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Ability of lipids to aggregate into a variety of structured phases
In biophysics and colloidal chemistry, polymorphism is the ability of lipids to aggregate in a variety of ways, giving rise to structures of different
Lipid_polymorphism
Ability of lipid molecules to move within a bilayer relative to temperature
techniques. Annular lipid shell Hexagonal phase Lipid bilayer Lipid polymorphism Lipidomics Liposome Membrane fluidity Membrane lipids H. C. Berg, "Random
Lipid_bilayer_phase_behavior
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up polymorphism, polymorph, polymorphic, polymorphous, or polymorphy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Polymorphism, polymorphic, polymorph, polymorphous
Polymorphism
Chemical compound with both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties
research areas including chemistry and biochemistry, notably that of lipid polymorphism. Organic compounds containing hydrophilic groups at both ends of the
Amphiphile
Biological membrane structure
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes form a continuous barrier around
Lipid_bilayer
Class of lipids
now been superseded, as through the study of lipid polymorphism it is now known that the behaviour of lipids under physiological (and other) conditions
Phospholipid
Single nucleotide in genomic DNA at which different sequence alternatives exist
C1236T polymorphism changes a GGC codon to GGT at amino acid position 412 of the polypeptide (both encode glycine) and the C3435T polymorphism changes
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Single-nucleotide_polymorphism
State of matter with properties of both conventional liquids and crystals
membrane surface, yet the membrane is flexible. These lipids vary in shape (see page on lipid polymorphism). The constituent molecules can inter-mingle easily
Liquid_crystal
Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
Steinmetz A (January 1979). "Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. III. Effect of a single polymorphic gene locus on plasma lipid levels in man". Clinical Genetics
Apolipoprotein_E
of lamellar, micellar and hexagonal phases of lipid bilayer phase behavior and mixed lipid polymorphism in aqueous dispersions can be easily identified
Hexagonal_phase
Layer packing of chain molecules with polar and nonpolar ends in a bulk liquid
theory Lipid polymorphism Lipid bilayer Micelle Unilamellar liposome YashRoy R C (1990) Magnetic resonance studies of dynamic organisation of lipids in chloroplast
Lamellar_phase
Abnormally elevated levels of lipids or lipoproteins in the blood
Hyperlipidemia is abnormally high levels of any or all lipids (e.g. fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) or lipoproteins in the blood. The
Hyperlipidemia
Cholesterol-lowering medication
prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels. For the prevention of cardiovascular disease, statins are a first-line
Atorvastatin
Protein-coding gene in humans
(OMIM acc. No. 107741) three allelic (E2, E3, and E4) polymorphism, in the modulation of plasma lipids. In these cases, the interaction between minor alleles
APOA5
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
common amino acid polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein in men with and without hypertriglyceridemia". Journal of Lipid Research. 39 (5):
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein
localization in the plasma membrane, study ion channels, etc. Lipid polymorphism Liposome Lipid bilayer Rideau E, Dimova R, Schwille P, Wurm FR, Landfester
Unilamellar_liposome
Substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
Other aggregations are also observed and form part of the polymorphism of amphiphile (lipid) behavior. Phase behavior is an area of study within biophysics
Lipid
Study of relationship of energy with formation of micelles
1039/f29767201525. Cullis, Pieter (1986). "Lipid Polymorphism and the Roles of Lipids in Membranes". Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 40 (2–4): 127–144. doi:10
Thermodynamics of micellization
Thermodynamics_of_micellization
Group of fatty molecules suspended in liquid by soaps and/or detergents
micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism. The ability of a soapy solution to act as a detergent has
Micelle
Protein in humans
Perilipin, also known as lipid droplet-associated protein, perilipin 1, or PLIN, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PLIN gene. The perilipins
Perilipin-1
Proteins that bind lipids to transport them in body fluids
proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fats, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins) to form lipoproteins. They transport lipids in blood, cerebrospinal
Apolipoprotein
Study of the characteristics of membranes
Amphiphile Biological membrane Collodion bag Lipid Lipid polymorphism Lipid rafts Membrane potential Protein–lipid interaction Trigger zone Nath, Deepa (2005)
Membrane_biology
Any ester of glycerol having all three hydroxyl groups esterified with fatty acids
acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation. While it is the nutritional
Triglyceride
Type of yeast
formulation design, this bio-fermented lipid is designated under the INCI name Linoleic/Oleic/Palmitic Triglyceride. The lipid fraction of C. jadinii naturally
