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Pinched tube generating supersonic flow
the mass flow rate is constant. The gas flow through a de Laval nozzle is isentropic—that is, gas entropy is nearly constant. In a subsonic flow, sound
De_Laval_nozzle
Fluid flow through a narrow opening with no change in entropy
mechanics, isentropic nozzle flow describes the movement of a fluid through a narrow opening without an increase in entropy (an isentropic process). Whenever
Isentropic_nozzle_flow
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
turbines, nozzles, and diffusers. Most steady-flow devices operate under adiabatic conditions, and the ideal process for these devices is the isentropic process
Isentropic_process
Branch of fluid mechanics
inlet cone. Incompressible flow Conservation laws Entropy Equation of state Gas kinetics Heat capacity ratio Isentropic nozzle flow Lagrangian and Eulerian
Compressible_flow
Fluid flow through a constant-area duct with friction
Mass injection flow Isentropic process Isothermal flow Gas dynamics Compressible flow Choked flow Enthalpy Entropy Isentropic nozzle flow Shapiro, A.H.
Fanno_flow
Type of propelling nozzle
indicates that the thrust will increase, the isentropic Mach relations show that the area ratio of the nozzle could have been greater, which would result
Rocket_engine_nozzle
Compressible flow velocity limiting effect
obtain the mass flowrate as a function of the upstream pressure. For isentropic flow Bernoulli's equation should hold: h + v 2 2 = C P T μ + v 2 2 = c o
Choked_flow
Airbreathing jet engine designed to provide thrust by driving a fan
the core. With a lower thrust from the hot nozzle, most of the thrust now comes from the large mass flow of low speed bypass air, providing the same
Turbofan
Machine that uses steam to rotate a shaft
{m}}} is the rate of mass flow through the turbine To measure how well a turbine is performing we can look at its isentropic efficiency. This compares
Steam_turbine
Principle relating to fluid dynamics
pressure is highest. Bernoulli's principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-adiabatic
Bernoulli's_principle
the flow of steam through a nozzle is not isentropic, but accompanied by losses which decrease the kinetic energy of steam coming out of the nozzle. The
Energy losses in steam turbines
Energy_losses_in_steam_turbines
Ratio of static enthalpy change within a turbomachine to that of the whole stage
in the rotor: R = Isentropic enthalpy change in rotor Isentropic enthalpy change in stage {\displaystyle R={\frac {\text{Isentropic enthalpy change in
Degree_of_reaction
Dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamic
nondimensionalized for compressible flows. If density variations are related to pressure through the isentropic relation d p = c 2 d ρ {\displaystyle
Mach_number
Machine for continuous flow gas compression
which implies, δ ( T 0 ) isentropic = U c p ( V f 2 tan α 2 − V f 1 tan α 1 ) {\displaystyle \delta (T_{0})_{\text{isentropic}}={\frac {U}{c_{p}}}\left(V_{f2}\tan
Axial_compressor
Pressure wave
expansion in a supersonic flow by having the production of Mach waves sufficiently spaced (cf. isentropic compression in supersonic flows). A Mach wave is the
Mach_wave
Vehicle propulsion using electromagnetic fields
in supersonic flows. Two-dimensional steady non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows" (PDF). European
Magnetohydrodynamic_drive
Turbine in which working fluid flows parallel to the shaft
operates in the reverse, converting flow of the fluid into rotating mechanical energy. A set of static guide vanes or nozzle vanes accelerates and adds swirl
Axial_turbine
Type of turbine
proportion of the stage enthalpy drop to occur in the nozzle ring. The stage work is less than the isentropic stage enthalpy drop on account of aerodynamic losses
Radial_turbine
Thermodynamic cycle
by isentropic compression and expansion, and isobaric heat addition and rejection, though practical engines have adiabatic rather than isentropic steps
Brayton_cycle
Chart showing compressor performance
the afterburner and nozzle.[citation needed] Compressors pump gas for a wide variety of applications each of which has its own flow resistance which the
Compressor_map
Device for measuring or restricting fluid flow
Accidental release source terms Choked flow De Laval nozzle Flowmeter Pitot tube Restrictive flow orifice Rocket engine nozzle Torricelli's law Venturi effect
Orifice_plate
Characteristic of rocket engine nozzles
