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Similar evolution in distinct species
Parallel evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response
Parallel_evolution
Independent evolution of similar features
convergent evolution is divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to parallel evolution, which occurs
Convergent_evolution
Process which formed the domestic dog
conditions. There is an extensive list of genes showing signatures of parallel evolution in dogs and humans. This has led to the study of the coevolution of
Domestication_of_the_dog
Group of tree dwelling mammals noted for slowness
related families, and are thought to have evolved their morphology via parallel evolution from terrestrial ancestors. Besides the extant species, many species
Sloth
Visual sensory organs of cephalopod molluscs
functionality. Contention exists on whether this is truly convergent evolution or parallel evolution. Unlike the vertebrate camera eye, the cephalopods' form as
Cephalopod_eye
Repeated evolution of a particular trait
than transversions. The concept encompasses both convergent evolution and parallel evolution; it can be used to describe the observation of similar repeating
Recurrent_evolution
Accumulation of genetic differences
convergent evolution and parallel evolution, although it does share similarities with the other types of evolution. Convergent evolution is the development
Divergent_evolution
Study of the evolution of life
of evolution: natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection was independently discovered as the engine of evolution by
Evolutionary_biology
Ion channel enzyme pump found in the membrane of all animal cells
Edgar M.; Schumer, Molly; Andolfatto, Peter (2012-09-28). "Parallel Molecular Evolution in an Herbivore Community". Science. 337 (6102): 1634–1637. Bibcode:2012Sci
Sodium–potassium_pump
Change in the heritable traits of populations
(September 2017). "Mutational Biases Influence Parallel Adaptation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2163–2172. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx180. PMC 5850294
Evolution
Type of speciation
In biology, parallel speciation is a type of speciation where there is repeated evolution of reproductively isolating traits via the same mechanisms occurring
Parallel_speciation
Infraclass of birds
radiation, meaning flightlessness arose independently multiple times via parallel evolution. There are three extinct groups that are undisputed members of Palaeognathae:
Palaeognathae
Style of Brazilian music
arrangement structures since the early 1920s, indicating a case of parallel evolution of styles rather than a simple transference from jazz to bossa nova
Bossa_nova
Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory
Many scientists and philosophers of science have described evolution as fact and theory, a phrase which was used as the title of an article by paleontologist
Evolution_as_fact_and_theory
Extinct family of proboscidean mammals
change made them look very similar to modern elephants, an example of parallel evolution. During the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, the diversity of gomphotheres
Gomphothere
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
Wu, Hong (2013-05-14). "The genomics of selection in dogs and the parallel evolution between dogs and humans". Nature Communications. 4: 1860. Bibcode:2013NatCo
Evolutionary_pressure
Genus of flowering plants
African mountains are an exceptional example of parallel or convergent evolution and repeated convergent evolution between these two groups; providing evidence
Dendrosenecio
Extinct genus of mammal
the American cheetah developed cheetah-like characteristics through parallel evolution, but it is most closely related to Puma and not to the modern cheetah
Miracinonyx
Attraction to foreign people, cultures or customs
Clarendon Press, 1996. pp. 1189, 1939. Pierre Jolivet Insects and plants: parallel evolution and adaptations (1986), p. 33: "(b) Examples of Xenophily. Conversely
Xenophilia
Family of ray-finned fish
threespine sticklebacks make them an ideal organism for the study of parallel evolution. There is a sculpture in Kronstadt dedicated to stickleback, which
Stickleback
Fictional race of cyborgs from Doctor Who
2017 episode, "The Doctor Falls", explains the different origins as parallel evolution, due to the inevitability of humans and human-like species upgrading
Cyberman
Religious rejection of evolution
Recurring cultural, political, and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
Clade of superfamilies of mammals
as a result of basal, related evolutions between the two superfamilies rather than as an instance of parallel evolution. Giraffomorpha is also characterized
Giraffomorpha
Mammals known for eating ants and termites
Kraft, Morgan; Adams, Linda B; Lynch, Vincent J (8 December 2022). "Parallel evolution of reduced cancer risk and tumor suppressor duplications in Xenarthra"
Anteater
Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms
Cunningham (2001). "Mitochondrial gene rearrangements confirm the parallel evolution of the crab-like form" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Carcinisation
Scientific view of guided evolution by God
Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution, or alternatively called evolutionary creationism) is a view that God acts
Theistic_evolution
Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
Co-adaptation Coevolution Coextinction Convergent evolution Evolutionary developmental biology Parallel evolution King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D.; Mulligan, P.K
Mosaic_evolution
Species of North American hoofed mammal
antelopes of the Old World and fills a similar ecological niche due to parallel evolution. It is the only surviving member of the family Antilocapridae. During
Pronghorn
Science of classifying organisms
regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa". In 1970, Michener et al. defined "systematic biology" and "taxonomy"
Taxonomy_(biology)
Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells. Cells first emerged at least 3.8 billion years
Evolution_of_cells
Family of shellfish, many edible
017038. PMID 18552295. Shumway & Parsons 2011, p. 207. "Convergent and parallel evolution in life habit of the scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae)" (PDF). BMC Evolutionary
Scallop
Perennial woody plant with elongated trunk
similar environmental challenges, making it a classic example of parallel evolution. With an estimated 60,000-100,000 species, the number of trees worldwide
Tree
Order of mammals
that they have tended to evolve to fill largely similar niches. This parallel evolution includes not only the structure of the teeth but also the infraorbital
Rodent
theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution. In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
landscapes. Mutation bias makes systematic or predictable contributions to parallel evolution. Since the 1960s, genomic GC content has been thought to reflect mutational
Molecular_evolution
Largest genus of plants in the mint family
two separate times, through convergent evolution. Walker and Sytsma (2007) clarified this parallel evolution in a later paper combining molecular and
Salvia
Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book
Objections_to_evolution
Extinct family of pecorans
similar resemblances of the appendages therefore could be the result of parallel evolution. Dromomerycids are characterized by unbranched and nondeciduous appendages
Dromomerycidae
Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
wherein Grant asserted that Lewis and Raven gave a "parallel" definition of quantum evolution as defined by Simpson. Lewis and Raven postulated that
Quantum_evolution
Four species of mollusk
Curry, Eveningstar R.; Hanifin, Charles T. (2019). "Convergent and parallel evolution in a voltage-gated sodium channel underlies TTX-resistance in the
Blue-ringed_octopus
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
complement of observable characteristics. It is a key law or mechanism of evolution which changes the heritable traits characteristic of a population or species
Natural_selection
Theory in evolutionary biology
equilibrium is commonly contrasted with phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolution generally occurs uniformly by the steady and gradual transformation of
Punctuated_equilibrium
Bird bone
nor the first to possess tarsometatarsi. In a remarkable case of parallel evolution, they were also present in the Heterodontosauridae, a group of tiny
Tarsometatarsus
Family of crabs
They closely resemble the (unrelated) mole crabs, due to parallel evolution or convergent evolution. In both groups, the claws are modified into tools for
Raninidae
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
Of note, the arthropod mitochondrial genetic code has undergone parallel evolution within a phylum, with some organisms uniquely translating AGG to lysine
Mitochondria
Infraorder of primates
indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution. Primatology, paleoanthropology, and other related fields are split
Simian
Order of reptiles
size, appearance, and lifestyle, as an example of convergence or parallel evolution. The name phytosaur means 'plant lizard', as the first fossils of
Phytosauria
Frog that can achieve gliding flight
New World (Hylidae) and Old World (Rhacophoridae) families. This parallel evolution is seen as an adaptation to their life in trees, high above the ground
Flying_frog
Process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species
opportunity can be the loss of antagonists (competitors or predators), the evolution of a key innovation, or dispersal to a new environment. Any one of these
Adaptive_radiation
Genus of rodents
mouse – a similar murid rodent native to Australia; an example of parallel evolution Jerboa – a similar dipodid rodent native to northern Africa and Asia
