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Mechanism favouring cooperative traits
Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability
Reciprocity_(evolution)
Principle of treating others reciprocally
would want to be treated by them. It is sometimes called an ethics of reciprocity, meaning that one should reciprocate to others how one would like them
Golden_Rule
Form of behaviour between organisms
1987, Trivers presented at a symposium on reciprocity, noting that he initially titled his article "The Evolution of Delayed Return Altruism," but reviewer
Reciprocal_altruism
Topics referred to by the same term
informal exchange of goods and labour Reciprocity (evolution), mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation Reciprocity (international relations), principle
Reciprocity
Social norm of reciprocating actions
In social psychology, reciprocity is a social norm of responding to an action executed by another person with a similar or equivalent action. This typically
Reciprocity (social psychology)
Reciprocity_(social_psychology)
Concern for the well-being of others
threatens the entire ingroup. Reciprocal altruism. See also Reciprocity (evolution). Direct reciprocity. Research shows that it can be beneficial to help others
Altruism
1984 book by Robert Axelrod
Cohen, Michael D.; Axelrod, Robert (23 November 2001), "Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity" (PDF), Nature, 414 (6862): 441–43, Bibcode:2001Natur
The_Evolution_of_Cooperation
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
altruism – Form of behaviour between organisms Reciprocity (evolution) – Mechanism favouring cooperative traits Evolution of ageing – Study of the evolutionary
Outline_of_evolution
Strong reciprocity is an area of research in behavioral economics, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary anthropology on the predisposition to cooperate
Strong_reciprocity
Repayment in kind
The norm of reciprocity requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond
Norm_of_reciprocity
American economist (1940–2023)
published in 1976. Their book, A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and its Evolution was published by Princeton University Press in 2011. Gintis
Herbert_Gintis
Type of social exchange
altruism Reciprocity (cultural anthropology) Reciprocity (social and political philosophy) Reciprocity (social psychology) Reciprocity (evolution) Social
Generalized_exchange
1902 essay collection by Peter Kropotkin
1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution
Taiwanese engineer
refereed papers, 250 patents, and 10 books, including the following: "Reciprocity, Evolution, and Decision Games in Network and Data Science", Cambridge University
K._J._Ray_Liu
Expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others
paying it back to the original benefactor. It is also called serial reciprocity. The concept is old, but the particular phrase may have been coined by
Pay_it_forward
Emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution
evolutionary roots of human morality through shared traits like empathy, reciprocity, and fairness, suggesting that moral behavior developed to promote cooperation
Evolution_of_morality
Concept in philosophy
The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways—responding to gifts and kindnesses from others
Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)
Reciprocity_(social_and_political_philosophy)
Networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society
understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity. Some have described it as a form of capital that produces public goods
Social_capital
Relationship between language and human evolution
expectation of reciprocity to anyone who will listen. Gossip, according to Robin Dunbar in his book Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, language
Origin_of_language
Branch of psychology
help explain the evolution of altruistic behavior, including evolutionary game theory, tit-for-tat reciprocity, and generalized reciprocity. These theories
Evolutionary_psychology
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
several to many species may evolve a trait or a group of traits in reciprocity with a set of traits in another species, as has happened between the
Coevolution
Behaviour that increases the fitness of another while decreasing the fitness of self
reciprocity. A monkey will present its back to another monkey, who will pick out parasites; after a time the roles will be reversed. Such reciprocity
Altruism_(biology)
Tall African hoofed mammal
Brandlová, K.; Pluháček, J. (2021). "Further behavioural parameters support reciprocity and milk theft as explanations for giraffe allonursing". Scientific Reports
Giraffe
Groups working or acting together
mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation have been suggested: (i) kin selection, (ii) direct reciprocity, (iii) indirect reciprocity, (iv) spatial structure
Cooperation
Emergence of religious behavior discussed in terms of natural evolution
