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Measure of energy in a thermodynamic system
Enthalpy (/ˈɛnθəlpi/ ) is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function in thermodynamics
Enthalpy
Change of enthalpy during the formation of a compound from its elements
thermodynamics, the standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole
Standard enthalpy of formation
Standard_enthalpy_of_formation
Energy to convert a liquid substance to a gas at a given pressure
the enthalpy of vaporization (symbol ∆vapH), also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that
Enthalpy_of_vaporization
Enthalpy change when a substance melts
thermodynamics, the enthalpy of fusion, also known as latent heat of fusion or heat of fusion, of a substance is the change in its enthalpy resulting from
Enthalpy_of_fusion
Chart describing internal energy of thermodynamic systems
An enthalpy–entropy chart, also known as an H–S chart or Mollier diagram, plots the total heat against entropy, describing the enthalpy of a thermodynamic
Enthalpy–entropy_chart
stagnation enthalpy of a fluid is the static enthalpy of the fluid at a stagnation point. The stagnation enthalpy is also called total enthalpy. At a point
Stagnation_enthalpy
Change in enthalpy from dissolving a substance
In thermochemistry, the enthalpy of solution (heat of solution or enthalpy of solvation) is the enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance
Enthalpy_change_of_solution
Enthalpy difference due to chemical reaction, reduced to standard states
The standard enthalpy of reaction (denoted Δ H reaction ⊖ {\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{reaction}}^{\ominus }} ) for a chemical reaction is the difference
Standard_enthalpy_of_reaction
Standard enthalpy change when a chemical bond is cleaved by homolysis
the standard enthalpy change when A−B is cleaved by homolysis to give fragments A and B, which are usually radical species. The enthalpy change is temperature-dependent
Bond_dissociation_energy
Thermodynamic law in chemistry
and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is independent
Hess's_law
Enthalpy change needed to separate all atoms in a substance
In chemistry, the enthalpy of atomization (also atomisation in British English) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms
Enthalpy_of_atomization
Amount of heat released by combustion of a quantity of substance
combustion of a specified amount of it. The enthalpy of combustion is the same value expressed as an enthalpy, where release of heat is described as negative
Heat_of_combustion
Change in enthalpy during an acid-base reaction
In chemistry and thermodynamics, the enthalpy of neutralization (ΔnH) is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and a base undergo
Enthalpy_of_neutralization
Phenomenon of non-ideal fluids changing temperature
which the JT effect switches algebraic sign is the inversion temperature.Enthalpy The gas-cooling throttling process is commonly exploited in refrigeration
Joule–Thomson_effect
Change in enthalpy during the mixture of substances
In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of mixing (also heat of mixing and excess enthalpy) is the enthalpy liberated or absorbed from a substance upon mixing
Enthalpy_of_mixing
Heat required to change one mole of substance from solid to gas
In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance
Enthalpy_of_sublimation
Type of thermodynamic potential
T)=U+pV−TS=H−TS where: U is the internal energy of the system H is the enthalpy of the system S is the entropy of the system T is the temperature of the
Gibbs_free_energy
Relation between temperature and the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction
chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, ΔrH⊖, for the process. The subscript r means "reaction" and the
Van_'t_Hoff_equation
Chemical reaction releasing energy as light or heat
an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change ΔH⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release stored energy
Exothermic_reaction
Energy needed to remove an electron
giving two radical fragments A and B and subsequent evaluation of the enthalpy change Bond energy, the average measure of a chemical bond's strength,
Ionization_energy
Thermodynamic phase transition energy
as the liquid's sensible heat onto the surface. The large value of the enthalpy of condensation of water vapor is the reason that steam is a far more effective
Latent_heat
Approach to analyzing reaction energies
lattice energy (or more precisely enthalpy), which cannot otherwise be measured directly. The lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change involved in the formation
Born–Haber_cycle
Type of energy recovery heat exchanger
thermal wheel, also known as a rotary heat exchanger, or rotary air-to-air enthalpy wheel, energy recovery wheel, or heat recovery wheel, is a type of energy
Thermal_wheel
Concept in thermodynamics
In thermodynamics, enthalpy–entropy compensation is a specific example of the compensation effect. The compensation effect refers to the behavior of a
Enthalpy–entropy_compensation
Energy released by one mole of ions in a hydration reaction
In chemistry, hydration energy (also hydration enthalpy) is the amount of energy released when one mole of ions undergoes solvation. Hydration energy is
Hydration_energy