Pedetes
Theory of the "selfish gene"
The gene-centered view of evolution, also known as the selfish gene theory, holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of
Gene-centered view of evolution
Gene-centered_view_of_evolution
Major form of Indian classical dance
ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5. Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture, MA Thesis, Awarded
Bharatanatyam
The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have proceeded in modern day Pakistan during the Eocene epoch (56–34 mya), the second epoch of the Paleogene
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time
points to the transition from reptile to bird are the evolution from scales to feathers, the evolution of the beak (although independently evolved in other
Evolution_of_reptiles
Expected reproductive success
alleles with higher fitness more common over time, resulting in Darwinian evolution. The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction
Fitness_(biology)
Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
microevolution is evolution occurring within the population(s) of a single species. In other words, microevolution is the scale of evolution that is limited
Macroevolution
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
Rokhsar, D. S.; et al. (2009). "Parallel Evolution of Nacre Building Gene Sets in Molluscs". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (3): 591–608. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp278
Nacre
Project studying urban evolution
unprecedented. It has been described as "the best replicated test of parallel evolution, on the largest scale ever attempted". The project uses white clover
Global Urban Evolution Project
Global_Urban_Evolution_Project
Family of birds
Analysis of behavior and vocalizations is complicated by common parallel evolution, while analyses of different morphological traits and of various DNA
Swift_(bird)
Idea that an animal's developmental stages resemble its evolutionary ancestors
through stages resembling or representing successive adult stages in the evolution of the animal's remote ancestors (phylogeny). It was formulated in the
Recapitulation_theory
Last letter of the Greek alphabet
omega (Ѡ, ѡ)). A Raetic variant is conjectured to be at the origin or parallel evolution of the Elder Futhark ᛟ. Omega was also adopted into the Latin alphabet
Omega
Practical application of biological evolution
Gross JB; Borowsky R; Tabin CJ (2009). "A novel role for Mc1r in the parallel evolution of depigmentation in independent populations of the cavefish Astyanax
Applications_of_evolution
Superfamily of crustaceans (Paguroidea)
Cunningham (2001). "Mitochondrial gene rearrangements confirm the parallel evolution of the crab-like form" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Hermit_crab
Significance of the peppered moth in evolutionary biology
with genetics. The peppered moth Biston betularia is also a model of parallel evolution in the incidence of melanism in the British form (f. carbonaria) and
Peppered_moth_evolution
Topics referred to by the same term
computation Parallel evolution, the independent emergence of a similar trait in different unrelated species Parallel (geometry), the property of parallel lines
Parallelism
Genus of plants
geographically isolated from one another yet share similar traits indicating parallel evolution. These clades have been split into separate genera, primarily along
Schefflera
Extinct family of pecorans
The similar resemblances of the two families could be the result of parallel evolution. Palaeomerycids were a group of horned, long-legged and massive ruminants
Palaeomerycidae
Family of mammals
Dwarf Elephants on Mediterranean Islands: A Natural Experiment in Parallel Evolution. PhD Thesis, Vol 1. p. 32 University College London (2010) Athanassiou
Elephantidae
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
both within and between species Parallel evolution – Similar evolution in distinct species Quantum evolution – Evolution where transitional forms are particularly
Outline_of_evolution
Family of rodents
mouse – a similar murid rodent native to Australia; an example of parallel evolution Jumping mouse – a nondesert-dwelling relative of jerboas in the family
Jerboa
Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
century later, evolutionary biologists still use tree diagrams to depict evolution because such diagrams effectively convey the concept that speciation occurs
Phylogenetic_tree
Family of crustaceans
Cunningham (2001). "Mitochondrial gene rearrangements confirm the parallel evolution of the crab-like form" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Porcelain_crab
Large animals
and gigantism arose independently multiple times among ratites via parallel evolution. Predatory megafaunal flightless birds were often able to compete
Megafauna
David M. (2007). "cis-Regulatory Changes in Kit Ligand Expression and Parallel Evolution of Pigmentation in Sticklebacks and Humans". Cell. 131 (6): 1179–89
