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Protein family
Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres (RCs) of bacteria and plants. They are transmembrane
Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family
Photosynthetic_reaction_centre_protein_family
Complex where conversion of light energy to chemical energy takes place
A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, biological pigments, and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy
Photosynthetic reaction centre
Photosynthetic_reaction_centre
Second protein complex in photosynthetic light reactions
photosystems in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and cyanobacteria. Photosystem I is an integral membrane protein complex that uses
Photosystem_I
First protein complex in light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis
(or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid
Photosystem_II
Structural units of protein involved in photosynthesis
synergistic effect on the photosynthetic activity, rather than an additive one. Each photosystem has two parts: a reaction center, where the photochemistry
Photosystem
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
light-gathering proteins called photosynthetic reaction centres. Reaction centers are classified into two types depending on the nature of photosynthetic pigment
Metabolism
Protein-pigment complex
photosystem, together with a reaction center. LHCs are arrayed around photosynthetic reaction centers in both plants and photosynthetic bacteria and collect more
Light-harvesting_complex
Protein spanning across a biological membrane
folding. Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins including rhodopsin (see also opsin) Bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres and photosystems I and II Light-harvesting
Transmembrane_protein
Group of phototrophic bacteria
light-harvesting complexes LHI and LHII and the photosynthetic reaction centre where the charge separation reaction occurs. These structures are located in the
Purple_bacteria
Plastid protein involved in photosynthesis
bound to the antenna proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB), which pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre proteins D1 (Qb, PsbA) and D2 (Qa
Ycf9_protein_domain
Key enzyme of photosynthesis involved in carbon fixation
ATP synthesis in chloroplasts (Further reading: Photosynthetic reaction centre; Light-dependent reactions). To balance ion potential across the membrane
RuBisCO
Protein-pigment complex
Phycoerythrin (PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in cyanobacteria, red algae and cryptophytes
Phycoerythrin
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
ribosomes, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by
Cyanobacteria
Class of enzymes
c1, Rieske protein), 2 core proteins, and 6 low-molecular-weight proteins. Ubiquinol—cytochrome-c reductase catalyzes the chemical reaction QH2 + 2 ferricytochrome
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
Coenzyme_Q_–_cytochrome_c_reductase
Protein family
dikinase, or PPDK (EC 2.7.9.1) is an enzyme in the family of transferases that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + pyruvate + phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons
Pyruvate,_phosphate_dikinase
photoinhibited PSII centres are continuously repaired via degradation and synthesis of the D1 protein of the photosynthetic reaction center of PSII. Photoinhibition
Photoinhibition
Protein family
overall protein architecture, heme plane orientations and iron-iron distances are highly conserved. An example is the photosynthetic reaction centre of Rhodopseudomonas
Cytochrome_c_family
German-American computational biophysicist
publication of Schulten's model of the LH2 structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre protein family of Rhodospirillum molischianum. Drawing upon Richard
Klaus_Schulten
American biophysicist (1922–2011)
biophysicist known for his work on bacterial photosynthesis and photosynthetic reaction centers. He studied phototaxis in Rhodospirillum rubrum and later
Roderick_Clayton
Proteins containing iron-sulfur clusters
also a part of the proteins of the chloroplast such as the cytochrome b6f complex in photosynthetic organisms. These photosynthetic organisms include plants
Iron–sulfur_protein
Protein family
in purple photosynthetic bacteria are protein complexes responsible for the transfer of solar energy to the photosynthetic reaction centre. Purple bacteria
Antenna complex in purple bacteria
Antenna_complex_in_purple_bacteria
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
AL-ghee; sing.: alga /ˈælɡə/ ) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic organisms. It excludes the land plants (embryophytes). Such organisms
Algae
Family of protein complexes
(PSII) is a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing polypeptides both intrinsic and extrinsic to the photosynthetic membrane. Within the core
Cytochrome_b559
Mammalian protein found in humans
rapamycin, is a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and
MTOR
Species of bacterium
(August 1990). "Evolutionary relationships between "Q-type" photosynthetic reaction centres: hypothesis-testing using parsimony". J. Theor. Biol. 145 (4):
Chloroflexus_aurantiacus