Torula
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Surfactant protein B is an essential lipid-associated protein found in pulmonary surfactant. Without it, the lung would not be able to inflate after a
Surfactant_protein_B
Genus of bacteria
culture media products, and has also been used in extensive studies of lipid polymorphism because this organism alters its ratio of MGlcDG (monoglucosyl diacylglycerol)
Acholeplasma
Cell surface receptor found in humans
covalently bound to lipid A also plays an indispensable role in TLR4 activation through CD14/TLR4/MD-2. However, in addition to the lipid A domain, the polysaccharide
Toll-like_receptor_4
Mammalian protein found in humans
activated by trypsin in the intestinal lumen. Intestinal bile acids (which aid lipid digestion by facilitating micelle formation) adhere to the surface of emulsified
Colipase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. PLIN4 coats lipid droplets in adipocytes to protect them from lipases. The PLIN4 gene may
Perilipin-4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMC 55099. PMID 1978941. Gorski J (1989). "HLA-DR beta-chain polymorphism. Second domain polymorphism reflects evolutionary relatedness of alleles and may explain
HLA-DRB3
Protein used in lipid metabolism
of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, it has a specific role in lipid metabolism. APOA1 is located on chromosome 11, with its specific location
Apolipoprotein_AI
Family of true bugs
do not, particularly Halobates. Water striders experience wing length polymorphism that has affected their flight ability and evolved in a phylogenetic
Gerridae
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
family of cytoplasmic lipid droplet (CLD)–binding proteins. In humans it is encoded by the PLIN2 gene. This protein surrounds the lipid droplet along with
Perilipin-2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
McA-RH7777 cells enhances VLDL assembly and secretion under lipid-rich conditions". Journal of Lipid Research. 51 (1): 150–161. doi:10.1194/M900346-JLR200.
Apolipoprotein_C-III
Spice from Cinnamomum trees
damage in high concentrations and metabolic effects in humans with CYP2A6 polymorphism. Based on this assessment, the European Union set a guideline for maximum
Cinnamon
The enzyme lipid-phosphate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.76) catalyzes the reaction (9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoate + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons
Lipid-phosphate_phosphatase
Mammalian protein found in humans
steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolize many drugs. Polymorphism within this gene is
CYP2C19
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
C802T polymorphism, for example, has been noted at 73% prevalence in Asians and 46% prevalence in Caucasians; therefore, effects of this polymorphism could
UGT2B7
Low-density lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein(a)
on chromosome 6q25.3–q26. Apo(a) proteins vary in size due to a size polymorphism [KIV-2 VNTR], which is caused by a variable number of kringle IV repeats
Lipoprotein(a)
Mammalian protein found in humans
CRP concentrations, with highest levels occurring in the winter. Gene polymorphism of interleukin-1 family, interleukin 6, and polymorphic GT repeat of
C-reactive_protein
Lipid-lowering medication
a statin, a type of lipid-lowering medication. It is used along with exercise, diet, and weight loss to decrease elevated lipid levels. It is also used
Simvastatin
Protein found in humans
or other lipid content). In this way, one can understand that the number of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein particles which can carry lipids into the artery
Apolipoprotein_B
Pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean
temperature but readily melts once inside the mouth. Cocoa butter displays polymorphism, having different crystalline forms with different melting points. Conventionally
Cocoa_butter
Protein found in humans
oxidative stress. Up-to-date two non-synonymous polymorphisms on CBR1 have been identified. The CBR1 V88I polymorphism encodes for a valine-to-isoleucine substitution
CBR1
Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells
providing the cell with functionally specialized aqueous spaces. As the lipid bilayer of membranes is impermeable to most hydrophilic molecules (dissolved
Protocell
Class of enzymes
inhibitors of enzymatic activity (for PON 1 and PON 3) is lipid peroxides found in the plasma. Lipid peroxides can inhibit Paraoxonase activity as an arylesterase
Paraoxonase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein plays a role in multiple processes including cell signaling and lipid metabolism by facilitating the transfer of phosphatidylinositol between
Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, cytoplasmic 1
Phosphatidylinositol_transfer_protein,_cytoplasmic_1
Antiretroviral medication
crystalline ritonavir can exhibit polymorphism, i.e., the same molecule can crystallize into more than one crystal type, or polymorph, each of which contains the
Ritonavir
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
important inhibitor of this inflammatory cascade, and a disease-associated polymorphism in the CFH gene strongly associates with AMD. Thus an AMD pathophysiological