Chemical compound
rotation ([α]D) 87–102° Refractive index (nD) 1.4727 Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −6.128 MJ mol−1 Hazards Occupational safety and
Limonene
Transition from solid to gas without melting
change. The enthalpy of sublimation (also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization
Sublimation
Energy change upon the formation of one mole of ionic solid
and so the value of the lattice enthalpy is also negative (and exothermic). Both lattice energy and lattice enthalpy are identical at 0 K and the difference
Lattice_energy
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
spontaneously disproportionate into Mg0 and Mg2+ cations. This is because the enthalpy of hydration (surrounding the cation with water molecules) increases in
Periodic_table
Energy release on formation of anions
The electron affinity (Eea) of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral atom or molecule
Electron_affinity
Thermodynamic process absorbing energy from its surroundings
thermodynamics, it is a thermodynamic process with an increase in the enthalpy H (or internal energy U) of the system. In an endothermic process, the
Endothermic_process
Ratio of static enthalpy change within a turbomachine to that of the whole stage
ratio of static enthalpy change in the rotor to the static enthalpy change in the stage. Various definitions exist in terms of enthalpies, pressures or
Degree_of_reaction
Minimum energy required for a chemical reaction
specifically, we can write the Gibbs free energy of activation in terms of enthalpy and entropy of activation: ΔG‡ = ΔH‡ − T ΔS‡. Then, for a unimolecular
Activation_energy
Study of gas-vapor mixtures
Mollier diagram coordinates are enthalpy and humidity ratio. The enthalpy coordinate is skewed and the lines of constant enthalpy are parallel and evenly spaced
Psychrometrics
Solution exhibiting thermodynamic properties analogous to an ideal gas
thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. The enthalpy of mixing is zero, as is the volume change on mixing. The vapor pressures
Ideal_solution
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
Conversion of scales of temperature Energy conversion efficiency Enthalpy Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of vaporization Entropy Equipartition theorem Fahrenheit
Thermodynamic_temperature
Phenomenon of surface adhesion
Note: 1) To choose between the Langmuir and Freundlich equations, the enthalpies of adsorption must be investigated. While the Langmuir model assumes that
Adsorption
Mass fraction of a saturated mixture which is vapor
determining enthalpy of saturated water/steam mixtures, since the enthalpy of steam (gaseous state) is typically several times higher than the enthalpy of water
Vapor_quality
Machine used for studying the effects of air moving around objects
transonic wind tunnel Supersonic wind tunnel Hypersonic wind tunnel High enthalpy wind tunnel Wind tunnels are also classified by the orientation of air
Wind_tunnel
Thermodynamics material reference point
designate a thermodynamic quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°), or change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°). The
Standard_state
Difference in value between properties of an ideal and real mixture
the excess volume, excess enthalpy, and excess chemical potential. The excess volume (VE), internal energy (UE), and enthalpy (HE) are identical to the
Excess_property
Instrument for measuring heat
the study of thermodynamics, chemistry, and biochemistry. To find the enthalpy change per mole of a substance A in a reaction between two substances A
Calorimeter
2015 live album by The Turbine!
Entropy/Enthalpy is a two-CD live album by the jazz ensemble The Turbine!, consisting of double bassists Harrison Bankhead and Benjamin Duboc, and drummers
Entropy/Enthalpy
Concept in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics
has been converted to internal energy and is added to the local static enthalpy. In both compressible and incompressible fluid flow, the stagnation temperature
Stagnation_temperature
Physical property of matter
with phase transitions such as melting or vaporization (see enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of vaporization). Therefore, it is considered a function C(p
Heat_capacity
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
385 ± 0.05 J/(mol·K) Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 69.95 ± 0.03 J/(mol·K) Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −285.83 ± 0.04 kJ/mol Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵) −237
Water
Machine that uses steam to rotate a shaft
h3 is the specific enthalpy at state three h4 is the specific enthalpy at state 4 for the actual turbine h4s is the specific enthalpy at state 4s for the
Steam_turbine
Strength of a chemical bond
chemical bond. It is sometimes called the mean bond, bond enthalpy, average bond enthalpy, or bond strength. IUPAC defines bond energy as the average
Bond_energy
Association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute
into solvent, there is an entropy gain. The enthalpy of solution is the solution enthalpy minus the enthalpy of the separate systems, whereas the entropy
Solvation
Method of reusing thermal energy in a building
wheels exist: heat wheels and enthalpy (desiccant) wheels. Though there is a geometrical similarity between heat and enthalpy wheels, there are differences
