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Obsolete scientific theory of heat flow
The caloric theory is a superseded scientific theory that heat consists of a self-repellent fluid called "caloric" that flows from hotter bodies to colder
Caloric_theory
to explain James Joule's observations within a caloric framework as late as 1850. The caloric theory was largely obsolete by the end of the 19th century
History_of_thermodynamics
Theoretical engine
developed theory of heat, and in the 1820's the caloric theory was the only one at hand". Several authors have speculated that without the caloric theory and
Carnot_heat_engine
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
atoms. Caloric theory – the theory that a self-repelling fluid called "caloric" was the substance of heat. Rendered obsolete by the mechanical theory of heat
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
Unit of energy used in nutrition
The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. The small calorie or gram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed
Calorie
Topics referred to by the same term
known as caloric surplus, increase in a person's total body mass Caloric theory, a superseded scientific theory Hot air engine, also known as caloric engine
Caloric
Physical law for entropy and heat
formulation, which preceded the proper definition of entropy and was based on caloric theory, is Carnot's theorem, formulated by the French scientist Sadi Carnot
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles
expanded in 1835. Ampère did not reject caloric theory entirely but he favored wave theory as more convenient. The theory however had backlash from the French
Thermal_radiation
English physicist (1818–1889)
was a direct challenge to the caloric theory which held that heat could neither be created nor destroyed. Caloric theory had dominated thinking in the
James_Prescott_Joule
Type of energy transfer
the caloric theory of heat. To account also for changes of internal energy due to friction, and mechanical and thermodynamic work, the caloric theory was
Heat
Property of a thermodynamic system
Q_{\mathsf {H}}} and Q C {\textstyle Q_{\mathsf {C}}} , as he assumed caloric theory to be valid and hence that the total heat in the system was conserved
Entropy
Superseded theory of combustion
thought the theory of phlogiston was doomed, he stood by phlogiston and tried to make the theory work. Caloric theory – Obsolete scientific theory of heat
Phlogiston_theory
Law of physics and chemistry
Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace reviewed the two competing theories of vis viva and caloric theory. Count Rumford's 1798 observations of heat generation during
Conservation_of_energy
"Réflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory 1784 – Jan Ingenhousz describes Brownian motion of charcoal
Timeline_of_thermodynamics
Type of energy transfer
energy but is not, as sometimes mistakenly supposed (a relic of the caloric theory of heat), transfer of energy as heat, because one-way convection is
Work_(thermodynamics)
Physical law for definition of temperature
concepts of temperature, the thermodynamic concept, and that of the kinetic theory of gases and other materials. The zeroth law belongs to the thermodynamic
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907)
(or caloric) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered —But a footnote signalled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring
Lord_Kelvin
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
century following, wrestled with contravening concepts such as the caloric theory of heat. In the few years of his life (1796–1832) after the 1824 publication
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Observational basis of thermodynamics
of physics and the history of chemistry, and ultimately dates back to theories of heat in antiquity. The laws of thermodynamics are the result of progress
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
etc. (2012-05may-24) Phonon theory sheds light on liquid thermodynamics, heat capacity – Physics World The phonon theory of liquid thermodynamics | Scientific
Specific_heat_capacity
Thermodynamic cycle
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Atkinson_cycle
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
ideal gas constant. It can also be derived from the microscopic kinetic theory, as was achieved (independently) by August Krönig in 1856 and Rudolf Clausius
Ideal_gas_law
Thermodynamic quantity
(quasistatic, reversible, adiabatic process) process of a simple compressible calorically perfect ideal gas: P V γ = const. {\displaystyle PV^{\gamma }={\text{const
Heat_capacity_ratio
Type of thermodynamic cycle
historicplaces.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-17. "Ericsson's Caloric Ship". hotairengines.org. "Ericsson Caloric Engine". Genuineideas.com. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
Ericsson_cycle
Fundamental change in ideas and practices within a scientific discipline
dominant paradigms that Kuhn gives are: Newtonian physics, caloric theory, and the theory of electromagnetism. Insofar as paradigms are useful, they expand
Paradigm_shift
1798 scientific paper by Benjamin Thompson
to established theories of heat, and began the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. Rumford was an opponent of the caloric theory of heat which held
An Inquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat Which Is Excited by Friction
An_Inquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_Which_Is_Excited_by_Friction
Physical quantity of hot and cold
of heat and no specific concept of entropy. He wrote of 'caloric' and said that all the caloric that passed from the hot reservoir was passed into the cold
Temperature
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
As a key concept in thermodynamics, the adiabatic process supports the theory that explains the first law of thermodynamics. The opposite term to "adiabatic"
Adiabatic_process
Physical quantity
argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott
Energy
Absorption refrigerator invented in 1930
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Einstein_refrigerator
Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Rankine_cycle
Refrigerator that uses a heat source
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Absorption_refrigerator
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
second law of thermodynamics. Historically, it was based on contemporary caloric theory, and preceded the establishment of the second law. The proof of the
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Carnot_cycle
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy
Series Turbine Taylor, Charles Fayette.The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice. Vol. 1. MIT Press, 1985, 2nd Edition, Revised. Equation 1-4
Thermal_efficiency
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
the theory of heat, i.e., that heat is a form of energy having relation to vibratory motion, was beginning to supplant both the caloric theory, i.e.