structures that are associated with genes acting in the photosynthetic reaction centre of photosynthetic bacteria. Two such RNA classes were identified and
PhotoRC_RNA_motifs
Metalloprotein that binds with oxygen
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transportation of oxygen in red blood cells. Almost all vertebrates
Hemoglobin
Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis and store starch
is due to oxidative environments created by photo-oxidative reactions and photosynthetic/ respiratory electron transfer. Some DNA molecules are repaired
Plastid
Metabolic process
enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. This mechanism of acid metabolism was first discovered in plants of the family Crassulaceae. Observations
Crassulacean_acid_metabolism
Genus of bacteria
Photosynthesis is achieved using a Type 1 Reaction Centre using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a. Two photosynthetic antenna complexes aid in light absorption:
Chlorobium
Class of enzymes that catalyse the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen
media. This finding increased hope that hydrogenases can be used in photosynthetic production of molecular hydrogen via splitting water. Another [NiFe]
Hydrogenase
Classification of membrane proteins including ion channels
proteins including rhodopsin (see also opsin) Bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres and photosystems I and II Light harvesting complexes from bacteria
Transporter Classification Database
Transporter_Classification_Database
Life arising from non-living matter
chemical families: lipids for cell membranes, carbohydrates for chemical energy storage and structural composition, amino acids for protein metabolism
Abiogenesis
Natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle
(nyctinasty), growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur
Circadian_rhythm
Domain of microorganisms
localisation of proteins and nucleic acids within the cell, and to manage the process of cell division. Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy
Bacteria
coenzyme A is a molecule participating in many biochemical reactions in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the
Glossary_of_biology
Model plant species in the family Brassicaceae
chloroplast open reading frame proteins (ycf, lemon), proteins involved in photosynthetic reactions (green) or in other functions (red), ribosomal RNAs
Arabidopsis_thaliana
Genus of dinoflagellates (algae)
c2-peridinin-protein-complex (acpPC), along with typical photosynthetic electron transport systems such as the photosystem II reaction centre and the chlorophyll-a-P700
Symbiodinium
Species of plant
S; Miller, Charlene N; Waters, Matthew N; Smith, William K (2014). "Photosynthetic costs and benefits of abaxial versus adaxial anthocyanins in Colocasia
Taro
Single-celled alga with a silica cell wall
diatoms. The family Rhopalodiaceae also possess a cyanobacterial endosymbiont called a spheroid body. This endosymbiont has lost its photosynthetic properties
Diatom
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction
Reactive_oxygen_species
Group of methods in synthetic biology
Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander
Artificial_gene_synthesis
Genus of unicellular flagellate eukaryotes
was hypothesized that photosynthetic euglenoids derived their chloroplasts by engulfing an algal cell and took its photosynthetic machinery. This secondary
Euglena
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) to grow larger molecules (e.g., starches, triglycerides, and proteins for storage of fuels and information)
Water
Salt water trapped in sea ice
Schwalbach MS, Givan SA, et al. (June 2007). "Polyphyletic photosynthetic reaction centre genes in oligotrophic marine Gammaproteobacteria". Environmental
Sea_ice_brine_pocket
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
these antioxidants reacting with over-reduced forms of the photosynthetic reaction centres to prevent the production of ROS. Physiological antioxidants
Antioxidant
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis
Dinoflagellate
Spice made from crocus flowers
(2 in) above the plant's neck. The plant sprouts 5–11 white and non-photosynthetic leaves known as cataphylls. These membrane-like structures cover and
Saffron
stabilized by association with Mg2+ in all enzymatic processes. In photosynthetic organisms, Mg2+ has the additional vital role of being the coordinating
Magnesium_in_biology
Records of Earth's development
its genetic code, RNA for information transfer and protein synthesis, and enzymes to catalyze reactions. Some scientists believe that instead of a single
History_of_Earth
Class of marine invertebrates
coasts, between the surface and some tens of meters deep, close to photosynthetic food sources. Purple sea urchins at low tide in California. They dig
Sea_urchin
Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
Gephyrocapsa oceanica Two dinoflagellates Euglenoid Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like coral A single-celled ciliate with
Marine_microorganisms
Animal flesh produced by culturing cells
rely on the matrix for structure with degradation. Collagen is a family of proteins that makes up the primary structure of human connective tissue. It
Cultured_meat
Species of lichen-forming fungus