Human_skin_color
Optimality criterion in phylogeny
tree will minimize the amount of homoplasy (i.e., convergent evolution, parallel evolution, and evolutionary reversals). In other words, under this criterion
Maximum_parsimony
The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the
Evolution_of_mammals
Species of flowering plant
Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 22 April 2009. Went, F. (1971). Parallel Evolution. Taxon, 20(2/3), 197-226. doi:10.2307/1218877 New Zealand plant conservation
Muehlenbeckia_complexa
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
hindlimb. Analogy is called homoplasy in cladistics, and convergent or parallel evolution in evolutionary biology. Specialised terms are used in taxonomic research
Homology_(biology)
Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
developmental biology, which concentrates on developmental molecular genetics and evolution to understand how natural selection operated on developmental processes
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Extended_evolutionary_synthesis
American anthropologist (1904–1981)
He is best known for his scientific racist theories concerning the parallel evolution of human races, which were widely disputed in his lifetime and are
Carleton_S._Coon
Biological evolution of Homo sapiens from 50,000 years ago until present
Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation, sexual and natural selection, and genetic drift within Homo sapiens populations, since their
Recent_human_evolution
Magic involving communication with the deceased
The Squire's Tale also bears marked similarities. This becomes a parallel evolution of spells to foreign gods or demons that were once acceptable, and
Necromancy
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided
Parallel_computing
Species of the suborder Serpentes that produce venom
extremes in those snake families normally classified as venomous by parallel evolution. There is not a single or special taxonomic group for venomous snakes
Venomous_snake
Extinct species of mammutid proboscidean
between North American Mammut and "M." borsoni are due to separate parallel evolution from Zygolophodon in Eurasia and North America, and that the lineages
"Mammut"_borsoni
Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological
Introduction_to_evolution
Interaction of biology and evolution
evolutionary ecology are life history evolution, sociobiology (the evolution of social behavior), the evolution of interspecific interactions (e.g. cooperation
Evolutionary_ecology
Area of featherless skin on birds
seen that the gular pouch is either plesiomorphic or was acquired by parallel evolution. The orangutan is the only known great ape to have this characteristic
Gular_skin
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry) of life. 6
Common_descent
Free-living species of nematode
whole, the male and hermaphrodite sex likely evolved from parallel evolution. Parallel evolution is defined as similar traits evolving from an ancestor in
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Group of birds
evidenced by the updated phylogeny, this trait is rather the result of parallel evolution, perhaps because the early Passeri had to compete against many ecologically
Corvida
Concept in evolutionary biology
protagonists M. xanthus (predator) and E. coli (prey) in which a parallel evolution of both species can be observed through genomic and phenotypic modifications
Red_Queen_hypothesis
Concept in genetics
genetics, held the view that genetic drift plays at most a minor role in evolution, and this remained the dominant view for several decades. In 1968, population
Genetic_drift
Fictitious hybrid animal
crocodiles.[citation needed] For Phytosauria at least, it was due to parallel evolution, with phytosaurs and crocodilians adapting to similar semi-aquatic
Crocoduck
Breeding for desired characteristics
Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution ed. Bels VL, Gasc JP, Casinos A. PDF Garland, T. Jr., Rose MR, eds. (2009). Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and
Selective_breeding
Species of fish
excellent model organism for examining convergent and parallel evolution, regressive evolution in cave animals, and the genetic basis of regressive traits
Mexican_tetra
Genus of flowering plants
Cooley, Arielle M.; Willis, John H. (2009). "Genetic divergence causes parallel evolution of flower color in Chilean Mimulus". New Phytologist. 183 (3): 729–739
Mimulus
Name used for several tree-dwelling ants
Camponotus) display gliding of various degrees, in an example of parallel evolution. All species in the genus Cephalotes (within Myrmicinae) tested to
Gliding_ant
Diverse languages between the Black and Caspian seas
Linguistic by Ellen Barry Caucasian Languages by Marina Chumakina Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region North Caucasian languages:
Languages_of_the_Caucasus
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