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Thermodynamic process
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation: p V n = C {\displaystyle pV^{n}=C} where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is
Polytropic_process
Thermodynamic concept imporant in astrophysics
leaving only one independent state variable. A polytropic process is intermediate between an isothermal process and adiabatic one. The dependence of pressure
Polytrope
Parameter used in engineering
to the polytropic index for a polytropic process. Futamura, Shingo (1 March 1991). "Deformation Index—Concept for Hysteretic Energy-Loss Process". Rubber
Deformation_index
Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
during a process. For example: An isenthalpic process introduces no change in enthalpy in the system. A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that
Thermodynamic_process
Thermodynamic process of a closed system in which volume remains constant
meaning "space." Isobaric process Adiabatic process Cyclic process Incompressible flow Isothermal process Polytropic process Ansermet, J.-P., Brechet,
Isochoric_process
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
capacity at polytropic process. {\displaystyle C_{i,m}=\left({\frac {\partial C}{\partial n}}\right)={\text{molar heat capacity at polytropic process.}}} The
Specific_heat_capacity
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
reversible (i.e., no entropy generation) adiabatic process can be represented by the polytropic process equation P V γ = c o n s t a n t , {\displaystyle
Adiabatic_process
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
free expansion) Adiabatic process Cyclic process Isobaric process Isochoric process Polytropic process Spontaneous process Keenan, J. H. (1970). "Chapter
Isothermal_process
Thermodynamic process
{V_{2}}{V_{1}}}} Polytropic processes, W 1 − 2 = P 1 V 1 − P 2 V 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle W_{1-2}={\frac {P_{1}V_{1}-P_{2}V_{2}}{n-1}}} Entropy Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Quasistatic_process
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
heat at constant volume. Gas laws Adiabatic process Isenthalpic process Isentropic analysis Polytropic process Partington, J. R. (1949), An Advanced Treatise
Isentropic_process
Series of activities
temperature stays constant Polytropic process, which obeys the equation p v n = C {\displaystyle pv^{\,n}=C} Quasistatic process, which occurs infinitely
Process
Machine to increase pressure of gas by reducing its volume
(adiabatic) vs. actual (polytropic). Polytropic compression will use a value of n {\displaystyle n} between 0 (a constant-pressure process) and infinity (a constant
Compressor
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
meaning "weight." Adiabatic process Cyclic process Isochoric process Isothermal process Polytropic process Isenthalpic process "First Law of Thermodynamics"
Isobaric_process
Set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow
molecular mass, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } here is considered a constant (polytropic process), and can be shown to correspond to the heat capacity ratio. This
Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
Euler_equations_(fluid_dynamics)
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
thermodynamic processes are defined such that one of the gas properties (P, V, T, S, or H) is constant throughout the process. For a given thermodynamic process, in
Ideal_gas_law
Extensive parameter used to describe a thermodynamic system's state
the polytropic index, a constant). Note that for specific polytropic indexes, a polytropic process will be equivalent to a constant-property process. For
Volume_(thermodynamics)
Cognitive strategy in autism
Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, cognitive processes are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active
Monotropism
Thermodynamic process with no change in enthalpy
An isenthalpic process or isoenthalpic process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, H; or specific enthalpy, h. If a steady-state
Isenthalpic_process
Concept in physics
{\displaystyle c_{p}/c_{v}} . This quantity also appears as the polytropic exponent of the polytropic process described by For an extensive list of compressible flow
Rankine–Hugoniot_conditions
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
In thermodynamics, an irreversible process is a process impossible to reverse or undo. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase
Irreversible_process
impairment can drastically affect an autistic individual's ability to process (i.e. multi-modal) and retain information. Sumiyoshi, Kawakubo, Suga, Sumiyoshi
Autism_and_memory
Observational basis of thermodynamics
thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Type of wave in plasma
p_{s}} . We assume the pressure perturbations for each species are a Polytropic process, namely p s 1 = γ s T s 0 n s 1 {\displaystyle p_{s1}=\gamma _{s}T_{s0}n_{s1}}
Ion_acoustic_wave
Closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
Stirling Engine Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century Interactive computational model of Stirling engine cycle with polytropic processes
Stirling_engine
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
reversible. Isenthalpic : The process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy or specific enthalpy. Polytropic : The process that obeys the relation P
Thermodynamic_cycle
Process whose direction can be reversed
In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed by infinitesimal changes
Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic quantity
path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or
Process_function
Thermodynamic cycle for spark ignition piston engines
and isentropic processes (frictionless, adiabatic reversible). Left and right sides of the loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes (constant volume)
Otto_cycle
Dimensionless astrophysics equation
gravitational potential of a Newtonian self-gravitating, spherically symmetric, polytropic fluid. It is named after astrophysicists Jonathan Homer Lane and Robert
Lane–Emden_equation
Polymeric liquid crystal Polyphase coil Polyphase system Polytrope Polytropic process Polywater Polywell Pomeranchuk Prize Pomeron Ponderomotive energy
Index_of_physics_articles_(P)