elegans, has smaller convex lobes that measure up to 1.3 mm wide. The photosynthetic partners, or photobionts, of X. parietina belong to the green algal
Xanthoria_parietina
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
exposure, which can cause light-dependent reactions in protein. Corals contain light-sensitive cryptochromes, proteins whose light-absorbing flavin structures
Coral
Abstaining from the consumption of meat
and aquatic roots: Mushrooms are strictly excluded as they are non-photosynthetic organisms that grow on decaying matter. Aquatic stems, such as the lotus
Vegetarianism
Study of lichen taxonomy and evolution
ecosystem—a symbiotic partnership between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont, typically an alga or cyanobacterium). Because
Lichen_systematics
Israeli physical chemist
other proteins (azurin, photosynthetic reaction centres and albumins) and has implications for future bioelectronics and electron transfer in proteins. Cahen
David_Cahen
French researcher in plant biochemistry
obtained revealed an original biosynthetic pathway leading to sterols in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In the latter, cycloartenol, a pentacyclic triterpene, a
Pierre_Benveniste
Genus of algae
Trebouxia is a unicellular green alga. It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and temperate regions
Trebouxia
Multidisciplinary field of science
putting more pressure on farmers. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria. They grow in many types of water. Their rapid growth ("bloom")
Environmental_toxicology
Common ancestor evolutionary evidence
Giardia intestinalis. Remnant chloroplast organelles (leucoplasts) in non-photosynthetic algae species (Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Aspasia longa
Evidence_of_common_descent
Group of natural pigments found in most organisms
fungi, called radiotrophic fungi, appear to be able to use melanin as a photosynthetic pigment that enables them to capture gamma rays and harness this energy
Melanin
Giant tube worm (species of annelid)
carbohydrates utilising the energy released from chemical reactions in the same way that photosynthetic organisms utilise light energy. The carbohydrates produced
Riftia
Species of flowering plant
biology and development. The family Cleomaceae is relatively close to Brassicaceae with Arabidopsis thaliana (a C3 photosynthetic plant) and therefore offers
Cleome_gynandra
Genus of carnivorous plants
surface of its substrate. Terrestrial species sometimes produce a few photosynthetic leaf-shoots. The aquatic species can be observed below the surfaces
Utricularia
Species of fungus
mellolide F. In vitro reactions of free-standing substrates showed that the enzymes do not require auxiliary carrier proteins for substrate delivery
Armillaria_mellea
Study of interactions between Earth and the biosphere
geobiological event is the introduction of oxygen into the atmosphere by photosynthetic bacteria. This oxygenation of Earth's primordial atmosphere (the so-called
Geobiology
Class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota
Schwalbach MS, Givan SA, et al. (June 2007). "Polyphyletic photosynthetic reaction centre genes in oligotrophic marine Gammaproteobacteria". Environmental
Gammaproteobacteria
systems like optical switches, natural and non-natural photosynthetic model systems and membrane protein complexes. Fundamental processes in molecular physical
Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes
Cluster_of_Excellence_Frankfurt_Macromolecular_Complexes
Dutrochet discovers that tissues are composed of living cells. 1838 – Protein discovered, named and recorded by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jöns Jacob
Timeline_of_biotechnology
Fissure in a planet's surface from which heated water emits
some of the organisms are actually dependent upon oxygen produced by photosynthetic organisms, while others are anaerobic.[citation needed] The chemosynthetic
Hydrothermal_vent
Iron-carrying compounds
produce an iron –siderophore binding protein, siderochelin. Siderochelin is a member of the lipocalin family of proteins, which while diverse in sequence
Siderophore
Trait change of an organism in response to environmental variation
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum for example, are able to alter their photosynthetic pathways to use less water when they become water- or salt-stressed
Phenotypic_plasticity
Study of plant life
given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses. Palaeobotanists
Botany
crystal structure of an integral membrane protein when they published the structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre. 1985 - Kunio Takanayagi led a team
Timeline_of_crystallography
Species of lichen-forming fungus
maintain photosynthesis in cold environments. At low temperatures, photosynthetic electron transport is supported in part by ribitol, a sugar alcohol
Umbilicaria_hirsuta
Process of planting, growing and harvesting cannabis
light without a dark period, cannabis begins to show signs of decreased photosynthetic response, lack of vigor, and an overall decrease in vascular development
Cannabis_cultivation
understanding of photosynthesis and contributing to design of artificial photosynthetic systems to produce solar fuels. Emily A. Carter, PhD 1987 Christopher
