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Lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid
point without it becoming gaseous. Supercooling should not be confused with freezing-point depression. Supercooling is the cooling of a liquid below its
Supercooling
Granular whitish deposit of ice formed by freezing fog
small drop size, the slow accretion of liquid water, a high degree of supercooling, and fast dissipation of latent heat of fusion. Atmospheric icing Rimed
Rime_ice
Natural phenomenon that hot water freezes faster than cold
Fahrenheit's description of supercooling of water, arguing that the previously boiled water could not be as readily supercooled.[citation needed] Modern
Mpemba_effect
{\displaystyle r_{c}} and promote nucleation, a supercooling or superheating process may be used. Supercooling is a phenomenon in which the system's temperature
Critical_radius
Flavored frozen drink
can also be produced by supercooling. The first slushies in the late 1950s and early 1960s were made by supercooling. Supercooled Sprite was briefly marketed
Slushy
Initial step in the phase transition or molecular self-assembly of a substance
degrees below 0 °C often stay completely free of ice for long periods (supercooling). Under these conditions, nucleation of ice is either slow or does not
Nucleation
Formation of water ice on aircraft surfaces
accidents by icing. Icing conditions exist when the air contains droplets of supercooled water. They freeze on contact with a potential nucleation site, which
Icing_(aeronautics)
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
glass transition is called a glass. The reverse transition, achieved by supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state, is called vitrification. The glass-transition
Glass_transition
Material phase change
vibration) to trigger this change, and supercooling (or superheating) may occur. Thermodynamically, the supercooled liquid is in the metastable state with
Melting
Large gap in cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds
appear in cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds. The holes are caused by supercooled water in the clouds suddenly evaporating or freezing, and can be triggered
Fallstreak_hole
Collections of ice crystals in open water
and supercools due to a rapid loss of pressure. This "glaciohydraulic supercooling" process forms an open network of platy ice crystals that can effectively
Frazil_ice
Pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in gaseous form
which the saturated vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure. Water supercooled below its normal freezing point has a higher vapor pressure than that
Vapor_pressure_of_water
Phase transition of liquid to solid
released by the partial destruction of the previous interface, raising the supercooling point to be near or equal to the melting point. The melting point of
Freezing
Glass colored with uranium oxide
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Uranium_glass
Transparent non-crystalline solid material
atomic-scale structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure of a supercooled liquid, glass exhibits all the mechanical properties of a solid. As in
Glass
Refrigerant
cold water is supercooled and released again, increasing the ice fraction in the storage tank. However, a small crystal in the supercooled water or a nucleation
Slurry_ice
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. Lide 2003, Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6. Anatolievich KR. "Properties of substance: water"
Water
Fictional form of water
present, the same way that the ordinary liquid-solid transitions happen. Supercooling is only possible when nucleation cannot occur, which is difficult in
Ice-nine
Term for fluids with high levels of viscosity
condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the terms viscous liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass forming liquid are often used interchangeably to designate
Viscous_liquid
Chemical element with atomic number 31 (Ga)
tin by weight), but that may be the freezing point with the effect of supercooling. Gallium is predominantly used in electronics. Gallium arsenide, the
Gallium
Study of the physical processes in atmospheric clouds
atmosphere, the likelihood of homogeneous ice nucleation increases with supercooling and typically occurs between -35 °C and -38 °C. Classical Nucleation
Cloud_physics
Presence/absence of symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system