Thermodynamic_free_energy
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Compressibility
Volume of fluid which passes per unit time
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Volumetric_flow_rate
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
of light Preferred frame Superseded scientific theories Footnotes Young ascribed aether to caloric theory, pairing light and heat, and cited passages from
Luminiferous_aether
Thermodynamic cycle
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Miller_cycle
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
Control–feedback–abort loop Controller (control theory) Cybernetics Intelligent control Mathematical system theory Negative feedback amplifier People in systems
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Isothermal_process
Thermodynamic process of a closed system in which volume remains constant
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Isochoric_process
Reacting chemical mixture in which the concentrations change periodically
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Chemical_oscillator
French mathematician and physicist (1781–1840)
sophisticated, if speculative, description of gases based on the old caloric theory of heat, to which younger scientists such as Poisson were less committed
Siméon_Denis_Poisson
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
accepted physical model that combines general relativity, quantum field theory, and thermodynamics, though Hawking's area law has already been tested by
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
"On a Modified Form of the Second Fundamental Theorem in the Mechanical Theory of Heat," Clausius states: It may, moreover, happen that instead of a descending
Irreversible_process
Function describing equilibrium states of a system
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
State_function
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
description of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems is a field theory, more complicated than the theory of equilibrium thermodynamics. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Thermodynamic_system
Physical property of matter
This means that the equilibrium is unstable. For example, according to theory, the smaller (less massive) a black hole is, the smaller its Schwarzschild
Heat_capacity
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave the theory of heat a more accurate and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On
Thermodynamics
External combustion engine using air as the working fluid
A hot air engine (historically called an air engine or caloric engine) is any heat engine that uses the expansion and contraction of air under the influence
Hot_air_engine
Force distributed over an area
term "pressure" will refer only to the scalar pressure. According to the theory of general relativity, pressure increases the strength of a gravitational
Pressure
Mathematical models of heat pumps and refrigeration
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle
Thermodynamic phase transition energy
Applications, B.G. Tuebner, Leipzig, pages 9, 20–22. Maxwell, J.C. (1872). Theory of Heat, third edition, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, page 73. West
Latent_heat
Equations on thermodynamic quantities
entropy as defined in classical thermodynamics. is sufficient to build the theory of statistical mechanics without the equal a priori probability postulate
Fundamental thermodynamic relation
Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
under the assumption that heat is conserved ("the conversion of heat (or caloric) into mechanical effect is probably impossible"), and if heat Q {\displaystyle
Thermodynamic_temperature
Initial step in the phase transition or molecular self-assembly of a substance
spheres, the classical theory is a very reasonable approximate theory. So for the simple models we can study, classical nucleation theory works quite well,
Nucleation
Quantifiable conditions of a thermodynamic system at a specific time
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Thermodynamic_state
Scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting
"Reflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory. In 1804, John Leslie observed that a matte black surface
Meteorology
Equation describing a state of matter under a given set of conditions
V , T ) = p V − n R T = 0. {\displaystyle f(p,V,T)=pV-nRT=0.} If the calorically perfect gas approximation is used, then the ideal gas law may also be
Equation_of_state
Thermodynamic potential
the Partition Function". theory.physics.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-12-06. Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1986). Theory of Elasticity (Course of
Helmholtz_free_energy
Thermodynamic process
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Polytropic_process
Type of thermodynamic potential
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Gibbs_free_energy
Measure of energy in a thermodynamic system
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Enthalpy
Tendency of matter to change volume in response to a change in temperature
Thomson, William. "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations"
Thermal_expansion
Chemical law
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Piobert's_law
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
{dp/p}{dV/V}}.} For a calorically perfect gas γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is constant. Hence on integrating the above equation, assuming a calorically perfect gas
Isentropic_process
Mathematical model which approximates the behavior of real gases
model has been explored in both the Newtonian dynamics (as in "kinetic theory") and in quantum mechanics (as a "gas in a box"). The ideal gas model has
Ideal_gas
Partial differential relations in thermodynamics