Heat_recovery_ventilation
Military unit
The High-Enthalpy Arc-Heated Facilities at Arnold Engineering Development Complex provide aerothermal ground test simulations of hypersonic flight over
High-Enthalpy Arc Heated Facility
High-Enthalpy_Arc_Heated_Facility
Analytical physical chemistry technique
{\displaystyle K_{a}} ), reaction stoichiometry ( n {\displaystyle n} ), enthalpy ( Δ H {\displaystyle \Delta H} ), Gibbs free energy ( Δ G {\displaystyle
Isothermal titration calorimetry
Isothermal_titration_calorimetry
SI derived unit of molar energy
System of Units (SI). The energy concerned may be thermodynamic energy, enthalpy, etc. For example, the Gibbs free energy of a compound in the area of thermochemistry
Joule_per_mole
Thermodynamic properties list
about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Thermodynamic_databases_for_pure_substances
Chemical kinetics equation
theory, also known as activated-complex theory. If one assumes a constant enthalpy of activation and constant entropy of activation, the Eyring equation is
Eyring_equation
Thermodynamic property of seawater that represents the heat content
a thermodynamic property of seawater. It is derived from the potential enthalpy and is recommended under the TEOS-10 standard (Thermodynamic Equation of
Conservative_temperature
subjective interpretation on the part of the analyst as to their location. Enthalpy change is arguably the most fundamental and universal property of chemical
Thermometric_titration
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
pressure. ΔrHm∘ is the standard enthalpy variation of a reaction (with subcases: formation enthalpy, combustion enthalpy ...). E∘ is the standard reduction
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Lattice model of polymer solutions
H_{\rm {mix}}} and Δ S m i x {\displaystyle \Delta S_{\rm {mix}}} , the enthalpy and entropy increments associated with the mixing process. The result obtained
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Concept in thermodynamics
the critical temperature below which a gas that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience
Inversion_temperature
Energy released from chemical substances
(The heat change at constant pressure is equal to the enthalpy change, in this case the enthalpy of reaction, if initial and final temperatures are equal)
Chemical_energy
Homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent
with increased temperature. Such behaviour is a result of an exothermic enthalpy of solution. Some surfactants exhibit this behaviour. The solubility of
Solution_(chemistry)
Principle in physical chemistry
reactions of the same family is proportional to the difference of their enthalpy of reaction. This relationship can be expressed as E a = E 0 + α Δ H ,
Bell–Evans–Polanyi_principle
Thermodynamic process with no change in enthalpy
process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, H; or specific enthalpy, h. If a steady-state, steady-flow process is analysed using
Isenthalpic_process
Type of turbine
in rotor stagnation enthalpy drop in stage {\displaystyle R={\frac {\text{static enthalpy drop in rotor}}{\text{stagnation enthalpy drop in stage}}}} The
Radial_turbine
Thermodynamic equation
promoted it in Europe. The equation is: (∂(GT)∂T)p=−HT2, where H is the enthalpy, T the absolute temperature and G the Gibbs free energy of the system,
Gibbs–Helmholtz_equation
Measure of specific energy in humid air
heat is sometimes called total heat, although total heat may instead mean enthalpy. Sigma heat is the energy which would be extracted from a unit mass of
Sigma_heat
Simple model for non-ideal solutions
solution with the same composition, but is non-ideal due to a nonzero enthalpy of mixing. Such a solution is formed by random mixing of components of
Regular_solution
Model of thermodynamic properties
temperature. For example, to evaluate enthalpy change between two points h(v1,T1) and h(v2,T2) we first compute the enthalpy departure function between volume
Departure_function
Forms which matter can take
Triple point Vaporization Vitrification Quantities Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Latent heat Latent internal energy
State_of_matter
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
called enthalpy, and is denoted as H. Therefore, an isobaric process can be more succinctly described as Q = Δ H {\displaystyle Q=\Delta H\,} . Enthalpy and
Isobaric_process
Material phase change
zero, but there are non-zero changes in the enthalpy (H) and the entropy (S), known respectively as the enthalpy of fusion (or latent heat of fusion) and
Melting
Water in the gas phase
evaporation or by boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Superheated or saturated steam is invisible; however,
Steam
Organic compound (CH3CO2CH2CH3)
−83 °C, with a melting enthalpy of 10.48 kJ/mol. At atmospheric pressure, the compound boils at 77 °C. The vaporization enthalpy at the boiling point is
Ethyl_acetate
2014 short story by Usman T. Malik
"The Vaporization Enthalpy of a Peculiar Pakistani Family" is a short science fiction story by Pakistani author Usman T. Malik. Inspired by Sufi poetry
The Vaporization Enthalpy of a Peculiar Pakistani Family
The_Vaporization_Enthalpy_of_a_Peculiar_Pakistani_Family
Topics referred to by the same term
