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Membrane enclosed compartments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks
Thylakoid
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids. The thylakoid membranes contain photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
thylakoids (grana), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid
Photosynthesis
Structural units of protein involved in photosynthesis
and the transfer of energy and electrons. Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. These membranes are located
Photosystem
mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts
Chloroplast_membrane
Particle found in living cells
Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. An individual quantasome is measured to
Quantasome
Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis
occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent
Calvin_cycle
Organelle found within the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts
by thylakoid membranes, which are in continuity with stromal thylakoids. In the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum, individual thylakoid membranes
Pyrenoid
Chemical compound
in the membranes of thylakoids within chloroplasts. Antheraxanthin provides more heat and light stability (via NPQ) to the thylakoid membranes than violaxanthin
Antheraxanthin
Enzyme
plastoquinol/plastocyanin oxidoreductase; EC 7.1.1.6) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that
Cytochrome_b6f_complex
Energy-producing metabolic pathway
photosynthetic eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is found on the thylakoid membrane. Here, light energy drives electron transport through a proton
Electron_transport_chain
First protein complex in light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Within the photosystem,
Photosystem_II
In cellular biology, thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue
system is a flattened single vesicle called the thylakoid; thylakoids stack into grana. All the thylakoids of a granum are connected with each other, and
Lamella_(cell_biology)
Cavity within an organ
inside several organelles, cellular components, or structures, including thylakoid, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondrion, and
Lumen_(anatomy)
Second protein complex in photosynthetic light reactions
that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Ultimately, the electrons that
Photosystem_I
Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria
intermediates in the thylakoid membrane, by electrons coming, ultimately, from Photosystem II. Electron transfer reactions in the thylakoid membranes are complex
Chlorophyll
Ability of lipids to aggregate into a variety of structured phases
YashRoy R.C. (1994) Destabilisation of lamellar dispersion of thylakoid membrane lipids by sucrose. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta vol. 1212(1)
Lipid_polymorphism
Enzyme
Organisms capable of photosynthesis also have ATP synthase across the thylakoid membrane, which in plants is located in the chloroplast and in cyanobacteria
ATP_synthase
Lipid molecules on cell membrane
lipids in higher plant chloroplast thylakoid membranes; liposomal structures formed by total lipid extract of thylakoid membranes have been found sensitive
Membrane_lipid
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called thylakoids where photosynthesis is performed. Photoautotrophic eukaryotes such as
Cyanobacteria
Biological mechanism for routing proteins
envelope, inner envelope, stroma, thylakoid lumen, or the thylakoid membrane. Proteins are targeted to Thylakoids by mechanisms related to Bacterial
Protein_targeting
18-Carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid
the thylakoid membranes in the leaves of Pisum sativum (pea leaves). Plant chloroplasts consisting of more than 95 percent of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes
Α-Linolenic_acid
Specialized subunit within a cell
Cyanobacteria have internal thylakoid membranes for light-dependent photosynthesis; studies have revealed that the cell membrane and the thylakoid membranes are not
Organelle
Protein domain
using protons. The gradient is only used to power transport across the thylakoid membrane, however, while the gradient in the mitochondria is used to power
TIC/TOC_complex
Outermost layer of some cells
cell: a. Plasmodesmata b. Plasma membrane c. Cell wall 1. Chloroplast d. Thylakoid membrane e. Starch grain 2. Vacuole f. Vacuole g. Tonoplast h. Mitochondrion
Cell_wall
In plants, the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast
surrounding the thylakoids (membrane-bound, sub-organelle compartments) within the chloroplast. After being initiated in the thylakoid membrane, the process
Stroma_(fluid)
plant chloroplasts, involving the electron transport chain (ETC) in the thylakoid membrane. It is thought to involve NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and plastid
Chlororespiration
Biochemical process in photosynthesis
two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems in the thylakoid membrane. First, a photon is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments surrounding
Photophosphorylation
Genus of bacteria
Gloeobacter's order, Gloeobacterales, is unique among cyanobacteria in not having thylakoids, which are characteristic for all other cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
Gloeobacter
Electrochemical principle that enables cellular respiration
pumps H+ ions (protons) in the stroma (fluid) through the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid spaces. The stored energy is used to photophosphorylate
Chemiosmosis
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
bacteria, their cells lack membrane-bound organelles, with the exception of thylakoids. Like other algae, cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a as their primary photosynthetic
Algae
