymmetric evolutionary pressure on losses and gains: "for an organism operating close to the edge
Loss_aversion
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
is fully expanded and functional. Flowering plants usually face evolutionary pressure to optimise the transfer of their pollen, and this is typically
Flower
Reproductive process
decreased chances of producing offspring. Sperm competition is an evolutionary pressure on males, and has led to the development of adaptations to increase
Sperm_competition
Severity of disease pathogens on its host
the pathogen that help make the host ill—and ultimate causes—the evolutionary pressures that lead to virulent traits occurring in a pathogen strain. The
Virulence
Class of extinct, Paleozoic arthropods
change in lifestyle during development has significance in terms of evolutionary pressure, as the trilobite could pass through several ecological niches on
Trilobite
Optimizing use of antimicrobials
used, whether or not that use is justified, it applies selective evolutionary pressure to microbial populations which can result in acquired antimicrobial
Antimicrobial_stewardship
coupling analysis). Such a direct relationship can for example be the evolutionary pressure for two positions to maintain mutual compatibility in the biomolecular
Direct_coupling_analysis
Chemical compound
allows insects to bite them more easily. It has been proposed that evolutionary pressure selected for the behavior of rubbing these plants because of their
Nepetalactone
Growth of a plant in response to a water stimulus
the amount of water readily available to the plants. Thus, strong evolutionary pressure was put on the ability to find more water. Plants recognize water
Hydrotropism
Genetic diversity in human populations
African, south European, Arabian, and Indian populations, due to the evolutionary pressure from mosquitos carrying malaria in these regions. New findings show
Human_genetic_variation
Species of carnivorous plant
longitudinally. Once adequately "wrapped", escape would be more difficult. Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time, in a manner
Venus_flytrap
Species of spider in the family Theridiidae
this unnamed Theridion species may have evolved under similar evolutionary pressures as T. grallator. Despite some variations in the bodily appearance
Theridion_grallator
Branch of psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks
Evolutionary_psychology
Archaic human species from 2.4 to 1.65 mya
hypotheses regarding this are: meat is energy- and nutrient-rich and put evolutionary pressure on developing enhanced cognitive skills to facilitate strategic
Homo_habilis
Biological entity that causes disease in its host
antibiotics, such as prematurely ended prescriptions exposing bacteria to evolutionary pressure under sublethal doses, some bacterial pathogens have developed antibiotic
Pathogen
Class of mollusks
Competitive pressure from fish is thought to have forced the shelled forms into deeper water, which provided an evolutionary pressure towards shell
Cephalopod
Extinct genus of Cambrian radiodont
innards. This behaviour was originally thought to have provided an evolutionary pressure for trilobites to roll up, to avoid being flexed until they snapped
Anomalocaris
atmospheric oxygen concentration exceeds about 3%. It is possible that evolutionary pressure associated with the great oxidation event resulted in the development
Protochlorophyllide_reductase
Coexistence of different taxa in the same environment
mechanism may lead to sympatric speciation within a shared habitat. Evolutionary pressure Ring species Selection Pieris oleracea Futuyma 2009, pp. 448, G-9
Sympatry
Concept in Evolution
In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary arms race is an ongoing struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes, phenotypic and behavioral traits
Evolutionary_arms_race
major radiation events that mark diversification and speciation in the evolutionary history of Cetacea. The first occurred around the middle Eocene (40 Mya)
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Extinct species of shark
evolutionary convergence, which is when two unrelated groups or species develop similar appearances and anatomy due to similar evolutionary pressures
Otodus_obliquus
Hypothetical event
would be powerless to stop them. Alternatively, AIs developed under evolutionary pressure to promote their own survival could outcompete humanity. Bostrom
Technological_singularity
Humans falling in love with artificial entities
Research has suggested that humans evolved social bonds as a result of evolutionary pressures that favored cooperation, information exchange and transmission
Artificial_intimacy
Capability to tell about things not present
have been the evolutionary pressure leading to language development in humans, as outlined by Derek Bickerton in Adam's Tongue. The pressure of such need
Displacement_(linguistics)
Type of chemical used to kill unwanted plants
well as the strong evolutionary pressure on the affected weeds. Three agricultural practices account for the evolutionary pressure upon weeds to evolve
Herbicide
Origin and variation of colour vision across various lineages through geologic time
by the mechanism of gene duplication, being under unusually high evolutionary pressure to develop color vision better than the mammalian standard. Ability
Evolution_of_color_vision
Theory of human search behavior
finally stop the search. Although human cognition is not a result of evolutionary pressure to improve Web use, survival-related traits to respond quickly on
Information_foraging
Origin and diversification of cephalopods through geologic time
thought that competitive pressure from fish forced the shelled forms into deeper water, which provided an evolutionary pressure towards shell loss and gave
Evolution_of_cephalopods
Rift lake in East-Central Africa
the result of the highly diverse habitats in Lake Tanganyika and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and, in particular, Platythelphusa crabs
Lake_Tanganyika
Evolutionary process
Researchers have suggested that early hominins were thus under evolutionary pressure to increase their capacity to create and use tools. Precisely when
Human_evolution
Species of amphibian
vulnerable to predators, but there has likely been little direct evolutionary pressure to lose it because of their toxicity. Polka-dot tree frog (Hypsiboas
Pumpkin_toadlet
Biological phenomena found in some species
light on the complex interplay between hormones, behavior, and evolutionary pressures shaping sex-specific traits. The fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), a carnivorous
Transient_masculinization
Subspecies of the giant panda