Hydration may refer to: Hydrate, a substance that contains water Hydration enthalpy, energy released through hydrating a substance Hydration reaction, a chemical
Hydration
Equations in thermodynamics
are the following functions: U Internal energy A Helmholtz free energy H Enthalpy G Gibbs free energy Thermodynamic systems are typically affected by the
Thermodynamic_equations
Function describing equilibrium states of a system
of state function such as enthalpy. The description of the system heat exchange is done by a state function, and thus enthalpy changes point to an amount
State_function
Energy that is measured by temperature
system, or "contained" within it; on the other hand, internal energy and enthalpy are properties of a single system. Heat and work depend on the way in which
Thermal_energy
Change in a property of a mixture component with respect to amount
analogous to those of the extensive properties. For the internal energy U, enthalpy H, Helmholtz free energy A, and Gibbs free energy G, the following hold:
Partial_molar_property
Change in energy from formation of 1 mole of substance
WebBook (see link below) is an online resource that contains standard enthalpy of formation for various compounds along with the standard molar entropy
Standard Gibbs free energy of formation
Standard_Gibbs_free_energy_of_formation
Method of heat exchange in which convection drives pumpless circulation
Bake-out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer
Thermosiphon
Enthalpy change from diluting a substance in solution
In thermochemistry, the heat of dilution, or enthalpy of dilution, refers to the enthalpy change associated with the dilution process of a component in
Heat_of_dilution
Chemical compound (C5H12)
density than the other two isomers. Moreover, its enthalpy of fusion is lower than the enthalpies of fusion of both n-pentane and isopentane, thus indicating
Neopentane
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
system (ex. isovolumetric/isochoric: constant volume, isenthalpic: constant enthalpy). Even though in reality it is not necessarily possible to carry out an
Isentropic_process
Type of geothermal power station
non-dimensional h1 is the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the turbine inlet, in kJ/kg h2s is the specific enthalpy of the working fluid at the turbine
Binary_cycle
Phase transition of liquid to solid
Helium-3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below 0.8 K. This
Freezing
Constants that describe stability of coordination complexes
kJ mol−1) ⋅ log β. Free energy is made up of an enthalpy term and an entropy term. ΔG⊖=ΔH⊖−TΔS⊖ The standard enthalpy change can be determined by calorimetry
Stability constants of complexes
Stability_constants_of_complexes
Type of energy transfer
with the enthalpy H defined by H=U+PV. The enthalpy may be considered to be a function H(S, P) of its natural variables S and P. The enthalpy representation
Heat
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
or ions) of the two substances, and of thermodynamic concepts such as enthalpy and entropy. Under certain conditions, the concentration of the solute
Solubility
Temperature at which a solid turns liquid
scanning calorimetry gives information on melting point together with its enthalpy of fusion. A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline
Melting_point
Chemical data page
Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa). Zhang Y; Evans JRG & Zhang S (2011)
Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)
Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)
Organic compound (C6H5NH2); simplest aromatic amine
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) 31 kJ/mol Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) –3393 kJ/mol Enthalpy of fusion (ΔfH⦵fus) 10.54 kJ/mol Enthalpy of vaporization
Aniline
Fluid mechanical property
rothalpy) I {\displaystyle I} , a short name of rotational stagnation enthalpy, is a fluid mechanical property of importance in the study of flow within
Rothalpy
Aerodynamic testing facility
expansion whereas expansion tunnels use unsteady expansion with higher enthalpy, or thermal energy. In both cases the gases are compressed and heated until
Expansion_tunnel
Measure of solvency/solution
dissolved solids Solubility Solubility equilibrium Solvation Solvation shell Enthalpy of solution Lattice energy Raoult's law Henry's law Solubility table (data)
Hydration_number
German scientific academic (1863-1935)
thermodynamics, particularly for water, steam, and moist air. Mollier diagrams (enthalpy-entropy charts) are routinely used by engineers in the design work associated
Richard_Mollier
Creation of two phases of matter from a single homogenous mixture
of the free energy in mixing is the sum of the enthalpy of mixing and the entropy of mixing. The enthalpy of mixing is zero for ideal mixtures, and ideal
Phase_separation
Scalar physical quantities representing system states
release heat. Gibbs energy (G) is the capacity to do non-mechanical work. Enthalpy (H) is the capacity to do non-mechanical work plus the capacity to release
Thermodynamic_potential
\Delta S_{p}} is the change of entropy during polymerization. The change of enthalpy during polymerization, Δ H p {\displaystyle \Delta H_{p}} , is also known
Ceiling_temperature
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