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System that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical work
A heat engine is a system that transfers thermal energy to do mechanical or electrical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy
Heat_engine
Theoretical engine
A Carnot heat engine is a theoretical heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle. The basic model for this engine was developed by French military
Carnot_heat_engine
Type of energy transfer
force of heat and the laws of heat which may be deduced therefrom". The Mechanical Theory of Heat, with its Applications to the Steam-Engine and to the
Heat
Heat pump powered by sound
Thermoacoustic engines (sometimes called "TA engines") are thermoacoustic devices which use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another
Thermoacoustic_heat_engine
Machine that converts one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy (of motion)
and mixing. Mechanical heat engines convert heat into work via various thermodynamic processes. The internal combustion engine is perhaps the most common
Engine
Closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that is operated by the cyclic expansion and contraction of air or other gas (the working fluid) by exposing it to
Stirling_engine
Engine utilising one or more reciprocating pistons
A reciprocating engine, more often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature
Reciprocating_engine
Device converting heat flow into usable work at the nanoscale
A quantum heat engine generates power from heat flow between hot and cold reservoirs, operating under the principles of quantum mechanics. Scovil and
Quantum_heat_engine
Physical law for entropy and heat
Carnot, who in 1824 showed that the efficiency of conversion of heat to work in a heat engine has an upper limit. The first rigorous definition of the second
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Cogeneration
Cogeneration
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
upper limit on the efficiency of any classical thermodynamic engine during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration
Carnot_cycle
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
a discourse on heat, power, energy and engine efficiency. The book outlined the basic energetic relations between the Carnot engine, the Carnot cycle
Thermodynamics
Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work
A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure
Steam_engine
Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
certain heat engines, such as steam turbines or reciprocating steam engines, allow mechanical work to be extracted from a fluid as it moves between a heat source
Rankine_cycle
This timeline of heat engine technology describes how heat engines have been known since antiquity but have been made into increasingly useful devices
Timeline of heat engine technology
Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
efficiency that any heat engine can obtain. Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs cannot
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol c) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance
Specific_heat_capacity
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy
such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc. For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio
Thermal_efficiency
Type of reciprocating heat engine
An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a reciprocating heat engine where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external
External_combustion_engine
Heat exchangers used for cooling internal combustion engines
Radiators are heat exchangers used for cooling internal combustion engines, mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway locomotives
Radiator_(engine_cooling)
Thermodynamic cycle
The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency
Atkinson_cycle
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
A rocket engine, also known as a rocket motor, is a reaction engine, producing thrust in accordance with Newton's third law by ejecting reaction mass rearward
Rocket_engine
non-specialists. The efficiency of the ideal, or Carnot, engine is surprisingly low. That of real heat engines is worse. Carnot's innovation has been described
Carnot_engine_explanation
Thermodynamic phase transition energy
Latent heat (also known as latent energy or heat of transformation) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature
Latent_heat
External combustion engine using air as the working fluid
A hot air engine (historically called an air engine or caloric engine) is any heat engine that uses the expansion and contraction of air under the influence
Hot_air_engine
Thermodynamic cycle
heat engines that have air or some other gas as their working fluid. It is characterized by isentropic compression and expansion, and isobaric heat addition
Brayton_cycle
Physical property of matter
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat that must be supplied to an object to produce a unit
Heat_capacity
Practical uses for Stirling engine technology
Stirling engine range from mechanical propulsion to heating and cooling to electrical generation systems. A Stirling engine is a heat engine operating
Applications of the Stirling engine
Applications_of_the_Stirling_engine
30 feet, and is thus often considered the first true steam engine. The phenomenon of heat conduction is immediately grasped in everyday life. The fact
History_of_thermodynamics
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
may convert heat from a warm source into useful work, and dispose of the remaining heat to a cold sink, thereby acting as a heat engine. Conversely,
Thermodynamic_cycle
Thermodynamic cycle for spark ignition piston engines
two processes are critical to the functioning of a real engine, wherein the details of heat transfer and combustion chemistry are relevant, for the simplified
Otto_cycle
Property of a thermodynamic system
Motive Power of Fire, which posited that in all heat-engines, whenever "caloric" (now known as heat) falls through a temperature difference, work or
Entropy
Internal combustion engine
through the heat of compression alone. An Akroyd engine will have a compression ratio between 3:1 and 5:1 whereas a typical diesel engine will have a
Hot-bulb_engine
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
efficiency of heat engines, p. 1 (2007) by James R. Senf: "Heat engines are made to provide mechanical energy from thermal energy." "Understanding Heat Exchangers
Heat_transfer
Type of solid-state thermo-electrochemical heat engine
known as the Johnson thermo-electrochemical converter, is a solid-state heat engine that utilizes the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of hydrogen
Johnson thermoelectric energy converter
Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter
Engine in which fuel combusts with an oxidizer
An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion
Internal_combustion_engine
Novelty toy heat engine
the dunking bird, drinky bird, water bird, and dipping bird, is a toy heat engine that mimics the motions of a bird drinking from a water source. They
Drinking_bird
Waste-heat-removal system
combustion engine cooling uses either air or liquid to remove the waste heat from an internal combustion engine. For small or special purpose engines, cooling
Internal combustion engine cooling
Internal_combustion_engine_cooling
Technology used in concentrated solar power stations
solar powered Stirling engine is a heat engine powered by a temperature gradient generated by the sun. Even though Stirling engines can run with a small
Solar-powered_Stirling_engine
Mathematical models of heat pumps and refrigeration
icebox (the heat source) to the warmer room-temperature air of the kitchen (the heat sink). The operating principle of an ideal heat engine was described
Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle
Physical quantity of hot and cold
heat engine over a full cycle is equal to the net heat, i.e. the sum of the heat put into the system at high temperature, qH > 0, and the waste heat given
Temperature
Space where the propulsion machinery is installed aboard a ship
some variations of a heat engine (steam engine, diesel engine, gas or steam turbine). On some ships, there may be more than one engine room, such as forward
Engine_room
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
theoretically perfect heat engine with such helium as one of its working fluids could never transfer any net kinetic energy (heat energy) to the other
Thermodynamic_temperature
Measure of energy in a thermodynamic system
atmosphere, so that ΔH is the appropriate expression for the heat of reaction. For a heat engine, the change in its enthalpy after a full cycle is equal to
Enthalpy
The Cyclone Waste Heat Engine (WHE) is a small steam engine developed to produce power from steam created from waste heat. It is an offshoot of the development
Cyclone_Waste_Heat_Engine
Thermodynamic quantity
thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity
Heat_capacity_ratio
Pioneering machine of the Industrial Revolution
2 kW engine is under preparation. Carnot cycle Corliss steam engine Heat engine Thermodynamics Preserved beam engines Ivan Polzunov "Watt steam engine |
Watt_steam_engine
Assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat
combined-cycle power plant is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy. On land
Combined-cycle_power_plant
nitrogen engine is powered by liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a tank. Traditional nitrogen engine designs work by heating the liquid nitrogen in a heat exchanger
Liquid_nitrogen_engine
Engine combustion process
combustion process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is ignited by heat generated during the compression of air in the combustion
Diesel_cycle
Work done divided by heat provided
vehicle's fuel efficiency. The efficiency of an engine is defined as ratio of the useful work done to the heat provided. η = w o r k d o n e h e a t a
Engine_efficiency
French physicist and engineer (1796–1832)
Carnot developed the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's scientific work attracted little attention during his lifetime
Nicolas_Léonard_Sadi_Carnot
Version of the second law of thermodynamics
inequality, states that for a thermodynamic system (e.g. heat engine or heat pump) exchanging heat with external thermal reservoirs and undergoing a thermodynamic
Clausius_theorem
Type of thermodynamic cycle
unique heat engines based on various thermodynamic cycles. He is credited with inventing two unique heat engine cycles and developing practical engines based
Ericsson_cycle
Physical quantity
generator), and a heat engine (from heat to work). Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam
Energy
Thermodynamic cycle that includes the basic Stirling engine
that of a Carnot engine operating within the same limits of temperature. Another cycle that features isothermal heat-addition and heat-rejection processes
Stirling_cycle
Measure of disorder within thermodynamic systems
has important consequences e.g. for the performance of heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps. According to the Clausius equality, for a closed
Entropy (classical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(classical_thermodynamics)
Observational basis of thermodynamics
fields, the second law was considered to deal with the efficiency of heat engines only, whereas what was called the third law dealt with entropy increases
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Equipment used to transfer heat between fluids
The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator
Heat_exchanger
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
studies of thermodynamic processes in the period from the first theory of heat engines (Sadi Carnot, France, 1824) to the theory of dissipative structures (Ilya
Thermodynamic_system
Type of heat exchanger; radiant body through water or other liquids
it, as for automotive engine cooling and HVAC dry cooling towers. Despite the name, most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead
Radiator
Process of changing energy
eventually enabled development of the first engines which could transform heat into mechanical work. The first engine was invented by Thomas Savery in 1697
Energy_transformation
Type of rocket engine
A rotating detonation engine (RDE) uses a form of pressure gain combustion, where one or more detonations continuously travel around an annular channel
Rotating_detonation_engine
Subfield of mechanical engineering specializing in movement of heat energy
transfer to design useful systems that generally involve either heat engines or heat exchangers. Thermal engineering is an essential discipline in many
Thermal_engineering
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
engine is assumed to occur so rapidly that on the time scale of the compression process, little of the system's energy can be transferred out as heat
Adiabatic_process
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Heat engine, a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output Reciprocating engine, a heat engine that uses
Engine_(disambiguation)
possibly the first example of a spark-ignition heat engine. 1791: The principle for a gas turbine engine is described in the patent A Method for Rising
History of the internal combustion engine
History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine
Use of mirrors or lenses to heat a fluid for electricity generation
concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine, either Stirling engine or a steam turbine as in fossil thermal
