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Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity that measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point
Thermodynamic_temperature
Physical systems hotter than any other
Certain thermodynamic systems can achieve negative thermodynamic temperature; that is, their temperature can be expressed as a negative quantity on the
Negative_temperature
Method to measure temperature quantitatively
boiling point of water. Absolute temperature is based on thermodynamic principles: using the lowest possible temperature as the zero point, and selecting
Scale_of_temperature
Physical quantity of hot and cold
0 K = −273.15 °C, or -459.67 °F, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not
Temperature
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
macroscopic equilibrium. A thermodynamic system in a state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium has a spatially uniform temperature. Its intensive properties
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
gradients, for example a temperature gradient, are well enough defined. Thus the description of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems is a field theory
Thermodynamic_system
Temperature of air as measured by a thermometer shielded from radiation and moisture
The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It is directly
Dry-bulb_temperature
SI unit of temperature
energy by setting the Boltzmann constant; every 1 K change of thermodynamic temperature corresponds to a change in the thermal energy, kBT, of exactly
Kelvin
Quantifiable conditions of a thermodynamic system at a specific time
pressure and volume, then its temperature is uniquely determined. Thermodynamic temperature is a specifically thermodynamic concept, while the original
Thermodynamic_state
Unit of measurement for temperature
terms of the kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature (symbol: K). Absolute zero, the lowest temperature, is now defined as being exactly 0 K
Celsius
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
During a closed cycle, the system returns to its original thermodynamic state of temperature and pressure. Process quantities (or path quantities), such
Thermodynamic_cycle
Measure of the coldness of a system
statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamic beta, also known as coldness, is the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature of a system: β ≡ 1 k B T {\displaystyle
Thermodynamic_beta
Temperature of a thermometer covered by moist cloth
"isobaric wet-bulb temperature" to refer to the "thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature". It is also called the "adiabatic saturation temperature", though meteorologists
Wet-bulb_temperature
Observational basis of thermodynamics
physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
terms of thermodynamic temperatures: Since fuel cells can generate useful power when all components of the system are at the same temperature ( T = T H
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Property of a thermodynamic system
Entropy is a thermodynamic state variable that quantifies the probabilistic distribution of accessible microstates in a system. The term and the concept
Entropy
Physical law for entropy and heat
divided by the common thermodynamic temperature ( T ) {\displaystyle (T)} of the system of interest and the auxiliary thermodynamic system: d S = δ Q T
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1) A thermodynamic process is a process
Thermodynamic_process
System of quantities used in science and their interrelationships
seven ISQ base quantities – length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity – and the relationships
International System of Quantities
International_System_of_Quantities
Absolute temperature scale using Fahrenheit degrees
The Rankine scale (/ˈræŋkɪn/ RANG-kin) is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature named after the University of Glasgow engineer and physicist W
Rankine_scale
Term used in defining several scales of temperature
is a former name and symbol for the SI unit of temperature on the thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. Since 1967, it has been known simply as
Degree_(temperature)
Weather or lab measurements
overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees of freedom. At such low temperatures, the concept of "temperature" becomes multifaceted
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth
Type of thermometer
slightly different temperature readings. In practice, these variations were very slight and remained close to the thermodynamic temperature, once the latter
Mercury-in-glass_thermometer
State of low temperature
absolute zero, defined as 0.00 K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, −459
Cold
Practical temperature scale
Celsius temperature scales. It is an approximation of thermodynamic temperature that facilitates the comparability and compatibility of temperature measurements
International Temperature Scale of 1990
International_Temperature_Scale_of_1990
One of the seven units of measurement that define the metric system
kilogram for mass, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for thermodynamic temperature, the mole for amount of substance, and the candela for luminous
SI_base_unit
Temperature below which condensation occurs
100%. This temperature is a thermodynamic property that depends on the pressure and water content of the air. When the air at a temperature above the dew
Dew_point
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
showed how thermodynamic processes, including chemical reactions, could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure
Thermodynamics
Dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamic
in the medium, which in air varies with the square root of the thermodynamic temperature. By definition, at Mach 1, the local flow velocity u is equal
Mach_number
Thermodynamic point where three matter phases exist
substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It
Triple_point
Lowest theoretical temperature
(unit of temperature) Charles's law Heat International Temperature Scale of 1990 Orders of magnitude (temperature) Thermodynamic temperature Triple point
Absolute_zero
Type of energy transfer
than through thermodynamic work or through transfer of matter. Rather than by mechanical or other effects in the surroundings, thermodynamic work is defined
Heat
Modern form of the metric system
kilogram (kg, mass), ampere (A, electric current), kelvin (K, thermodynamic temperature), mole (mol, amount of substance), and candela (cd, luminous intensity)
International_System_of_Units
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and
Boltzmann_constant
Physical constant equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but in different units
gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. Rspecific is the mass-specific gas constant. The gas constant
Gas_constant
Fraction of the melting point
Homologous temperature expresses the thermodynamic temperature of a material as a fraction of the thermodynamic temperature of its melting point (i.e.