the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who first presented them in his text Theory of Heat (1872). Maxwell's relations are useful in problem-solving quantities
Maxwell_relations
German physicist and physiologist (1821–1894)
remembered for at the time groundbreaking work in natural science linking theory and practical research work. He was given the von in his surname by Emperor
Hermann_von_Helmholtz
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Temperature–entropy_diagram
System that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical work
is no phase change): Carnot cycle (Carnot heat engine) Ericsson cycle (Caloric Ship John Ericsson) Stirling cycle (Stirling engine, thermoacoustic devices)
Heat_engine
Version of the second law of thermodynamics
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1957. Print. Clausius, Rudolf. The Mechanical Theory of Heat. London: Taylor and Francis, 1867. eBook Judith McGovern (2004-03-17)
Clausius_theorem
Variation on the Rankine thermodynamic cycle
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Organic_Rankine_cycle
Pseudoscientific theory about force in living things
Biomagnetism – Magnetic fields produced by organisms Caloric theory – Obsolete scientific theory of heat flow James Esdaile – Scottish surgeon Charles
Animal_magnetism
Thermodynamic cycle
Rogers, Gordon F. C.; Saravanamuttoo, Herbert I. H. (2000). Gas turbine theory (4. ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. pp. 2, 38. ISBN 978-0-582-23632-5
Brayton_cycle
Equations in thermodynamics
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Thermodynamic_equations
Thermodynamic process
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Quasistatic_process
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Thermodynamic_cycle
French physicist and engineer (1796–1832)
material indicating that Carnot had, by the spring of 1832, rejected the caloric theory and accepted the equivalence of heat and work. In his notes, Carnot
Nicolas_Léonard_Sadi_Carnot
Consumption of less calories than expended
A caloric deficit (also known as calorie deficit, in British English calorific deficit) is any shortage in the number of calories consumed relative to
Caloric_deficit
Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Thermodynamic_diagrams
Heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Sensible_heat
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Pseudo_Stirling_cycle
Mass fraction of a saturated mixture which is vapor
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Vapor_quality
Engine combustion process
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Diesel_cycle
Property of a thermodynamic system
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Internal_pressure
Chemical process in the liquefaction of gas
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Hampson–Linde_cycle
Overview of the history of atmospheric sciences
"Reflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory of heat. – First hair hygrometer demonstrated. The inventor
Timeline_of_meteorology
Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Thermodynamic_process
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Scuderi_cycle
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
High-efficiency_hybrid_cycle
Branch of thermodynamics
the considered system with chemical reactions is out of equilibrium. The theory can be generalised, to consider any deviation from the equilibrium state
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic process with no change in enthalpy
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Isenthalpic_process
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Diagram showing the relationship between pressure and volume in a system
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Pressure–volume_diagram
Law of physics
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic cycle for spark ignition piston engines
Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive
Otto_cycle
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CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English
Old Leader; Ruler of All
Boy/Male
English
Wise ruler.
Girl/Female
Native American
Spirit.
Male
German
Variant spelling of Old High German Aldrich, ALDRIC means old ruler; long time ruler."
Girl/Female
Australian, French, German, Greek
Pale; Form of Chloris
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German
Brave Ruler
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Valerie, VALORIE means "to be healthy, to be strong."Â
Boy/Male
British, English
Sacred Ruler
Boy/Male
American, British, Dutch, English, French, German
Old; Wise Ruler; Old Leader; Long Term Ruler
Male
English
English variant spelling of Visigothic Alaric, ALLRIC means "all-powerful; ruler of all."
Girl/Female
Greek
Blooming. Mythological goddess of flowers or spring.
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Morning's dew.
Male
German
Variant spelling of German Alrich, ALRIC means "all-powerful; ruler of all."
Boy/Male
Christian, German
High Born Ruler; Ruler of All; Powerful
Male
English
English variant spelling of Visigothic Alaric, ALERIC means "all-powerful; ruler of all."
Boy/Male
German Scandinavian Teutonic
Noble ruler, noble ruler. Old German. King Alaric I conquered Rome in the early 5th century.
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, French, German, Greek
Pale; Green Buds
Girl/Female
Greek
Blooming. Mythological goddess of flowers or spring.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Christian, Latin
To be Strong; Form of Valerie; Courageous
Female
English
Latin form of Greek Khloris, CHLORIS means "green buds." In mythology, this is the name of a goddess of flowers and vegetation.
CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
CALORIC THEORY
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