of quenched disorder. For instance, a glass is obtained by quenching (supercooling) a liquid. By extension, other quenched states are called spin glass
Order_and_disorder
American theoretical physicist and cosmologist
the expansion of the universe would not be affected by the supercooling. The supercooled state is a false vacuum: It is a vacuum in the sense that it
Alan_Guth
Glass object created by dripping molten glass into cold water
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Prince_Rupert's_drop
American theoretical physicist (1918–1988)
quantum mechanics, the theory of the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and the parton model. Feynman developed a pictorial representation
Richard_Feynman
Precipitation that forms when supercooled droplets of water freeze on a falling snowflake
snow, snow pellets or popcorn snow, is precipitation that forms when supercooled water droplets in air are collected and freeze on falling snowflakes
Graupel
Clouds occurring in the stratosphere in high-latitude regions
more northerly latitudes. One main type of PSC is composed of mostly supercooled droplets of water and nitric acid and is implicated in the formation
Polar_stratospheric_cloud
Physicist and engineer (1686–1736)
thermometry Alcohol thermometer Mercury-in-glass thermometer Solar miscroscope Supercooling Fahrenheit scale Fahrenheit hydrometer Awards ForMemRS (1724) Scientific
Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit
Crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching form
could be excluded. The experimental results indicated that at lower supercooling (up to 1.3 K), these convective effects are indeed significant. Compared
Dendrite_(crystal)
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
have occurred, but not unstable either. This occurs in superheating and supercooling, for example. Metastable states do not appear on usual phase diagrams
Phase_transition
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Ultra_low_expansion_glass
Order of insects
K.; Wowk, B.; Fahy, G. M.; Barnes, B. M.; Duman, J. G. (2010). "Deep supercooling, vitrification and limited survival to −100°C in the Alaskan beetle Cucujus
Beetle
Forms which matter can take
physics Cooling curve Hidden states of matter List of states of matter Supercooling Superheating M.A. Wahab (2005). Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties
State_of_matter
Process by which a solid with a highly organized structure forms
applying heat, crystals usually form at lower temperatures – especially by supercooling. However, the release of the heat of fusion during crystallization causes
Crystallization
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Dealkalization
Quick freezing by exposure to cryogenic temperatures
the surface or from within may be at random. There are phenomena like supercooling, in which the water is cooled below its freezing point but remains liquid
Flash_freezing
Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
numerous fields. Primarily, the strong magnetic fields are generated by supercooling electromagnets, although there are spectrometers that do not require
Cryogenics
Small particles on which water vapor condenses
particles called CCNs. When no CCNs are present, water vapour can be supercooled at about −13 °C (9 °F) for 5–6 hours before droplets spontaneously form
Cloud_condensation_nuclei
provided is the latent heat. Recalescence also occurs after supercooling, when the supercooled liquid suddenly crystallizes, forming a solid but releasing
Recalescence
Major stage of a crystallization process
rates, this mechanism requires a finite driving force (or degree of supercooling) in order to lower the nucleation barrier sufficiently for nucleation
Crystal_growth
Weather event characterized by freezing rain
themselves do not freeze, a phenomenon called supercooling (or forming "supercooled drops"). When the supercooled drops strike ground or anything else below
Ice_storm
Genus of high-altitude clouds
although these are in a supercooled state. Ice crystals are the predominant component, and typically, the ice crystals cause the supercooled water drops in the
Cirrocumulus_cloud
Water ice in symmetrical shapes
temperature. Trigonal or cubic crystals form in the upper atmosphere where supercooling occurs. Water can pass through laminated sheets of graphene oxide unlike
Ice_crystal
Physical property of allowing light
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Transparency_and_translucency
Particle helping to form an ice crystal
condensation nuclei Nucleation Snow Supercooling Murray; et al. (2012). "Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets". Chem Soc Rev.