cooperation and mutual aid, sympathy and empathy, direct and indirect reciprocity, altruism and reciprocal altruism, conflict resolution and peacemaking
Evolutionary origin of religion
Evolutionary_origin_of_religion
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaOne, CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Computer_network
Ability to understand or feel what another is feeling
studied by evolutionary game theory. In game theoretical models, indirect reciprocity refers to the mechanism of cooperation based on moral reputations that
Empathy
In-group aid, with out-group hostility
to receive a reciprocal benefit from another individual (the norm of reciprocity). Cultural and societal norms significantly influence altruistic behavior
Parochial_altruism
Order of flying mammals
Wilkinson, G. S. D. (2013). "Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity?". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 6 (6) e25783. doi:10.4161/cib
Bat
Groups of organisms acting for mutual benefit
explained below, direct benefits encompass by-product benefits and enforced reciprocity, while indirect benefits (kin selection) encompass limited dispersal
Cooperation_(evolution)
Strong, positive emotional/mental states
the king and so forth. Central to the concept of ren is the notion of reciprocity and empathetic understanding. It is often interpreted as akin to love
Love
Behavioral theory
7.2009.4.1. ISSN 1789-2082. André, Jean‐Baptiste (2010). "The Evolution of Reciprocity: Social Types or Social Incentives?". The American Naturalist.
Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology
Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology
Parenting not done by the birth parents
reciprocal allonursing and form 'nursery' herds, and vampire bats who display reciprocity in food sharing. Babysitting females are frequently observed in primate
Alloparenting
2006 book by Francis Collins
from animals. The Moral Law includes altruism, which is more than just reciprocity ("You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours"). His second argument
The_Language_of_God
Religious tenet
The Rule of Three has been compared by Karl Lembke to other ethics of reciprocity, such as the concept of karma in Dharmic religions and the Golden Rule
Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)
In network science, reciprocity is a measure of the likelihood of vertices in a directed network to be mutually linked. Like the clustering coefficient
Reciprocity_(network_science)
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
trust, by risking some amount of money, in the belief that there will be reciprocity. The Cournot competition model involves players choosing quantity of
Game_theory
Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
ISBN 978-0-14-012495-8. Nowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl (2005). "Evolution of indirect reciprocity" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7063): 1293–1295. Bibcode:2005Natur.437
Evolutionary_game_theory
Generalization theory explaining social behaviour regarding society and economics
different types of reciprocity: Reciprocity as a transactional pattern of interdependent exchanges Reciprocity as a folk belief Reciprocity as a moral norm
Social_exchange_theory
Mode of exchange where valuables are given without rewards
giving a gift in a gift culture; although there is some expectation of reciprocity, gifts are not given in an explicit exchange of goods or services for
Gift_economy
Aspect of sociology and behavior
Evolution ″for the good of the group″. American Scientist, 96 (5): pp. 380–389. Nowak, M. & Sigmund, K. (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature
Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans
Approximate nearest neighbor search algorithm
Community structure Percolation Evolution Controllability Graph drawing Social capital Link analysis Optimization Reciprocity Closure Homophily Transitivity
Hierarchical navigable small world
Hierarchical_navigable_small_world
Distinct figure or entity
ever-changing, impermanent universe (see Interdependence, Nondualism, Reciprocity). Empiricists such as Ibn Tufail in early 12th century Islamic Spain
Individual
Subfamily of bats
of the colony. For equally familiar bats, the predictive capacity of reciprocity surpasses that of relatedness. This finding suggests that vampire bats
Vampire_bat
Invisible image produced by the exposure of a photosensitive material to light
reciprocity failure. They are both related to poor efficiency of utilizing photoelectrons to create latent image centers. High-intensity reciprocity failure
Latent_image
Standard example in game theory
(2003). Why is reciprocity so rare in social animals? A protestant appeal. In: P. Hammerstein, Editor, Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation,
Prisoner's_dilemma
Feeling attraction based on the other's affection
Reciprocal liking, also known as reciprocity of attraction, is the act of a person feeling an attraction to someone only upon learning or becoming aware