Type of energy transfer
modes of transfer in order to ensure a strict logical distinction. In the process of transfer, heat is not necessarily conserved, but can be generated (though
Heat
Chemical process in the liquefaction of gas
The Hampson–Linde cycle is a process for the liquefaction of gases, especially for air separation. William Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed
Hampson–Linde_cycle
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process affecting a thermodynamic system without transfer of matter
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Physical law for entropy and heat
and provides necessary criteria for spontaneous processes. For example, the first law allows the process of a cup falling off a table and breaking on the
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Amount of air seen through in astronomical observations
κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is the polytropic exponent (or polytropic index). The air mass integral for the polytropic model does not lend itself to a closed-form
Air_mass_(astronomy)
Hypothesis in physics
Anguige & K. P. Tod (1999). "Isotropic Cosmological Singularities I. Polytropic Perfect Fluid Spacetimes". Annals of Physics. 276 (2): 257–293. arXiv:gr-qc/9903008
Weyl_curvature_hypothesis
Protein found in humans
Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XPR1 gene. It is a member of the solute carrier (SLC) family
Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1
Xenotropic_and_polytropic_retrovirus_receptor_1
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
temperature is constant (isothermal process). Heat transfer from point 4 to 1 and point 2 to 3 are equal to zero (adiabatic process). A Carnot cycle plotted on
Carnot_cycle
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
during a process. For reversible (ideal) processes, the area under the T–s curve of a process is the heat transferred to the system during that process. Working
Temperature–entropy_diagram
Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material
this process due to the free floating piston being allowed to rise making the process an isobaric process or constant pressure process. This Process Path
Thermodynamic_diagrams
Star formation process
derive the condition for fragmentation an adiabatic process is assumed in an ideal gas and also a polytropic equation of state is taken. The derivation is shown
Jeans_instability
Planet in the shape of a toroidal or doughnut shape
gravitational potential of a Newtonian self-gravitating, spherically symmetric polytropic fluid Synestia Circumplanetary disk – Accumulation of matter around a
Toroidal_planet
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and active systems are distinguished:
Thermodynamic_system
Closed thermodynamic cycle involving fluid
heat injection process in the cycle. Along adiabatic and isentropic processes, such as those theoretically associated with pumping processes in transcritical
Transcritical_cycle
Physical quantity
constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the Sun. The total energy
Energy
Unsteady state combustion process
Pressure gain combustion (PGC) is the unsteady state process used in gas turbines in which gas expansion caused by heat release is constrained. First
Pressure_gain_combustion
Thermodynamic cycle that includes the basic Stirling engine
Analysis Archived 2010-06-30 at the Wayback Machine I. Urieli Stirling Cycle Machine Analysis Polytropic cycle inside Stirling engine Stirling engine cycle
Stirling_cycle
Physical property of matter
as the definition of the isobaric heat capacity. A system undergoing a process at constant volume implies that no expansion work is done, so the heat
Heat_capacity
Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle describing the process by which certain heat engines, such as steam turbines or reciprocating steam
Rankine_cycle
Engine combustion process
The Diesel cycle is a combustion process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is ignited by heat generated during the compression
Diesel_cycle
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic potential
Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which temperature is
Helmholtz_free_energy
Thermodynamic cycle
this occurs, all available energy has been obtained from the combustion process. For any given portion of air, the greater expansion ratio converts more
Atkinson_cycle
Thermodynamic quantity
ratio is important for its applications in thermodynamical reversible processes, especially involving ideal gases; the speed of sound depends on this
Heat_capacity_ratio
Chemical law
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Piobert's_law
Property of a thermodynamic system
concentrated. A consequence of the second law of thermodynamics is that certain processes are irreversible. The thermodynamic concept was referred to by Scottish
Entropy
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden
Thermodynamic_free_energy
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
are: Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy Isentropic process: a reversible
Thermodynamics
Type of energy transfer
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings
Work_(thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic cycle
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Miller_cycle
Volume of fluid which passes per unit time
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Volumetric_flow_rate
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
natural process proceeds at a finite rate for the main part of its course. It is thereby radically different from a fictive quasi-static 'process' that
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Force distributed over an area
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Pressure
Species of virus
enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as
Murine_coronavirus
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Internal_pressure
Physical law for definition of temperature
the labeling may be quite arbitrary, temperature is just such a labeling process which uses the real number system for tagging. The zeroth law justifies
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
magnetic flux density. So the first law of thermodynamics in a reversible process can be expressed as Δ U = ∫ S T d S − ∫ V P d V + 1 4 π ∫ V H ⋅ Δ B d V
Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems
Magnetic_Thermodynamic_Systems
Mathematical model which approximates the behavior of real gases
in a throttling process the temperature of the gas does not change. (If the pressure of a real gas is reduced in a throttling process, its temperature
Ideal_gas
Initial step in the phase transition or molecular self-assembly of a substance
within a substance or mixture. Nucleation is typically defined as the process that determines how long an observer must wait before a new phase or self-organised
Nucleation
Relations between flows and forces, or gradients, in thermodynamic systems
collected and analyzed by D. G. Miller for many classes of irreversible processes, namely for thermoelectricity, electrokinetics, transference in electrolytic
Onsager_reciprocal_relations
Version of the second law of thermodynamics
instant in time. The closed integral is carried out along a thermodynamic process path from the initial/final state to the same initial/final state (thermodynamic
Clausius_theorem
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy
by the second law of thermodynamics it cannot be equal in a non-ideal process, so 0 ≤ η t h < 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq \eta _{\rm {th}}<1} When expressed
Thermal_efficiency
Species of virus
xenotropic (from xenos, "foreign", infecting non-mouse species), polytropic or modified polytropic (infecting a range of hosts including mice). Among the latter
Murine_leukemia_virus
Refrigerator that uses a heat source
that uses a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. Solar energy, burning oil, waste heat from factories, and district heating
Absorption_refrigerator
System that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical work
the colder sink until it reaches a lower temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties
Heat_engine
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
not conserved in a thermodynamic process of transfer between a system and its surroundings. In a thermodynamic process in which a quantity of energy is
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Thermodynamic cycle
into the gas turbine's combustion chamber to increase power output. The process can be thought of as a parallel combination of the gas-turbine Brayton
Cheng_cycle
Thermodynamic cycle for combustion engines
of heat at constant volume. Process 3-4: Addition of heat at constant pressure. Process 4-5: Isentropic expansion. Process 5-1: Rejection of heat at constant
Mixed/dual_cycle
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
High-efficiency_hybrid_cycle
Physical quantity of hot and cold
engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. Many physical processes are related to temperature; some of them are given below: the physical
Temperature
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
system the magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is isentropic or isothermal. Accordingly, isothermal compressibility is
Compressibility
Thermodynamic cycle
compressor. isobaric process – heat rejection (in the atmosphere). Actual Brayton cycle: adiabatic process – compression isobaric process – heat addition adiabatic
Brayton_cycle
Model of fluid flow
has applicability as upper boundary to Fanno flow. Fanno flow Isentropic process Rayleigh flow Shapiro, A.H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible
Isothermal_flow
Function describing equilibrium states of a system
expressed by exact differentials. In contrast, mechanical work and heat are process quantities or path functions because their values depend on a specific
State_function
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Theorem of corresponding states
Theorem_of_corresponding_states
Branch of thermodynamics
equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. Almost all systems found in
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
d S = δ Q T {\displaystyle dS={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}} , for reversible processes only Below are useful results from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Imaginary volume through which a substance's flow is modeled and analyzed
a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference, it is a
Control_volume
thermodynamics, entropy is a numerical quantity that shows that many physical processes can go in only one direction in time. For example, cream and coffee can
Introduction_to_entropy
following series of thermodynamic processes: A-B and C-D (TOP and BOTTOM of the loop): a pair of quasi-parallel adiabatic processes D-A (LEFT side of the loop):
Scuderi_cycle
Value in astrophysics
the correct distinctive behavior. For the interior we consider a simple polytropic relation between P and T: P = C T ( 1 + n ) {\displaystyle P=CT^{(1+n)}}
Hayashi_limit
Intense form of mental concentration
hemisphere of the brain specializes in some neural functions and cognitive processes over others. Those who have a tendency to hyperfocus, such as those with
Hyperfocus
Equation in stellar astrophysics
the stellar structure and can be estimated from the star approximate polytropic index. Note that this does not hold for large enough stars, where the
Mass–luminosity_relation
Type of thermodynamic potential
temperature and pressure. It also provides a necessary condition for processes such as chemical reactions that may occur under these conditions. The
Gibbs_free_energy
Subfield of cosmology
frequently not modeled directly but rather characterized by an effective polytropic equation of state. More recent simulations use a multimodal distribution
Galaxy formation and evolution
Galaxy_formation_and_evolution
Thermodynamic process
The Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. It uses a solution
Kalina_cycle
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Pseudo_Stirling_cycle
steam engines using caloric theory; he develops the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, lays the foundation
Timeline_of_thermodynamics
Pair of values which express a thermodynamic system's internal energy
dealing with processes in which systems exchange matter or energy, classical thermodynamics is not concerned with the rate at which such processes take place
Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)
German physicist and physiologist (1821–1894)
volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Hermann_von_Helmholtz
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