Ice_nucleus
Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates
falling to −2.62 °C at a depth of 1000 metres. However, the water can be supercooled somewhat below these temperatures. "DWDS – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen
Fish
Survival strategies of insects during winter
insects that are able to exist in cold conditions by supercooling, freeze-tolerant insects limit supercooling and initiate the freezing of their body fluids
Insect_winter_ecology
Tree-like structure of crystals
requirement is that the liquid (the molten material) be undercooled, aka supercooled, below the freezing point of the solid. Initially, a spherical solid
Dendrite_(metal)
Heating a liquid to a temperature above its boiling point without boiling
Boiling chip Bumping (chemistry) Critical point (thermodynamics) Pumice Supercooling Supersaturation Subcooling Debenedetti, P.G.Metastable Liquids: Concepts
Superheating
Collection of information about glass
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Glass_database
Species of spider
and instead has an annual cycle of seasonal resistance. While their supercooling point in summer is −8 °C, in winter it drops to −20 °C. Like mating in
Larinioides_cornutus
Swedish meteorologist
supercooled water and ice crystals. According to Bergeron, most precipitation is formed as a consequence of water evaporating from small supercooled droplets
Tor_Bergeron
Science of using a material's refractive index for optical effects
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Gradient-index_optics
Organism capable of growing and reproducing in the cold
periods of time at sub-freezing temperatures in a supercooled state, but die at their supercooling point. Freeze tolerant insects can survive ice crystal
Psychrophile
Supercooled water precipitation
0 °C (32 °F) and −3 °C (27 °F) by the deposition on exposed surfaces of supercooled, relatively large drops of water (from freezing fog). A rapid accretion
Clear_ice
Temperature at which a solid turns liquid
the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a supercooled liquid down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F; 224.8 K) before freezing. The metal
Melting_point
Branch of physics that studies light
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Optics
Physical theory of the cosmos
inflationary cosmology, whereby the universe emerged out of inflation in a supercooled state. This was followed by a reheating event that converted the energy
Big_Bang
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
(32 °F; 273 K) at standard pressure; however, pure liquid water can be supercooled well below that temperature without freezing if the liquid is not mechanically
Properties_of_water
Type of safety glass processed to increase its strength
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Tempered_glass
Brand of glass
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Foturan
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
precipitation involve a complex mixture of processes such as coalescence, supercooling and supersaturation. Some precipitated water becomes groundwater, and
Geophysics
Chemical compound
on measurements of slightly oxygen deficient supercooled liquid iron oxide droplets, where supercooling circumvents the need for the high oxygen pressures
Iron(III)_oxide
Chemical compound
the fraction of 5- and 6-fold aluminium increases during cooling (and supercooling), at the expense of tetrahedral AlO4 units, approaching the local structural
Aluminium_oxide
Melting points of chemical mixtures
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Liquidus_and_solidus
Interdisciplinary field of hydrology, mechanics and meteorology
formed in cloud, except for rime, which forms on objects exposed to supercooled moisture, and some plate, dendrites and stellars, which can form in a
Snow_science
Transformation of a substance into a glass
volcanic ash. This claim has been disputed. Cryogenics Crystallization Supercooling Vitrified fort Ashle, Steven (June 2002). "Divide and Vitrify" (PDF)
Vitrification
Coating of ice on objects
Hard rime Hoar frost Atmospheric icing Deicing Inversion (meteorology) Supercooling International Cloud Atlas. Geneva: Secretariat of the World Meteorological
Glaze_(ice)
American liquified natural gas producer and exporter
exporter of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) located in Freeport, Texas by supercooling fracked gas and loading it onto seafaring tankers. Freeport LNG was an
Freeport_LNG
Type of middle-altitude cloud
middle-altitude cloud type, they can be made up of water droplets (including supercooled droplets), ice crystals, or a mixture of the two. Altostratus clouds
Altostratus_cloud
Carbon-oxygen gas
glass-like solid. This form of glass, called carbonia, is produced by supercooling heated CO2 at extreme pressures (40–48 GPa, or about 400,000 atmospheres)
Carbon_dioxide
2021 video game