Reciprocal_liking
Primary sexual organ of male animals
(Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): hypodermic injection, sperm transfer and balanced reciprocity". Frontiers in Zoology. 4 17. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-17. PMC 1934903
Penis
Theory of perception and cognition biases
explains how underperception occurs in men as a means of face-saving, reciprocity reflects a real shift in the level of interest in a partner as a result
Error_management_theory
Genus of Asian apes
orangutans at the Leipzig Zoo showed orangutans may practise "calculated reciprocity", which involves an individual aiding another with the expectation of
Orangutan
Distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
of genetically risky behaviour such as inbreeding. The phenomenon of reciprocity in nature is seen by evolutionary biologists as one way to begin to understand
Morality
Fraternal service movement
established in 1858. Odd Fellows promote philanthropy, the ethic of reciprocity and charity; some grand lodges imply a Judeo-Christian affiliation. The
Odd_Fellows
1944 book by Karl Polanyi
mentalities have been changed. Prior to this, people based their economies on reciprocity and redistribution across personal and communal relationships. As a consequence
The Great Transformation (book)
The_Great_Transformation_(book)
Highest level of animal sociality a species can attain
for the Study of Social Insects Patterns of self-organization in ants Reciprocity (social psychology) Stigmergy Ant colony optimization (ACO) Bee colony
Eusociality
Website, browser, or other software settings
remain unchanged throughout time. Companies can enforce a principle of reciprocity (PoR) where users have to decide what information they are willing to
Privacy_settings
Standard hostname for a networked device's loopback interface
Community structure Percolation Evolution Controllability Graph drawing Social capital Link analysis Optimization Reciprocity Closure Homophily Transitivity
Localhost
Austrian-born scientist (born 1965)
source needed] Nowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl (June 1998). "Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring". Nature. 393 (6685): 573–577. Bibcode:1998Natur
Martin_Nowak
Social structure made up of a set of social actors
(e.g. multiplexity, strength), social equality, and tendencies toward reciprocity/mutuality. Triadic level: Add one individual to a dyad, and you have
Social_network
revenue period (ca. 1790–1860), a restriction period (1861–1933) and a reciprocity period (from 1934 onwards). In the first period, from 1790 to 1860, average
History of tariffs in the United States
History_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States
Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies
compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic anthropology remains
Anthropology
Human tendency to care about social outcomes
psychology. Types of social preferences include altruism, fairness, reciprocity, and inequity aversion. The field of economics originally assumed that
Social_preferences
Idea that humans innately seek connections with the natural world
Diving into the term philia, or friendship, Aristotle evokes the idea of reciprocity and how friendships are beneficial to both parties in more than just
Biophilia_hypothesis
Species of great ape
Chicago Press. pp. 421–429. ISBN 978-0-226-76716-1. Watts, D. P. (2001). "Reciprocity and interchange in the social relationships of wild male chimpanzees"
Chimpanzee
Clade of primates endemic to the island of Madagascar
2003, pp. 1221–1228. Eberle, M.; Kappeler, P. M. (2008). "Mutualism, reciprocity, or kin selection? Cooperative rescue of a conspecific from a boa in
Lemur
Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures
benefit both the actor and the recipient of the behavior. This includes reciprocity, in which the recipient of cooperative behavior repays the actor later
Behavioral_ecology
Intent to benefit others
such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness; or altruism, though
Prosocial_behavior
Psychoanalytic concept
the body, which is always characterized by illusions of similarity and reciprocity, but also to the relation between the Imaginary and the Real. The visual
Mirror_stage
Species of Australian bird
native to southern and eastern Australia and is an example of convergent evolution as it is only distantly related to the European choughs that it closely
White-winged_chough
help explain the evolution of altruistic behavior, including evolutionary game theory, tit-for-tat reciprocity, and generalized reciprocity. These theories
Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology
Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology
Contemporary musical subculture
Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, and again in 1999. Throughout the evolution of the goth subculture, classic Romantic, Gothic and horror literature
Goth_subculture
"Mechanisms of reciprocity in primates: testing for short-term contingency of grooming and food sharing in bonobos and chimpanzees" (PDF). Evolution and Human