Plant cell organelle
is generally seen to be the process of grana being unstacked, loss of thylakoid membranes, and large accumulation of plastoglobuli. The term gerontoplast
Gerontoplast
American biologist and professor (born 1948)
the structure and function of cell membranes, especially chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Miller is a co-author of a major introductory college and high
Kenneth_R._Miller
Protein export pathway
translocase is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, where it acts to export proteins into the thylakoid lumen. In bacteria, the Tat translocase
Twin-arginine translocation pathway
Twin-arginine_translocation_pathway
Chemical compound
a yellowish color. It is required for normal cell wall structure and thylakoid organization in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. The pigment is unusual
Myxoxanthophyll
simplified chemical reaction: 2H2O → 4e− + 4H+ + O2 The reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria as well as algal and plant chloroplasts and
Dioxygen in biological reactions
Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions
plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) is an enzyme that resides on the thylakoid membranes of plant and algae chloroplasts and on the membranes of cyanobacteria
Plastid_terminal_oxidase
Class of enzymes
membrane proteins on the thylakoid membrane is enhanced under acidic conditions, so recruitment and binding of FNR to the thylakoid membrane may be a method
Ferredoxin—NADP(+)_reductase
Chemical reaction
Noncyclic photophosphorylation through light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane
Hill_reaction
Lipid that is soluble in nonpolar solvents with their respective range
18-carbon linolenic acid, the most abundant fatty-acyl chains of plant thylakoid membranes, render these membranes highly fluid despite environmental low-temperatures
Lipid
Protein domain
Bacterial ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase may be bound to the thylakoid membrane or anchored to the thylakoid-bound phycobilisomes. Chloroplast ferredoxin-NADP+
Oxidoreductase NAD-binding domain
Oxidoreductase_NAD-binding_domain
Layer packing of chain molecules with polar and nonpolar ends in a bulk liquid
liposome made by vortex-mixing of dried total lipid extract of spinach thylakoid membranes with distilled water. Phosphotungstic acid negative stained
Lamellar_phase
Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)
sunlight → glucose + dioxygen Photolytic oxygen evolution occurs in the thylakoid membranes of photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four
Oxygen
Chemical compound
tail which anchors the molecule to other hydrophobic proteins in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Once detached from the porphyrin ring, phytol
Chlorophyll_a
fully understood, but do require the transport of H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane. Mg2+ is the coordinating metal ion in the chlorophyll molecule
Magnesium_in_biology
Ability of lipid molecules to move within a bilayer relative to temperature
S2CID 14947495. YashRoy, R.C. (1994). "Destabilisation of lamellar dispersions of thylakoid membrane lipids by sucrose". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids
Lipid_bilayer_phase_behavior
Chemical element with atomic number 29 (Cu)
Photosynthesis functions by an elaborate electron transport chain within the thylakoid membrane. A central link in this chain is plastocyanin, a blue copper
Copper
Division of plant life
chloroplasts without external endoplasmic reticulum or unstacked (stroma) thylakoids, and use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments, which give them their
Red_algae
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis pump protons into the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP. The proton gradient
Electrochemical_gradient
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
cytochrome b6f complex, which uses their energy to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. These protons move back through the membrane
Metabolism
Members of this order differ from other cyanobacteria in that they have no thylakoids, yet like other cyanobacteria (and hence unlike other photosynthetic bacteria)
Gloeobacterales
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
four atoms of manganese, is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The OEC is responsible for the terminal photooxidation
Manganese
Genus of algae
shape, and are covered in fragmented starch plates, and have tubular thylakoid membranes penetrating the pyrenoid matrix. The stigma of Chlorogonium
Chlorogonium
Light-energy harvesting structure in cyanobacteria and red algae
Phycobilisomes are protein complexes (up to 600 polypeptides) anchored to thylakoid membranes. They are made of stacks of chromophorylated proteins, the phycobiliproteins
Phycobilisome
Proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes
Membrane protein complexes of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane
Membrane_protein
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
Representation of a dinoflagellate Plastid membranes (3, secondary red) Thylakoids, site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Pyrenoid, center
Dinoflagellate
sequences This enzyme is present in bacterial membranes and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Black MT (August 1993). "Evidence that the catalytic activity
Signal_peptidase_I
Form of signal modulation
kinetics of fluorescence rise and decay in the light-harvesting antenna of thylakoid membranes, thus querying various aspects of the state of the photosystems
Pulse-amplitude_modulation
Evolutionary theory
cyanobacteria showing their similarities. Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have a double membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and chlorophyll-containing thylakoids.