& DE [@justdance_de]; (November 13, 2021). "Hey, kennt ihr schon die supercoole VIP-Made Choreo von @flyingstepsacademy und @marekfritz zum Song Shoutout
Just_Dance_2022
Optical lenses that darken on exposure to certain wavelengths of light
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Photochromic_lens
Substance with high latent heat of melting or solidifying
(0–65 °C). Organic PCMs are chemically stable, exhibit little or no supercooling and show good cycling stability, which makes them attractive for long-term
Phase-change_material
Red-colored glass made by adding gold to molten glass
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Cranberry_glass
Instrument measuring presence of ice on a surface
identify the presence of atmospheric icing conditions, i.e. the presence of supercooled water droplets. Indirect methods infer the presence of icing conditions
Ice_detector
Class of glasses based on fluorides rather than oxides
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Fluoride_glass
Type of glass
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Borate_glass
Submerged ice anchored to a river bottom or seafloor
in-situ freezing point increases, leaving the water slightly supercooled. Supercooling is relieved by the formation of microscopic ice crystals in the
Anchor_ice
Season of television series
allow the instant freezing to occur. The most likely explanation is supercooling, in which a liquid, beer or otherwise, in a very clean container can
MythBusters_(2010_season)
Material used in dentistry as a filling material
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Glass_ionomer_cement
Optical coating that reduces reflection
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Anti-reflective_coating
Processes relevant to the sol-gel process
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Mechanics_of_gelation
Species of beetle
both the adaptations of freezing tolerance and freezing susceptibility (supercooling). The adult Dendroides canadensis is from 7 to 16 mm (0.28 to 0.63 in)
Dendroides_canadensis
American physicist
Peter H.; Glotzer, Sharon C. (1997). "Dynamical Heterogeneities in a Supercooled Lennard-Jones Liquid". Physical Review Letters. 79 (15): 2827–2830.
Sharon_Glotzer
Standards used to define surface quality
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Surface imperfections (optics)
Surface_imperfections_(optics)
resembling cirrostratus or haze. Contains supercooled nitric acid and water droplets; sometimes also contains supercooled sulfuric acid in ternary solution.
List_of_cloud_types
Sea ice formation
supersaline, supercooled water sinks away from the frozen pure water. The stage is now set for the creation of a brinicle. As this supercooled saline water
Brinicle
NOAA weather modification program
1962 to 1983. The hypothesis was that the silver iodide would cause supercooled water in the storm to freeze, disrupting the inner structure of the hurricane
Project_Stormfury
Rain maintained at temperatures below freezing
freezing rain is made entirely of liquid droplets. The raindrops become supercooled while passing through a subfreezing layer of air hundreds of meters above
Freezing_rain
American materials scientist (1915–2007)
low-melting-point metal, mercury, Turnbull determined that the small supercoolings usually seen were the result of heterogeneous catalysts in the melt
David Turnbull (materials scientist)
David_Turnbull_(materials_scientist)
Weather condition in which water droplets freeze onto objects they come in contact with
persists in liquid state below this temperature is said to be supercooled, and supercooled water droplets cause icing on aircraft. Below −20 °C (−4 °F)
Atmospheric_icing
Glass consisting of pure silica
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Fused_quartz
Disabled nuclear power plant in Japan
by Kajima Corporation. 1,500 thirty-metre-long (ninety-eight-foot), supercooled pipes were inserted into the ground in order to freeze the surrounding
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant
Genus of clouds, low-level cloud
cumulonimbus clouds. Cumulus clouds can be formed from water vapour, supercooled water droplets, or ice crystals, depending upon the ambient temperature
Cumulus_cloud
Ability to survive adverse growing conditions
common mechanism for woody plants to survive down to –40 °C (–40 °F) is supercooling. Woody plants that survive lower temperatures are dehydrating their cells
Hardiness_(plants)
High-strength glass, made of silica and boron trioxide
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Borosilicate_glass
Comparison of a wide range of pressures
515. Murphy, D. M. (2005). "Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
Orders of magnitude (pressure)
Orders_of_magnitude_(pressure)
Glass material used in lenses
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Thoriated_glass
Construction element consisting of at least two glass plates
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Insulated_glazing
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