vacuum conditions this means an ideal nozzle is infinitely long. The area ratio can be derived from isentropic flow, also given here: A e A t = ( γ − 1
Thrust_coefficient
Sub-class of turbomachinery
(loss). Assuming dry air, and the ideal-gas equation of state and an isentropic process, there is enough information to define the pressure ratio and
Centrifugal_compressor
1960s British/French turbojet aircraft engine
flow direction, causing oblique external shocks and isentropic compression in the supersonic flow. The TSR-2 had used a half-cone translating centre-body
Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593
Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593
velocity of the flow will heavily depend on the pressure difference between stagnant pressure and downstream pressure. By assuming an isentropic expansion of
High_pressure_jet
the nozzle contraction, and this point in the nozzle is referred to as cross-section 2. Due to conservation of mass within the nozzle, the mass flow rate
Kantrowitz_limit
so the nozzle tends to operate unchoked (LHS of plot). The low pressure turbine 'sees' the variation in flow capacity of the primary nozzle. A falling
Turbine_map
Aerofoil; individual component of a turbine disc
modern turbine blades. Injecting the cooler bleed into the flow reduces turbine isentropic efficiency; the compression of the cooling air (which does
Turbine_blade
Bladeless centripetal flow turbine
Tesla turbine is a bladeless centripetal-flow turbine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1913. It functions as nozzles apply a moving fluid to the edges of a set
Tesla_turbine
expanding isentropically in a converging-diverging nozzle, the Mach number increases monotonically as the density decreases. By contrast, for flows evolving
Non ideal compressible fluid dynamics
Non_ideal_compressible_fluid_dynamics
Pump used to transport fluids by conversion of rotational kinetic energy
from the mechanical energy driving the impeller. This can be measured at isentropic compression, resulting in a slight temperature increase (in addition to
Centrifugal_pump
American physicist and inventor (1882–1945)
the steam turbine nozzle invented by the Swedish inventor Gustaf de Laval. The de Laval nozzle allows the most efficient (isentropic) conversion of the
Robert_H._Goddard
Liquid form of rocket propellants
calculated by Rocketdyne under the assumptions of adiabatic combustion, isentropic expansion, one-dimensional expansion and shifting equilibrium. Some units
Liquid_rocket_propellant
American physical geologist and planetary scientist
1988 Kieffer, S.W., "Geologic Nozzles," Reviews of Geophysics, 27(1), pp. 3–38, 1989. Kieffer, Susan Werner, "Multiphase flow in explosive volcanic and geothermal
Susan_Kieffer
Technique to remove component substances from a gaseous mixture
which induce a fast swirl in the gas. Thereafter the gas stream flows through a Laval nozzle, where it accelerates to supersonic speeds and undergoes a deep
Supersonic_gas_separation
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
of energy by heat Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy Isentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process, occurs at a constant entropy
Thermodynamics
Passage of an object through the gases of an atmosphere from outer space
state along a constant entropy stream line called the isentropic chain. For a real gas, the isentropic chain is unusable and a Mollier diagram would be used
Atmospheric_entry
British chemical engineer
Rowe, P. N. (1958). "The Thrust of a Supersonic Conical Nozzle with Non-Isentropic Flow". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 172:
P._N._Rowe
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
[clarification needed] In thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net macroscopic flows of mass nor of energy within a system or between systems. In a system that
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Type of continuous-flow turbine engine
isentropic compression constant-pressure heat addition isentropic expansion constant-pressure heat rejection. In an open-cycle gas turbine, air flows
Gas-turbine_engine
Unsteady state combustion process
that is viable only at supersonic speeds. First, air enters the intake nozzle and travels directly to the combustion chamber to be mixed with injected
Pressure_gain_combustion
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ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
ISENTROPIC NOZZLE-FLOW
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