microbial composition, though it also raises questions about the evolutionary pressures that have shaped these adaptations. "Panda Qi Zai: The Only Brown
Qinling_panda
Solution concept in game theory
strategies, will emerge in response to selective pressures resulting from environmental change). Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Evolutionarily_stable_strategy
British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (1907–1990)
the mechanisms underlying an infant's tie emerged as a result of evolutionary pressure. "Bowlby realised that he had to develop a new theory of motivation
John_Bowlby
Chemical compound
tissue of the nose. The involvement with sperm chemotaxis causes an evolutionary pressure for males (sexual selection) that causes them to have more OR1D2
Bourgeonal
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
it encapsulates that key unit of inherited expression subject to evolutionary pressures. To illustrate, she notes evolution selects for the gene for features
Meme
interference in the life-cycles of prey animals intensified, the evolutionary pressures for a lack of aggression would have led to an acquisition of the
Domestication_of_vertebrates
Infectious disease
in the antigen's (HA or NA) gene. This can occur in response to evolutionary pressure exerted by the host immune response. Antigenic drift is especially
Influenza
Influencing peers to conform
Peer pressure is a direct or indirect influence on peers, i.e., members of social groups with similar interests and experiences, or social statuses. Members
Peer_pressure
Archaeological theory
constant warfare and rivalry in Europe meant there was extreme evolutionary pressure for developing these ideas for military and economic advantage,
Cultural_diffusion
Loss and regain of color vision during the evolution of primates
have been maintained. There exist several theories for the main evolutionary pressure that caused primates to evolve trichromatic color vision, namely
Evolution of color vision in primates
Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates
Biological evolution of Homo sapiens from 50,000 years ago until present
Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation, sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift within Homo sapiens populations, since their
Recent_human_evolution
Extinct hominin from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa
hypotheses regarding this are: meat is energy- and nutrient-rich and put evolutionary pressure on developing enhanced cognitive skills to facilitate strategic
Homo_rudolfensis
Social system with male rule
resources that can help her and her offspring, which in turn causes an evolutionary pressure on males to be competitive with each other in order to gain resources
Patriarchy
Each side of the forebrain represents the opposite side of the body
strong integration in external body structures, so there is no evolutionary pressure to make them turn in a similar way. Rather, these organs retain
Contralateral_brain
Hormones and neuropeptides
(2): 49–56. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. PMID 22578954. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic
Endorphins
Form of artificial intelligence
or neuro-evolution, is a form of artificial intelligence that uses evolutionary algorithms to generate artificial neural networks (ANN), parameters,
Neuroevolution
Paired internal organ in vertebrates
The mesonephros is the final kidney in amphibians and most fish. Evolutionary pressure and the need to regulate body fluid homeostasis have led to pre-adaptation
Kidney_(vertebrates)
Consumption of one's own offspring
environment, it is a way to recoup reproductive investment. It puts evolutionary pressure on offspring to make the offspring develop quicker. It may increase
Filial_cannibalism
Brain structure in the occipital lobe
The evolutionary expansion in humans of the areas in front of the lunate sulcus would have caused a shift in the location of the fissure. Evolutionary pressures
Lunate_sulcus
Currently disadvantageous part of the genome
Evolutionary baggage is the part of the genome of a population that was advantageous in past individuals but is disadvantageous under the pressures exerted
Evolutionary_baggage
2006 book by Richard Lynn
argues that racial differences in brain size indicates different evolutionary pressure on intelligence. Mackintosh argues that the cranial capacity of
Race Differences in Intelligence (book)
Race_Differences_in_Intelligence_(book)
Theories attempting to explain sexual violence
socioeconomics, anger, power, sadism, traits, ethical standards, laws, and evolutionary pressures. Most of the research on the causes of sexual violence has focused
Causes_of_sexual_violence
seminal fluid. Since non-reproductive proteins do not feel the same evolutionary pressure as Acps, they are not evolving nearly as quickly. Consistent with
Sexual antagonistic coevolution
Sexual_antagonistic_coevolution
changes in a trait affect fitness helps evolutionary biologists understand the nature of evolutionary pressures on a population. In a population, heritable
Selection_gradient
Causal relationship in philosophy
species may find itself under evolutionary pressure to adjust to novel circumstances—which is a form of downward pressure for adjustment. Similarly, an
Downward_causation
Selection is a genetic operator in an evolutionary algorithm (EA). An EA is a metaheuristic inspired by biological evolution and aims to solve challenging
Selection (evolutionary algorithm)
Selection_(evolutionary_algorithm)
Biological differences between men and women in human relationships
between biological factors (including hormones, brain structure, and evolutionary pressures), psychological development, and sociocultural influences. The nature
Sexual dimorphism in human bonding
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_bonding
Plant immunological decoy protein
from otherwise adapting to effectors - thus possibly dumping that evolutionary pressure onto the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors guarding
AvrPphB_SUSCEPTIBLE_1
San Francisco Bay Area–based author and futurist
further argued that the problem will diminish as human needs exert evolutionary pressure of their own to cause the algorithms to improve. The two articles
Jamais_Cascio
Two rules about the percentage of A, C, G, and T in DNA strands
entropy principle alone, rather than from biological or environmental evolutionary pressure. The following table is a representative sample of Erwin Chargaff's
Chargaff's_rules
Art generated by an iterated process
Evolutionary art is a branch of generative art, in which the artist does not do the work of constructing the artwork, but rather lets a system do the construction
Evolutionary_art
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