Symbiogenesis
Unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light
of electrons released by photolysis (e.g. in the photosystems of the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts). In chloroplasts, the light-driven electron
Photopigment
Component of photosynthesis
LHC) is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants and cyanobacteria, which transfer light energy to one
Light-harvesting complexes of green plants
Light-harvesting_complexes_of_green_plants
Molecule which moves electron in photosynthesis
photosynthesis, is that of a mobile electron carrier through the membrane of the thylakoid. Plastoquinone is reduced when it accepts two electrons from photosystem
Plastoquinone
Enzyme that cleaves other proteins into smaller peptides
(October 2004). "Senescence-dependent degradation of Lhcb3 is mediated by a thylakoid membrane-bound protease". Journal of Plant Physiology. 161 (10): 1157–1170
Protease
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intrinsic back reaction. The dependence of the level of this phase on the thylakoids internal pH". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 408
Dell_Latitude
Plastidial protein involved in photosynthesis
in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Ycf4 is important for the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. To date, three thylakoid proteins
Ycf4_protein_domain
Photoreceptive organelle
structure. It is assembled from chloroplast membranes (outer, inner, and thylakoid membranes) and carotenoid-filled granules overlaid by plasma membrane
Eyespot_apparatus
Membrane protein
phosphorylation, where it is known as Complex V), and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. It uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis by allowing
F-ATPase
Organisms that use light and inorganic carbon to produce organic materials
chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls present in free-floating cytoplasmic thylakoids. Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis that
Photoautotroph
Viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane
A study of central linewidths of electron spin resonance spectra of thylakoid membranes and aqueous dispersions of their total extracted lipids, labeled
Membrane_fluidity
Reflecting only some colours of light
[citation needed] Chloroplasts: The ordered arrangement of chlorophyll within thylakoid membranes can exhibit dichroic properties during light harvesting.[citation
Dichroism
Species of bacterium
pigments and the energy storing photosystems in membrane structures called thylakoids located in cytoplasm of the cells. It also contains pigments that absorb
Nostoc_commune
Genus of algae
chloroplast contains bands composed of a variable number of the photosynthetic thylakoids which are not organised into grana-like structures. The nucleus is enclosed
Chlamydomonas
Chemical compound
cytochrome bc1 complex in mitochondria and the cytochrome b6f complex of thylakoid membranes. At higher concentrations, stigmatellin also inhibits Complex
Stigmatellin
the native pH differences between the cytosol, chloroplast stroma, and thylakoid lumen. These two pathways, with the same effect on RuBisCO, evolved a
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary_history_of_plants
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of
Hydrogen_ion
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
family.[citation needed] In plants, ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The process is called photophosphorylation
Adenosine_triphosphate
Subcellular structure found in warnowiids
analogous to the iris. The retinal body has internal structure reminiscent of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and contains proteins related to bacteriorhodopsin
Ocelloid
Species of alga
composed of 3-7 thylakoids within it. Negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol composes the majority of the thylakoid membranes. The thylakoid membrane lipid
Chlamydomonas_nivalis
Genus of bacteria
throughout the cell, with a net-like appearance. Instead of concentric thylakoid membranes that share a center or axis, Cyanothece’s exhibit short, wavy
Cyanothece
Application of quantum mechanics and chemistry to biology
