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Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1) A thermodynamic process is a process in which
Thermodynamic_process
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and
Thermodynamic_system
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while
Thermodynamic_cycle
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status[clarification needed] referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Observational basis of thermodynamics
characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes. With these tools,
Thermodynamics
Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material
Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this
Thermodynamic_diagrams
Type of energy transfer
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings.
Work_(thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic process of a closed system in which volume remains constant
an isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which
Isochoric_process
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible.[excessive citations] In thermodynamics, adiabatic processes are
Isentropic_process
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
An adiabatic process (adiabatic from Ancient Greek ἀδιάβατος (adiábatos) 'impassable') is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring
Adiabatic_process
Quantifiable conditions of a thermodynamic system at a specific time
a given initial thermodynamic state to a given final thermodynamic state of a thermodynamic system is known as a thermodynamic process; usually this is
Thermodynamic_state
Thermodynamic process
thermodynamics, a quasi-static process, also known as a quasi-equilibrium process (from Latin quasi, meaning ‘as if’), is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly
Quasistatic_process
Thermodynamic process absorbing energy from its surroundings
endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings. In terms of thermodynamics, it is a thermodynamic process with
Endothermic_process
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
gas equation for a particular process, making the equation easier to solve using numerical methods. A thermodynamic process is defined as a system that
Ideal_gas_law
Thermodynamic process
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation: p V n = C {\displaystyle pV^{n}=C} where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is
Polytropic_process
Process whose direction can be reversed
pressure or temperature. Throughout an entire reversible process, the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, both physical and chemical, and nearly in
Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process affecting a thermodynamic system without transfer of matter, the
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic process that releases energy to its surroundings
thermodynamics, an exothermic process (from Ancient Greek έξω (éxō) 'outward' and θερμικός (thermikós) 'thermal') is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases
Exothermic_process
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
An isothermal process is a type of thermodynamic process in which the temperature T of a system remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a
Isothermal_process
Equations in thermodynamics
framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic_equations
Series of activities
thermodynamics Process function, a mathematical concept used in thermodynamics Thermodynamic process, the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system Adiabatic
Process
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
In thermodynamics, an isobaric process is a type of thermodynamic process in which the pressure of the system stays constant: ΔP = 0. The heat transferred
Isobaric_process
Kind of engine
piston chamber. After the valve closes, the piston undergoes an adiabatic process during the downward stroke. Once the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke
Vacuum_engine
Irreversible transformation of energy into forms less capable of doing work
dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that affects a thermodynamic system. In a dissipative process, energy (internal, bulk flow kinetic, or
Dissipation
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s) during a thermodynamic process or cycle as the
Temperature–entropy_diagram
Externally imposed manipulation that affects a thermodynamic system
the first expression of the distinction between a thermodynamic operation and a thermodynamic process is in Kelvin's statement of the second law of thermodynamics:
Thermodynamic_operation
Property of a thermodynamic system
of the second law of thermodynamics is that certain processes are irreversible. The thermodynamic concept was referred to by Scottish scientist and engineer
Entropy
Scalar physical quantities representing system states
A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system
Thermodynamic_potential
Refrigeration process
A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle. An example two-stage process is shown at right (bottom on mobile). The cascade cycle
Cascade_refrigeration
isolated compound thermodynamic system to do thermodynamic work on its surroundings, or indicates whether a thermodynamic process may occur. For example
Introduction_to_entropy
Thermodynamic process with no change in enthalpy
An isenthalpic process or isoenthalpic process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, H; or specific enthalpy, h. If a steady-state
Isenthalpic_process
Phase transition from gas to solid
solid without passing through the liquid phase. Deposition is a thermodynamic process. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition
Deposition_(phase_transition)
space or otherwise called thermodynamic probability. d S = δ Q T {\displaystyle dS={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}} , for reversible processes only Below are useful
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Possible fate of the universe
state of no thermodynamic free energy and, having reached maximum entropy, will therefore be unable to sustain any further thermodynamic processes. Heat death
Heat_death_of_the_universe
Version of the second law of thermodynamics
is carried out along a thermodynamic process path from the initial/final state to the same initial/final state (thermodynamic cycle). In principle, the
Clausius_theorem
Equations on thermodynamic quantities
thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation are four fundamental equations which demonstrate how four important thermodynamic quantities depend on variables
Fundamental thermodynamic relation
Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation
Maximum possible efficiency of electrical power from sunlight
The thermodynamic efficiency limit is the absolute maximum theoretically possible conversion efficiency of sunlight to electricity. Its value is about
Thermodynamic efficiency limit
Thermodynamic_efficiency_limit
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity that measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point
Thermodynamic_temperature
Physical property of matter
substances Latent heat – Thermodynamic phase transition energy Thermodynamic properties of materials Joback method – Thermodynamic model (estimation of heat
Heat_capacity
Pair of values which express a thermodynamic system's internal energy
and volume, or chemical potential and particle number. In fact, all thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of conjugate pairs. The product of
Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic quantity
path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or
Process_function
Topics referred to by the same term
Isometric platform game, a video game subgenre. Isometric process, a thermodynamic process at constant volume (also isovolumetric) Isometric projection
Isometric
Type of energy transfer
thermodynamic definition of heat is by exclusion of other defined modes of transfer in order to ensure a strict logical distinction. In the process of
Heat
Physical law for entropy and heat
the concept of entropy as a physical property of a thermodynamic system. It predicts whether processes are forbidden despite obeying the requirement of
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state to a collapsed globule state
In polymer physics, the coil–globule transition is the collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state through an ideal coil state to a collapsed
Coil–globule_transition
Heating a liquid to a temperature above its boiling point without boiling
referred to as an "entropy catastrophe," beyond which a solid would be thermodynamically unstable relative to the liquid phase. Subsequent experimental studies
Superheating
aids in the exergy analysis of thermodynamic processes. It asserts that the rate at which work is lost during a process, or at which exergy is destroyed
Gouy–Stodola_theorem
Fluid flow through a narrow opening with no change in entropy
where the velocity is zero, such as in the reservoir. Using several thermodynamic relations, equations can be put in the forms: T 0 T = 1 + k − 1 2 M
Isentropic_nozzle_flow
Process in which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings
exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant
Exergonic_process
Study of energy in living systems
the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy
Biological_thermodynamics
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
cubes in water) is well approximated as reversible. A change in the thermodynamic state of a system and all of its surroundings cannot be precisely restored
Irreversible_process
Energy contained within a system
a thermodynamic potential, and an extensive property. Without a thermodynamic process, the internal energy of an isolated system does not change, as expressed
Internal_energy
Waves created by the redirection of supersonic flow along a curved surface
In fluid dynamics, isentropic expansion waves are created when a supersonic flow is redirected along a curved surface. These waves are studied to obtain
Isentropic_expansion_waves
Field of scientific study
called a thermodynamic process. Ruppeiner geometry is a type of information geometry used to study thermodynamics. It claims that thermodynamic systems
Equilibrium_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic process
Transpiration cooling is a thermodynamic process where cooling is achieved by a process of moving a liquid or a gas through the wall of a structure to
Transpiration_cooling
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
that are not conserved in a thermodynamic process of transfer between a system and its surroundings. In a thermodynamic process in which a quantity of energy
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Scientific subjects
internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes. The study of the behaviours
Branches_of_physics
Mathematical description of mixing substances
originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: e.g. mixing paint, mixing drinks
Mixing_(mathematics)
Loss of control of an exothermal process due to temperature increases
Thermal runaway describes a process that is accelerated by increased temperature, in turn releasing energy that further increases temperature. Thermal
Thermal_runaway
Chemical process
their various boiling temperatures. The process can produce high purity gases but is energy-intensive. This process was pioneered by Carl von Linde in the
Air_separation
Vehicle that uses a motor powered by stored compressed air
electric plant with regenerative braking. Compressed-air cars use a thermodynamic process. Air cools when expanding and heats when compressed. Thermal energy
Compressed-air_car
Relation between thermodynamic states
entropy and understanding the limitations on state transformations in thermodynamic systems. A system in a state Y is said to be adiabatically accessible
Adiabatic_accessibility
Lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid
Supercooling, also known as undercooling, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid
Supercooling
Thermodynamic potential
Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which temperature is
Helmholtz_free_energy
Index of lists with the same name
Adiabatic (from Gr. ἀ negative + διάβασις passage; transference) refers to any process that occurs without heat transfer. This concept is used in many areas of
List_of_adiabatic_concepts
Type of physical or mathematical property
known as CPT symmetry. Thermodynamic processes can be reversible or irreversible, depending on the change in entropy during the process. Note, however, that
Time_reversibility
Scientific law that a closed system's mass remains constant
the reaction. Thus, during any chemical reaction and low-energy thermodynamic processes in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants, or starting
Conservation_of_mass
Extensive parameter used to describe a thermodynamic system's state