Evolutionary models of food sharing
Evolutionary_models_of_food_sharing
theories on network evolution which focus on network properties. It is often assumed that nodes are identical and the evolution of networks is determined
Network_homophily
Attack on a predator by prey species
Bibcode:2000Ethol.106..385A. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.2000.00545.x. Interspecific reciprocity explains mobbing behaviour of the breeding chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs[dead
Mobbing_(animal_behavior)
Province of Canada
market. These industries were then bolstered by the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, and demand from the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865
New_Brunswick
Consumption of a mother by her offspring
which are influenced by moral virtues such as rationality, trust, and reciprocity. Agelena labyrinthica Amaurobius ferox Cheiracanthium japonicum Seothyra
Matriphagy
Measure of evolutionary success
the primary mechanisms underlying the evolution of altruistic behaviour, alongside the less prevalent reciprocity (see also reciprocal altruism), and to
Inclusive_fitness
Study of graphs as a representation of relations between discrete objects
for spatial networks have been developed. Other networks emphasise the evolution over time of systems of nodes and their interconnections. Temporal networks
Network_theory
Method of generating random small-world graphs
Community structure Percolation Evolution Controllability Graph drawing Social capital Link analysis Optimization Reciprocity Closure Homophily Transitivity
Watts–Strogatz_model
American politician (born 1952)
introduced the "Constitutional Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act". The bill would provide interstate reciprocity for persons with concealed weapons permits
John_Cornyn
Personality disorder
ISBN 978-1-58562-204-7. Hughes JM (2004). From obstacle to ally: the evolution of psychoanalytic practice. New York: Brunner-Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-58391-890-6
Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic_personality_disorder
Theory in evolutionary biology
in which delayed reciprocity is not a viable explanation. Instances that are particularly inconsistent with the delayed reciprocity hypothesis are those
Signalling_theory
Informal understanding of acceptable conduct
Heteronormativity Ideal (ethics) Ideology Morality Mores Norm (philosophy) Norm of reciprocity Normality (behavior) Normalization (sociology) Other (philosophy) Philosophical
Social_norm
Analysis of social structures using network and graph theory
also comprise overlap of positive and negative network ties. Mutuality/Reciprocity: The extent to which two actors reciprocate each other's friendship or
Social_network_analysis
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
correct electron chromatic aberration. The optical reciprocity theorem, or principle of Helmholtz reciprocity, generally holds true for elastically scattered
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Family of Unix-like operating systems
software licenses are based on the principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft
Linux
Portrayal of sexual subject matter
25 May 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023. Weiss, Robert (2 July 2020). "The Evolution of Pornography". Psychology Today. Retrieved 14 October 2022. Zook, Matthew
Pornography
Primary antagonist in the Hindu epic Ramayana
2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. Doniger, Wendy (1993). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and transformation in Hindu and Jaina texts. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791413814
Ravana
Sub-field of reinforcement learning
learning evaluates and quantifies social metrics, such as cooperation, reciprocity, equity, social influence, language and discrimination. Similarly to
Multi-agent reinforcement learning
Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning
Concept of love without conditions
another, regardless of their actions and without the expectation of reciprocity. Moving beyond mere emotional affection, the concept is analyzed through
Unconditional_love
Type of biological inheritance
genotype and phenotype showing the dominant trait. This uniformity rule or reciprocity rule applies to all individuals of the F1-generation. The principle of
Mendelian_inheritance
Interpersonal communication theory
self-disclosure, a process by factors such as uncertainty reduction, disclosure reciprocity, and the assessment of rewards and cost, while also considering potential
Social_penetration_theory
1941 Japanese attack on the US
the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war (in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange).[page needed] The United States instead adopted "Plan
Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor
Network with non-trivial topological features