series of oxidations and reductions drives proton (H+) pumping across the thylakoid membrane, the development of a proton motive force, and energetic coupling
Quantum_biology
British biochemist
1038/17624. Allen, J. F.; Forsberg, J. (2001). "Molecular recognition in thylakoid structure and function". Trends in Plant Science. 6 (7): 317–26. doi:10
John_F._Allen_(biochemist)
Species of bacterium
cells typically greater than 2 μm in length. It typically contains 2–3 thylakoid membrane layers forming evenly spaced concentric rings and its carboxysomes
Synechococcus_elongatus
Class of protozoans
Lysosome, holds enzymes Nucleus Nucleolus Plastid membranes (3, secondary) Thylakoids, site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Pyrenoid, center
Euglenid
Copper metalloprotein
three domains: a chloroplastic transit peptide (containing a ~4-9 kDa thylakoid signal peptide), a catalytically active domain (~ 37–42 kDa) containing
Tyrosinase
First era of the Proterozoic Eon
Kasegalik Formation in the Belcher Islands of Nunavut, are known. By 1.75 Ga, thylakoid-bearing cyanobacteria had evolved, as evidenced by fossils from the McDermott
Paleoproterozoic
Group of algae
proteins and sends them out of the cell Plastid membranes (4, secondary red) Thylakoid, site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Nucleus Endoplasmic
Synurid
chloroplasts – the photosynthetic structures inside plant cells. They combined thylakoids, which are used for photosynthesis, from spinach with a bacterial enzyme
Timeline_of_biotechnology
Protein family
and plants. They are transmembrane proteins embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid or bacterial cell membrane. Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have one
Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family
Photosynthetic_reaction_centre_protein_family
Genus of single-celled organisms
with unstacked thylakoids, formed from the innermost membrane. The central region of each pale orange body does not contain any thylakoids, is electron
Auranticordis
Genus of algae
sporopollenin in their cell walls, and have pyrenoids that are transversed by thylakoid membranes and covered in a starch sheath. Traditionally, Micractinium
Micractinium
Enzyme in chlorophyll metabolism
chlorophylls during senescence. Chlorophyllase can be found in the chloroplast, thylakoid membrane and etioplast of higher plants and in ferns, mosses, brown and
Chlorophyllase
Topics referred to by the same term
Lamella (cell biology): (i) part of a chloroplast (thin extension of thylakoid joining different grana) (ii) the leading edge of motile cells, containing
Lamella
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
critically on photosynthesis by chloroplast thylakoid membranes which are exposed cold environmental temperatures. Thylakoid membranes retain innate fluidity even
Phase_transition
Scientific study of light's effect on living organisms
pigments can be found embedded in the membranes of structures called thylakoids. There are 2 main pigments present in the Photosystems of higher plants:
Photobiology
Enzyme
the protein to the chloroplast thylakoid lumen, where it can either be soluble or loosely associated with the thylakoid membrane. Initially transcribed
Catechol_oxidase
Protein domain
functional assays of AtTLP18.3 identify its novel acid phosphatase activity in thylakoid lumen". Plant Physiology. 157 (3): 1015–25. doi:10.1104/pp.111.184739
TPM_domain
Single-celled alga with a silica cell wall
carbon fixation Plastid membranes (4, secondary red) Inner membranes Thylakoid; site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Oil body; storage
Diatom
leaves of higher plants exposed to visible light, as well as in isolated thylakoid membrane preparations, is in the range of 10−8 to 10−7 and independent
Photoinhibition
Protein without a fixed 3D structure
Vener AV, Markley JL (December 2006). "Micelle-induced folding of spinach thylakoid soluble phosphoprotein of 9 kDa and its functional implications". Biochemistry
Intrinsically disordered proteins
Intrinsically_disordered_proteins
Cellular molecule transport mechanism against the concentration gradient
that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH. [citation
Active_transport
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