Macular_degeneration
phospholipids which may cause the lipid to undergo polymorphism as well as a temporary rearrangement of other lipids or proteins in the biomembrane. The
Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids
Ethanol-induced_non-lamellar_phases_in_phospholipids
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
genetic polymorphisms. Many nutritional, life-style and pharmaceutical modulators of PON1 are also known. The coding region PON1-Q192R polymorphism determines
PON1
Protein-coding gene in humans
between omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac disease?". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 96 (1–4): 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.09.001. PMID 21945326
CYP1A1
Solid material with highly ordered microscopic structure
The same group of atoms can often solidify in many different ways. Polymorphism is the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystal form. For
Crystal
Cell surface receptor found in humans
insertion/deletion polymorphism as a prognosis factor in HIV-1 disease progression. The authors showed a correlation of the polymorphism with a faster progression
Toll-like_receptor_2
differences in lipid and fatty acid metabolism. Tissue-specific roles of FABPs include uptake of dietary lipids in the intestine, regulation of lipid storage
Fatty_acid–binding_protein
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
is a phospholipid hydroperoxidase that protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation. GPX4 was first discovered in biochemistry laboratories of
Glutathione_peroxidase_4
Medical condition
Sandhoff disease is a lysosomal genetic, lipid storage disorder caused by the inherited deficiency to create functional beta-hexosaminidases A and B.
Sandhoff_disease
Enzyme found in humans
involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. However, this protein is considered a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily
Prostacyclin_synthase
Medical condition where fat accumulates in the liver
due to imbalance in energy consumption and its combustion, resulting in lipid storage, or can be a consequence of peripheral resistance to insulin, whereby
Fatty_liver_disease
Class of enzymes
secretion. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is also known as lipid methyl transferase, LMTase, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase,
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Phosphatidylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase
Gene of the species Homo sapiens
xenobiotics) as well as in the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. The CYP2J2 contains the following domains: • Hydrophobic binding domains
CYP2J2
Protein-coding gene in humans
et al. (1995). "Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism in the Hungarian population: gene frequencies, effect on lipid levels, and sequence of two new variants"
APOA4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
effect that was restored upon mechanical unloading. A single nucleotide polymorphism in SORBS1 was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity
SORBS1
Species of lizard
States and northern Mexico. It is notable for having a unique form of polymorphism wherein each of the three different male morphs utilizes a different
Common_side-blotched_lizard
Antibody against interleukin 6
disease (CKD), elevated interleukin-6 (≥4 pg/mL), and a TMPRSS6 gene polymorphism (rs855791) associated with IL-6–mediated inflammation. Patients received
Ziltivekimab
Protein found in humans
triglycerides within the lysosomal environment. LAL is essential to intracellular lipid metabolism in macrophages and hepatocytes. Upon uptake of LDL by endocytosis
Lipase_A,_lysosomal_acid_type
physician, living and working in Germany. He introduced the concept of lipid rafts, and coined the term trans-Golgi network. He is the co-founder and
Kai_Simons
Protein found in humans
peroxidized lipids and induces lipid autoxidation in PUFA-rich membranes of both neurons and astrocytes, decreasing resistance to apoptosis. Lipid autoxidation
Alpha-synuclein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
to the corresponding diols. A different region of this protein also has lipid-phosphate phosphatase activity. Mutations in the EPHX2 gene have been associated
Epoxide_hydrolase_2
Enzyme found in humans
KS, Kim KK, Choi BO, et al. (February 2010). "Common CYP7A1 promoter polymorphism associated with risk of neuromyelitis optica". Neurobiology of Disease
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. The enzyme encoded by this gene forms a cytoplasmic homodimer
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A1
Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_3_family,_member_A1
Medical condition
beyond: a review of lipid status in Gilbert's syndrome and its relevance to cardiovascular disease protection". Progress in Lipid Research. 52 (2): 193–205
Gilbert's_syndrome
Medication against high blood pressure
more likely in people with CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphisms). When more than 20 mg of simvastatin, a lipid-lowering agent, are given with amlodipine, the
Amlodipine
Beta blocker medication
widely among patients, often as a result of hepatic impairment or CYP2D6 polymorphism. Metoprolol was first made in 1969, patented in 1970, and approved for