Homologous_temperature
Physical law for definition of temperature
scale of temperature. The zeroth law is needed for the definition of such scales, and justifies the use of practical thermometers. A thermodynamic system
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Topics referred to by the same term
related to the Fahrenheit scale Thermodynamic temperature, or absolute temperature, a physical quantity which measures temperature starting from absolute zero
Absolute_temperature_scale
Paradox relating to fate of universe
universe has not achieved thermodynamic equilibrium, as entropy production and free work are still possible, and there are temperature differences between objects
Heat_death_paradox
Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material
feature of thermodynamic diagrams is the equivalence between the area in the diagram and energy. When air changes pressure and temperature during a process
Thermodynamic_diagrams
Measure of the effective concentration of a species in a mixture
defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant. Alternatively, this equation
Thermodynamic_activity
Probability distribution of energy states of a system
distribution is the product of the Boltzmann constant kB and thermodynamic temperature T. The symbol ∝ {\displaystyle \propto } denotes proportionality
Boltzmann_distribution
Measure of distance in physical space
metre m mass m M kilogram kg electric current I , i I ampere A thermodynamic temperature T Θ kelvin K amount of substance n N mole mol luminous intensity
Length
Device for measuring thermodynamic properties
definition of temperature is "what a thermometer reads". The question follows – what is a thermometer? There are two types of thermodynamic instruments:
Thermodynamic_instruments
Device to measure temperature
agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely
Thermometer
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
In thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s)
Temperature–entropy_diagram
Topics referred to by the same term
point of water (Celsius) Absolute zero, the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale (Kelvins) 0 degrees Fahrenheit, approximately -17.78 degrees
0°
Scalar physical quantities representing system states
A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system
Thermodynamic_potential
Visible light per unit solid angle
metre m mass m M kilogram kg electric current I , i I ampere A thermodynamic temperature T Θ kelvin K amount of substance n N mole mol luminous intensity
Luminous_intensity
Possible fate of the universe
achieved its thermodynamic equilibrium, thus further work and entropy production are still possible. The existence of stars and temperature differences
Heat_death_of_the_universe
French physicist and engineer (1796–1832)
Clausius. Thomson used Carnot's analysis to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, while Clausius used it to define the concept of entropy
Nicolas_Léonard_Sadi_Carnot
Equations in thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in
Thermodynamic_equations
Gas made of free atoms
monatomic in the gas phase at sufficiently high temperature (or very low pressure). The thermodynamic behavior of a monatomic gas is much simpler when
Monatomic_gas
Chart used to show conditions at which physical phases of a substance occur
a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states)
Phase_diagram
Thermodynamic properties list
of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-dependent
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Thermodynamic_databases_for_pure_substances
Topics referred to by the same term
Atmospheric temperature Thermodynamic temperature, a quantity defined in thermodynamics Color temperature, of a light source Effective temperature, of a body
Temperature_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
successive nerve impulses To mean a difference in temperature including thermodynamic temperature, may occur in Discussions of climate change Discussions
ΔT
Flow of electric charge
conductor increases the internal energy of the conductor, converting thermodynamic work into heat. The phenomenon was first studied by James Prescott Joule
Electric_current
Cooling technique in atomic physics
corresponds to a lower temperature and therefore colder atoms. For an ensemble of particles, their thermodynamic temperature is proportional to the variance
Laser_cooling
Eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet
misspelling. K is the unit symbol for the kelvin, used to measure thermodynamic temperature (the degree sign is not used with this symbol). K is the chemical
K
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
(adiábatos) 'impassable') is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat between the thermodynamic system and its environment. Unlike
Adiabatic_process
Topics referred to by the same term
Absolute temperature, a temperature on the thermodynamic temperature scale Absolute zero, the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, −273
Absolute
metrology Smart Metrology Time metrology Quantum metrology History of thermodynamic temperature Timeline of heat engine technology List of timelines Vincenzo
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
Timeline_of_temperature_and_pressure_measurement_technology
control and B is the thermodynamic product and is favoured under thermodynamic control. The conditions of the reaction, such as temperature, pressure, or solvent
Thermodynamic and kinetic reaction control
Thermodynamic_and_kinetic_reaction_control
Type of energy transfer
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings.