work. An isochoric process however operates at a constant-volume, thus no work can be produced. Many other thermodynamic processes will result in a change
Volume_(thermodynamics)
Hypothetical all-predicting intellect
mechanics; however, Ulanowicz points out that many thermodynamic processes are irreversible, so that if thermodynamic quantities are taken to be purely physical
Laplace's_demon
Machine that converts one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy (of motion)
industrial processes such as cutting, grinding, crushing, and mixing. Mechanical heat engines convert heat into work via various thermodynamic processes. The
Engine
Theoretical engine
heat pump rather than a heat engine. Every thermodynamic system exists in a particular state. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system is taken through
Carnot_heat_engine
Chemical reaction which requires more energy to initiate than it produces
reagents). In metabolism, an endergonic process is anabolic, meaning that energy is stored; in many such anabolic processes, energy is supplied by coupling the
Endergonic_reaction
and air-conditioning) systems by utilizing the cycle's proposed thermodynamic process of moving heat energy, and having results of increased output efficiencies
Vuilleumier_cycle
Measure of energy in a thermodynamic system
Enthalpy (/ˈɛnθəlpi/ ) is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function in thermodynamics
Enthalpy
Puffed or extruded corn snacks
such as cereals and crispbreads are processed by extrusion cooking through an extruder. This is a thermodynamic process where the dough is passed through
Puffcorn
Chemical reaction that releases more energy than was needed to start it
system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same. For processes that take place in a closed system at constant pressure and temperature
Exergonic_reaction
Low-power electronic circuits which use reversible logic to conserve energy
logic" to conserve energy. The term "adiabatic" refers to an ideal thermodynamic process in which no heat or mass is exchanged with the surrounding environment
Adiabatic_circuit
Measure of the effective concentration of a species in a mixture
defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant. Alternatively, this equation
Thermodynamic_activity
A Scuderi cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that is constructed out of the following series of thermodynamic processes: A-B and C-D (TOP and BOTTOM of the
Scuderi_cycle
Irreversible thermodynamic process in which a volume of gas expands into a vacuum
this becomes an ideal quasistatic process, albeit an irreversible one. Now, according to the fundamental thermodynamic relation, we have: d U = T d S −
Joule_expansion
State of matter
particles (transition from gas to plasma). Finally, all of the thermodynamic processes were presumed to describe uniform gases whose velocities varied
Gas
Heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system
and sensible heat are complementary terms. The sensible heat of a thermodynamic process may be calculated as the product of the body's mass (m) with its
Sensible_heat
(i.e., intensive or extensive). Work and heat are not thermodynamic properties, but rather process quantities: flows of energy across a system boundary
List of thermodynamic properties
List_of_thermodynamic_properties
Car that uses pneumatic motors
prototype submarines. Compressed-air vehicles operate according to a thermodynamic process in which air cools down when expanding and heats up when being compressed
Compressed-air_vehicle
Use of the second law of thermodynamics to distinguish past from future
measurement is a way of distinguishing the past from the future. In thermodynamic systems that are not isolated, local entropy can decrease over time
Entropy_as_an_arrow_of_time
Physical law for definition of temperature
just such a labeling process which uses the real number system for tagging. The zeroth law justifies the use of suitable thermodynamic systems as thermometers
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Type of thermodynamic potential
performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure. It also provides a necessary condition for processes such as chemical
Gibbs_free_energy
Thermodynamic process
consensus. › The Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. It uses
Kalina_cycle
Crystal without defects
otherwise defect-free crystal. Imperfections are created by various thermodynamic processes. "What Is A Perfect Crystal And Why They Don'T Exist? 👨🏭 - Eng
Perfect_crystal
Thermodynamic operation
releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state (closer to thermodynamic equilibrium). The sign convention for free energy
Spontaneous_process
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. Since
Thermodynamic_free_energy
Pressurized gas or liquid in a heat engine
line/curve which fully describes the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. In reality however this can only be done if the process is reversible. If not, the changes
Working_fluid
Type of thermodynamic fluid effect
A thermogravitational cycle is a reversible thermodynamic cycle using the gravitational works of weight and buoyancy to respectively compress and expand
Thermogravitational_cycle
Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature
current under a voltage difference is determined by the universal thermodynamic process in which (given equal temperatures) particles flow from high chemical
Seebeck_coefficient
Force resisting sliding motion
specific way to define heat, and the prime example of an irreversible thermodynamic process. The focus of research during the 20th century has been to understand
Friction
Interpretation of entropy as the change in arrangement of a system's particles
of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced
Entropy_(order_and_disorder)
Topics referred to by the same term
originating from physics used to attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing Markov chain mixing time, the time to achieve a level
Mixing_time
flow Compressible flow Choked flow Fanno flow Inviscid flow Adiabatic process Gas dynamics Anderson, John David (2002). Modern Compressible Flow: With
Mass_injection_flow
Biochemical redox process involving the transfer of 2 electrons
potential and the other with a lower reduction potential" than the donor. The process is suspected of being common in bioenergetics. Two versions of EB are recognized
Electron_bifurcation
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