List of California Institute of Technology people
List_of_California_Institute_of_Technology_people
Type of fuel which have no net greenhouse gas emissions
ISSN 0961-9534. Cuellar-Bermudez, Sara; Garcia-Perez, Jonathan (2015-07-01). "Photosynthetic bioenergy utilizing CO2: an approach on flue gases utilization for third
Carbon-neutral_fuel
May 3, 2026 – via newspapers.com. "2 faculty members win Guggenheims". Centre Daily Times. State College, Pennsylvania, US. April 26, 1982. p. 6. Retrieved
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1982
List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1982
Order of eukaryotes
levels. Since thraustochytrids are obligate heterotrophic protists (non-photosynthetic microalgae), they obtain most of their resources for growth from decaying
Thraustochytrid
Species of plant native to Western Australia
reproduction and the greater density of foliage results in reduced photosynthetic efficiency. The root structure of B. prionotes exhibits two common environmental
Banksia_prionotes
Overview of the events of 2020 in science
Researchers report to have developed artificial chloroplasts – the photosynthetic structures inside plant cells. They combined thylakoids, which are used
April–June_2020_in_science
Yoichi (8 March 2021). "Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs". Current Biology. 31 (5): R233–R234. Bibcode:2021CBio...31
2021_in_science
located 54 million light years away in the centre of the M87 galaxy. 10 April Scientists find a way to view reactions in "dark states" of molecules, i.e. those
2019_in_science
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Symbol
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Petros, PETRE means "rock, stone."
Boy/Male
British, English, Indian, Russian
Work
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : regional name from Old French Poitevin, denoting someone from Poitou in western France. The form Potvin has long been established in England and was brought to the U.S. from there. However, French bearers of the surname Poitevin also came to the New World, where their surname underwent a similar transformation on arrival in New England.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Love
Surname or Lastname
English
English : (of Norman origin): nickname from Old French mentur ‘liar’.English : variant spelling of Minter.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname, sometimes perhaps ironic, from Middle English, Old French genterie ‘nobility of birth or character’. Compare Gentle.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname, sometimes ironic, from Middle English, Old French gentil ‘well born’, ‘noble’, ‘courteous’ (Latin gentilis, from gens ‘family’, ‘tribe’, itself from the root gen- ‘to be born’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name, from Old French saintier ‘bell-founder’.English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of belts and girdles, from Middle English ceinture, ceintere ‘girdle’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of belts and girdles, from Middle English ceinture, ceintere ‘girdle’.Possibly an Americanized form of German Zehnder, a variant of Zehner.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.possibly an Americanized spelling of Italian Ventre, a short form of a compound name formed with ventre ‘belly’, ‘stomach’, such as Bonventre.
Boy/Male
Greek Shakespearean
A sea god.
Female
English
Variant spelling of Latin Lenora, LENORE means "foreign; the other."
Female
Yiddish
(×™Ö¶×¢× ×˜Ö¶×¢) Variant form of Yiddish Yenta, YENTE means "aristocratic; noble," or, literally, "nice; well-meaning; good-hearted."Â
Surname or Lastname
Italian and French
Italian and French : nickname for a man with a large paunch, from Italian, Old French ventre ‘belly’ (Latin venter).Italian : probably from a short form of the personal names Bonventre or Brazzaventre.English : nickname for a bold or daring person, from Middle English aventure ‘chance’, ‘hazard’. Compare Venters.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly a variant of Porton, a habitational name from Porton in Wiltshire or Poorton in Dorset; both place names are formed with an obscure first element, perhaps the name of a river, + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.Dutch : habitational name for someone from a place named with Dutch poort ‘gate’.
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Latin Andreas, ENRE means "man; warrior."
Male
Italian
Italian form of Roman Latin Cæsar, CESARE means "severed."
Surname or Lastname
Italian
Italian : from the title of rank conte ‘count’ (from Latin comes, genitive comitis ‘companion’). Probably in this sense (and the Late Latin sense of ‘traveling companion’), it was a medieval personal name; as a title it was no doubt applied ironically as a nickname for someone with airs and graces or simply for someone who worked in the service of a count.English : variant of Count, cognate with 1.French : nickname for someone in the service of a count or for someone who behaved pretentiously, from Old French conte, cunte ‘count’ (of the same derivation as 1).French (Conté) : variant of Comté (see Comte).
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION-CENTRE-PROTEIN-FAMILY
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