structure. In the case of directed networks these features also include reciprocity, triad significance profile and other features. In contrast, many of
Complex_network
Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; first French
List of prime ministers of Canada
List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada
satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and quadratic reciprocity law. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean
History_of_mathematics
Buddhist day of observance
express communal commitment through millennia-old acts of lay-monastic reciprocity. On these days, the lay followers make a conscious effort to keep the
Uposatha
Love madness or intense infatuation
average.) Normally then, limerence diminishes inside a relationship, with reciprocity. Desire fades because of a habituation effect on dopamine activity: as
Limerence
Term in evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology
N. (1984). "The evolution of cooperative breeding by delayed reciprocity and queuing for favorable social positions" (PDF). Evolution. 38 (3): 609–621
Helpers_at_the_nest
Genus of carnivores
Washington, D.C. Russell, J.K. (1983). Altruisim in coati bands: Nepotism or reciprocity? In: Wasser, S. (ed). Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates. Academic
Nasua
When a state violates international laws to punish another state which already broke them
events of World War II can be seen through either the prism of negative reciprocity or the prism of reprisal. If the latter, "the rules also required that
Reprisal
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
Boy/Male
Tamil
Avirbhav | அவிரà¯à®ªà®¾à®µ
The exact meaning of this name would be evolution also can mean progress
Avirbhav | அவிரà¯à®ªà®¾à®µ
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Creation; Evolution; Construction
Boy/Male
Hindu
The exact meaning of this name would be evolution also can mean progress
Boy/Male
Celebrity, Hindu, Indian
Creator of the Universe; Growth; Evolution; Similar to Brahma
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Evolution; Progress
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Telugu
Creator of the Universe; Growth; Evolution
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Devote Flower to God; Flower Offering
Male
Greek
(Παιάν) Variant spelling of Greek Paion, PAIAN means "healer."Â
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Softness tenderness
Boy/Male
Hindu
The Buddha, Title of the Buddha
Girl/Female
Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Prosper; Wealth; Goddess
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Oriya
Sky
Girl/Female
Muslim
Close friend
Boy/Male
Arabic, Christian, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Parsi
Smart; Toothy; Spear
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hritvi | ஹà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à®µà¯€Â
Right guidance, Happy, Scholar, Lady indian priest who full fill particularly completing the vedic haven
Girl/Female
Indian
Joyful, Happy, One who gives happiness
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
RECIPROCITY EVOLUTION
v. t.
To give and return mutually; to make return for; to give in return; to interchange; to alternate; as, to reciprocate favors.
v. i.
To move forward and backward alternately; to recur in vicissitude; to act interchangeably; to alternate.
a.
Relating to evolution; as, evolutionary discussions.
n.
The quality or condition of being reciprocal; reciprocalness.
n.
Evolution of one's self; development by inherent quality or power.
n.
The act of unfolding or unrolling; hence, in the process of growth; development; as, the evolution of a flower from a bud, or an animal from the egg.
n.
Reciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights; reciprocation.
n.
Mutual action and reaction.
n.
the doctrine of design, which assumes that the phenomena of organic life, particularly those of evolution, are explicable only by purposive causes, and that they in no way admit of a mechanical explanation or one based entirely on biological science; the doctrine of adaptation to purpose.
n.
One skilled in evolutions.
n.
That part of biology which relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Reciprocate
n.
A colony or mass of bacteria imbedded in a viscous gelatinous substance. The zoogloea is characteristic of a transitory stage through which rapidly multiplying bacteria pass in the course of their evolution. Also used adjectively.
imp. & p. p.
of Reciprocate
n.
The science and art of disposing military and naval forces in order for battle, and performing military and naval evolutions. It is divided into grand tactics, or the tactics of battles, and elementary tactics, or the tactics of instruction.
n.
one who holds the doctrine of evolution, either in biology or in metaphysics.
v. t.
To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as, to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services.
n.
Reciprocity of consideration.
a.
Relating to evolution.
n.
The theory of, or belief in, evolution. See Evolution, 6 and 7.