Work_(thermodynamics)
Characteristic temperature for a substance
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid
Boiling_point
Temperature at which the partition function of a statistical-mechanical system diverges
beyond the reach of current, or even foreseeable, technology. Heat Thermodynamic temperature Gaździcki, Marek; Gorenstein, Mark I. (2016), "Hagedorn's Hadron
Hagedorn_temperature
Topics referred to by the same term
multiples of 1000 K, abbreviation for kelvin, the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature K, abbreviation for karat (UK spelling: carat), a ratio that measures
K_(disambiguation)
English physicist (1818–1889)
after him. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, which came to be called the Kelvin scale. Joule also made
James_Prescott_Joule
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
amounts (quanta), and that this affects the system's thermodynamic properties. Depending on the temperature, the average energy per molecule may be too small
Specific_heat_capacity
Amount of matter present in an object
because precise measurement of a cubic decimetre of water at the specified temperature and pressure was difficult, in 1889 the kilogram was redefined as the
Mass
Common thermodynamic equations and quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows: Many of the definitions below are also used
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
plus atmospheric pressure. Absolute zero The lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal
Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L
Class of units of measurement
m length kilogram kg mass ampere A electric current kelvin K thermodynamic temperature mole mol amount of substance candela cd luminous intensity SI
List_of_metric_units
Concept in thermodynamics
The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a gas that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience
Inversion_temperature
Experimental element which is not changed throughout the experiment
is the volume T is the thermodynamic temperature measured in kelvins k is a constant (with units of energy divided by temperature). which shows that the
Control_variable
Dimensionless number relating to mean free path of a particle
380649×10−23 J/K in SI units) [M1 L2 T−2 Θ−1], T {\displaystyle T} is the thermodynamic temperature [Θ1], d {\displaystyle d} is the particle hard-shell diameter
Knudsen_number
Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
standard electrode potential, R is the molar gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature, F is the Faraday constant. For H+, the number of electrons transferred
PH
Limit of a constant-density system of particles as its volume increases
negligible, and all thermodynamic quantities, such as pressure and energy, are simply functions of the thermodynamic variables, such as temperature and density
Thermodynamic_limit
System that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical work
close to the ambient temperature of the environment, or not much lower than 300 kelvin, so most efforts to improve the thermodynamic efficiencies of various
Heat_engine
Physics calculation for collisions
k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, T {\displaystyle T} is the thermodynamic temperature, μ AB = m A m B m A + m B {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{AB}}={\frac
Collision_frequency
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process affecting a thermodynamic system without transfer of matter, the
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic property of seawater that represents the heat content
Conservative temperature ( Θ ) {\displaystyle (\Theta )} is a thermodynamic property of seawater. It is derived from the potential enthalpy and is recommended
Conservative_temperature
Diffusion coefficient of ions in solution
C{\sqrt {2D}}}}} where R is the ideal gas constant; T is the thermodynamic temperature; F is the Faraday constant; n is the valency; D is the diffusion
Warburg_coefficient
Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium
pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium
Vapor_pressure
Continuous progression from past to future
metre m mass m M kilogram kg electric current I , i I ampere A thermodynamic temperature T Θ kelvin K amount of substance n N mole mol luminous intensity
Time
Physical quantity
by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These
Energy
Theorem in classical statistical mechanics
equilibrium, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the (thermodynamic) temperature. More generally, equipartition can be applied to any classical
Equipartition_theorem
the temperature of one particular degree of freedom – a quantum property called nuclear spin – not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all
Low-temperature technology timeline
Low-temperature_technology_timeline
Chemical data page for water
clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary
Water_(data_page)
Equations on thermodynamic quantities
T is absolute temperature, S is entropy, P is pressure, and V is volume. This is only one expression of the fundamental thermodynamic relation. It may
Fundamental thermodynamic relation
Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation
Analysis of the dimensions of different physical quantities
ambiguous whether 1 K means the absolute temperature corresponding to the Celsius temperature −272.15 °C, or a temperature difference equal to 1 °C. Similar
Dimensional_analysis
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
classical thermodynamic engine during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference
Carnot_cycle
measurable, and whose value describes a state of a physical system. Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic features of a system, capable
List of thermodynamic properties
List_of_thermodynamic_properties
Science of measurement and its application
defines seven base units: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. By convention, each
Metrology
and moisture. It is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It is a measurement of heat intensity independently
Glossary_of_HVAC_terms
Thermodynamic quantity
and T is the thermodynamic temperature. In gas dynamics we are interested in the local relations between pressure, density and temperature, rather than
Heat_capacity_ratio
Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear
is the point at which an infinitesimal change in some thermodynamic variable (such as temperature or pressure) leads to separation of the mixture into
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Critical_point_(thermodynamics)
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. Since free energy
Thermodynamic_free_energy
1st Baron Kelvin 1824–1907 British ( Scottish, Northern Irish) Thermodynamic temperature kelvin (K) (Base unit) Blaise Pascal 1623–1662 French Pressure
List of scientists whose names are used as units
List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units
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