Metoprolol
Coating that can appear on chocolate
(2004). "Fat bloom in chocolate and compound coatings". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 106 (4): 241–274. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200400938. Kleinert-Zollinger
Chocolate_bloom
Enzyme protein
1996). "The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism". Pharmacogenetics. 6 (4): 341–349. doi:10.1097/00008571-199608000-00007
CYP2C9
Enzyme
osteoporosis, and the process of aging. The inactivating ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism, present in up to 8% of the global population and in up to 50% of the
ALDH2
Protein-coding gene in humans
fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme preferentially utilizes
ACSL4
Branch of medical science
interactions to the study of carcinogenesis, from a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to gene therapy. Biomedicine is based on molecular biology and
Biomedicine
Indian doctor, researcher and professor
nephropathy, estrogen deficiency effects, lipoproteins, homocysteine and polymorphism. "Jasvinder K Gambhir - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.co
Jasvinder_K_Gambhir
Protein involved in multiple prion diseases
emergent disease state of Alzheimer's. In humans, the methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of PRNP (rs1799990) is most closely associated with Alzheimer's
Major_prion_protein
Protein found in humans
vinblastine), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (i.e. gefitinib, sunitinib). Lipids Steroids Xenobiotics Peptides Bilirubin Cardiac glycosides like digoxin
P-glycoprotein
Russian biochemist (born 1965)
protective effects of deuterated lipids and the role of lipid oxidation in cell‑death pathways, suggesting that lipid peroxidation may represent a common
Mikhail_Shchepinov
Hormone that inhibits hunger
not, however, this polymorphism has been associated with weight gain in patients taking antipsychotics. The LEP-2548 G/A polymorphism has been linked with
Leptin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
metabolism as well as the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. CYP4A11 is highly expressed in the liver and kidney. Its primary subcellular
CYP4A11
Secretion from the glands of nurse bees
the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism. Even if two larvae had identical DNA, one raised to be a worker, the
Royal_jelly
Waxy substance secreted by the ear
earwax is gray or tan and brittle, and is about 20% lipid. It has a smaller concentration of lipid and pigment granules than wet earwax. Wet earwax is
Earwax
Concept in genetics
elucidates Sardinian genetic architecture and augments association analyses for lipid and blood inflammatory markers". Nature Genetics. 47 (11): 1272–1281. doi:10
Minor_allele_frequency
Protein-coding gene in mammals
a ketogenic diet, and amino acid restriction". A single-nucleotide polymorphism of the FGF21 gene – the FGF21 rs838133 variant (frequency 44.7%) – has
Fibroblast_growth_factor_21
Family of amphibians
Variation in predation regimens may have influenced the evolution of polymorphism in Oophaga granulifera, while sexual selection appears to have contributed
Poison_dart_frog
Protein-coding gene in humans
transcriptional coactivator regulating mammary gland secretion of milk lipids. This gene encodes the homolog of the mouse protein Cidea that has been
CIDEA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 19
CYP4F11
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
nuclear membrane. FLAP is necessary in synthesis of leukotriene, which are lipid mediators of inflammation that is involved in respiratory and cardiovascular
5-lipoxygenase-activating protein
5-lipoxygenase-activating_protein
Cytoplasmic receptor protein found inside cells
including four polymorphisms and five common haplotypes have been identified in the human PR gene . One promoter region polymorphism, +331G/A, creates
Progesterone_receptor
Species of chafer
a diet of fruits in the summer. Since pollen is richer in proteins and lipids than carbohydrates, while fruit is richer in carbohydrates, they are able
Protaetia_cuprea
Biological ability of cells to distinguish between types of neighboring cells
molecules that complete this binding consist of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, resulting in a variety of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and glycolipoproteins
Cell–cell_recognition
Medical condition
extremities, with relatively few on the head and shoulders. In 1993, a genetic polymorphism within lipomas was localized to chromosome 12q15, where the HMGIC gene
Lipomatosis
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
cholesterol backbone. To prevent the build-up of plaque (also referred to as a lipid pool), nascent HDL molecules which are low in triglycerides, take off free
Hepatic_lipase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (C825T) in this gene is associated with essential hypertension and obesity. This polymorphism is also associated with
GNB3
Bacterium that causes tuberculosis
and can survive in a dry state for weeks. Its unusual cell wall, rich in lipids such as mycolic acid and cord factor glycolipid, is likely responsible for
Mycobacterium_tuberculosis
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