Concentrated_solar_power
Aircraft engine that produces thrust by emitting a jet of gas
efficiency; a jet engine is a form of heat engine. Heat engine efficiency is determined by the ratio of temperatures reached in the engine to that exhausted
Jet_engine
Type of energy transfer
nearly perfectly efficient. In contrast, the conversion of heat into work in a heat engine can never exceed the Carnot efficiency, as a consequence of
Work_(thermodynamics)
Scottish clergyman and engineer (1790-1878)
heat exchanger. Parkinson and Crosley introduced the principle of using air of greater density than that of the atmosphere, and so obtained an engine
Robert_Stirling
Pressurized gas or liquid in a heat engine
(pumped liquid cooling, air cooling, etc.). The working fluid of a heat engine or heat pump is a gas or liquid, usually called a refrigerant, coolant, or
Working_fluid
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
structured machines, and even living cells. Some parts of the cycles of some heat engines are carried out isothermally (for example, in the Carnot cycle). In the
Isothermal_process
Hot water engine
Malone engine. "Science: Hot-Water Engine". Time. August 3, 1931. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-22. "Heat engine". Robert
Malone_engine
Measure of performance of heat engines
system compared to an idealized or reversible version of the system for heat engines. It can also be described as the ratio of the useful work output of the
Exergy_efficiency
Study of the relations between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics
systems. Periodic quantum heat engines and power-driven refrigerators fall into this class. A reexamination of the time-dependent heat current expression using
Quantum_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic cycle
combustion engine. The Miller cycle was patented by Ralph Miller, an American engineer, U.S. patent 2,817,322 dated Dec 24, 1957. The engine may be two-
Miller_cycle
first publishes that the efficiency of a heat engine depends on the temperature difference between an engine and its environment. 1837 – First American
Timeline of motor and engine technology
Timeline_of_motor_and_engine_technology
Two-sided strip that coils when heated or cooled
accurate result. Heat engines are not the most efficient ones, and with the use of bimetallic strips the efficiency of the heat engine is even lower as
Bimetallic_strip
Heat produced as a byproduct of doing work
sometimes waste heat (or cold) can be used by another process (such as using hot engine coolant to heat a vehicle), or a portion of heat that would otherwise
Waste_heat
Kind of engine
differential can be the result of heat transfer, or mechanically produced by an external source. Some early gas engines worked on the "vacuum" or "atmospheric"
Vacuum_engine
Material used to create heat and energy
reactions of fuels can be converted into mechanical energy via a heat engine. Other times, the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes
Fuel
Internal combustion engine type
is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C
Four-stroke_engine
Aircraft propulsion system efficient at a range of speeds higher and lower than sound's
A variable cycle engine (VCE), also referred to as adaptive cycle engine (ACE), is an aircraft jet engine that is designed to operate efficiently under
Variable_cycle_engine
Measurement indicator of fuel conversion
(thrust propelling the aircraft at high speeds). Like a lot of heat engines, jet engines tend to not be particularly efficient (<50%); a lot of the fuel
Jet_engine_performance
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
of heat engines. When designing a heat engine, the goal is to have the system produce and deliver work output. The source of energy in a heat engine, is
Isobaric_process
Device that converts heat flux into electrical energy
form of thermoelectric effect). Thermoelectric generators function like heat engines, but are less bulky and have no moving parts. However, TEGs are typically
Thermoelectric_generator
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
removing heat, doing work on the system, or letting the system do work. As another example, to approximate the expansion in an internal combustion engine as
Irreversible_process
Law of physics
thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes Quantum heat engines and refrigerators J. Wilks The Third Law of Thermodynamics Oxford University
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
Process whose direction can be reversed
initial state. Reversible processes define the boundaries of how efficient heat engines can be in thermodynamics and engineering: a reversible process is one
Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)
Scottish mechanical engineer (1820–1872)
temperature. Rankine developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. His manuals of engineering science and practice were used
W._J._M._Rankine
Airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft
The turbojet is an airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft. It consists of a gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine
Turbojet
Refrigerator that uses a heat source
refrigerator that uses a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. Solar energy, burning oil, waste heat from factories, and district
Absorption_refrigerator
Work being continuously done without an external input of energy
heat engine (an engine which produces work while moving heat from a high temperature to a low temperature) can be more efficient than a Carnot heat engine
Perpetual_motion
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{cyc}}A=0} , while the engine produces nonzero work. For heat engines and other thermal systems, the free energies do not
Thermodynamic_free_energy
Type of internal combustion engine that uses compression to create combustion
steam engines are capable of converting just 6–10% of the heat energy into work, but that the Carnot cycle allows conversion of much more of the heat energy
Diesel_engine
Supersonic atmospheric jet engine
A ramjet is a form of airbreathing jet engine that requires forward motion of the engine to provide air for combustion. Ramjets work most efficiently
Ramjet
Component to protect against excessive heat
amounts of heat given off by internal combustion engines, heat shields are used on most engines to protect components and bodywork from heat damage. As
Heat_shield
Heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some
Sensible_heat
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
intensive quantity. If the system is divided by a wall that is permeable to heat or to matter, the temperature of each subsystem is identical. Additionally
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
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