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Interactions of threads through memory
multi-threading, leading to bugs. Modern programming languages like Java therefore implement a memory model. The memory model specifies synchronization barriers
Memory_model_(programming)
Interaction of threads in Java software
The Java memory model describes how threads in the Java programming language interact through memory. Together with the description of single-threaded
Java_memory_model
Topics referred to by the same term
Memory model may refer to: Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model Baddeley's model of working memory Memory-prediction model Memory model (programming) describes
Memory_model
Reference to a specific memory location
memory model Low-level programming language Memory address register Memory allocation Memory management unit (MMU) Memory model (programming) Memory protection
Memory_address
Computer memory addressing model
Flat memory model or linear memory model refers to a memory addressing paradigm in which "memory appears to the program as a single contiguous address
Flat_memory_model
Abstraction of parallel computer architecture
convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality: how well a range of different
Parallel_programming_model
Parallel computing memory architecture
include an easier programming model and less copying of data between separate memory pools. Non-uniform memory access Cache-only memory architecture Heterogeneous
Uniform_memory_access
Order of accesses to computer memory by a CPU
__machine_rw_barrier. Memory model (programming) Preshing, Jeff (30 September 2012). "Weak vs. Strong Memory Models". Preshing on Programming. Retrieved 3 August
Memory_ordering
Computer synchronizing instruction
mutex. Computer programming portal Meltdown (security vulnerability) – Microprocessor security vulnerability Memory model (programming) – Interactions
Memory_barrier
Executing several computations during overlapping time periods
Red/System – for system programming, based on Rebol Rust – for system programming, using message-passing with move semantics, and shared memory (immutable and
Concurrent_computing
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
The von Neumann architecture—also known as the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture—is a computer architecture based on the First Draft of a Report
Von_Neumann_architecture
General-purpose programming language
programming languages, with C compilers available for practically all modern computer architectures and operating systems. The book The C Programming
C_(programming_language)
High-level computer programming conceptualization
understand program behavior, and to prove theorems about program correctness. Programming paradigms can also be compared with programming models, which allows
Programming_paradigm
Set of memory models of the x86 CPU
In computing, the x86 memory models are a set of six different memory models of the x86 CPU operating in real mode which control how the segment registers
X86_memory_models
General-purpose programming language
general-purpose programming language that emphasizes performance, type safety, concurrency, and memory safety. Rust supports multiple programming paradigms
Rust_(programming_language)
Computer memory management methodology
to computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request
Memory_management
Division of computer's primary memory into separately relocatable segments or sections
Memory segmentation is an operating system memory management technique of dividing a computer's primary memory into segments or sections. In a computer
Memory_segmentation
Hewlett-Packard handheld RPN calculator
series are programmable, expandable, continuous-memory handheld RPN calculators made by Hewlett-Packard from 1979 to 1990. The original model, HP-41C, was
HP-41C
When a computer program fails to release unnecessary memory
system does not automatically release memory on program termination Memory leaks are a common error in programming, especially when using languages that
Memory_leak
Type of programming paradigm in computer science
In computer science, imperative programming is a software programming paradigm that provides specific instructions for how computations should take place
Imperative_programming
Programmable calculator produced by Texas Instruments
Hewlett-Packard) model name indicates that the calculator has a constant memory (or continuous memory, respectively) allowing retention of programs and data when
TI-59_/_TI-58
Model of concurrent computation
logic programming systems do not follow deductively from previous steps (see Indeterminacy in concurrent computation). Recently, logic programming has been
Actor_model
Early type of solid state computer memory
An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its
EPROM
Computer memory management technique
eliminated a looming programming problem: planning and scheduling data transfers between main and secondary memory and recompiling programs for each change
Virtual_memory
Message-passing system for parallel computers
memory locality. Explicit shared-memory programming was introduced in MPI-3. Although MPI belongs in layers 5 and higher of the OSI Reference Model,
Message_Passing_Interface
Programming language
Summerfield, Mark (2012). Programming in Go: Creating Applications for the 21st Century. Addison-Wesley. "The Go Memory Model". Retrieved April 10, 2017
Go_(programming_language)
Type of memory referring to general world knowledge
a particular cat. Semantic memory and episodic memory are both types of explicit memory (or declarative memory), or memory of facts or events that can
Semantic_memory
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
parallel programming include an open standard called OpenHMPP for hybrid multi-core parallel programming. The OpenHMPP directive-based programming model offers
Parallel_computing
Object-oriented programming language
Java is a high-level, general-purpose, memory-safe, object-oriented programming language. It is intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA)
Java_(programming_language)
Type of machine learning model
harness can provide LLMs with memory and access to tools such as web search. Benchmark evaluations for LLMs attempt to measure model reasoning, factual accuracy
Large_language_model
Rules that guarantee predictable computer memory operation
operations on memory, memory will be consistent and the results of reading, writing, or updating memory will be predictable. Consistency models are used in
Consistency_model
Computer programming paradigm
objects of computation. Stream processing encompasses dataflow programming, reactive programming, and distributed data processing. Stream processing systems
Stream_processing
Parallel programming model paradigm in computer science
space (PGAS) is a parallel programming model paradigm. PGAS is typified by communication operations involving a global memory address space abstraction
Partitioned global address space
Partitioned_global_address_space
Programmable calculator, 1982–1984
this series are programmable, use Reverse Polish Notation, and feature continuous memory. Nearly identical in appearance, each model provided different
HP_Voyager
Object which stores memory addresses in a computer program
Structured Programming, with go to Statements In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address. This
Pointer (computer programming)
Pointer_(computer_programming)
Dynamic memory management in the C programming language
C dynamic memory allocation refers to performing manual memory management for dynamic memory allocation in the C programming language via a group of functions
C_dynamic_memory_allocation
State of computer where no additional memory can be allocated
Out of memory (OOM) is an often undesired state of computer operation where no additional memory can be allocated for use by programs or the operating
Out_of_memory
Programming language with hardware abstraction
high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages
High-level programming language
High-level_programming_language
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
memory in the form of erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory can
Read-only_memory
Software that manages computer hardware resources
System Programming. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 153. ISBN 0-201-12919-1. Haviland, Keith; Salama, Ben (1987). UNIX System Programming. Addison-Wesley
Operating_system
Type of computing platform
memory or processor-in-memory concepts. These paradigms can follow either a purely spatial computing model, as in field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or
Computing_with_memory
IBM computer family (1964–1977)
System/360 model announced in 1964, the Model 30, could perform up to 34,500 instructions per second, with memory from 8 to 64 KB. High-performance models came
IBM_System/360
Computing technique used to achieve parallelism
has been used for parallel programming of both message passing and shared-memory machine architectures. On distributed memory computer architectures, SPMD
Single_program,_multiple_data
Type of concurrency control mechanism
In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions
Transactional_memory
computer programming. Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References abstract data type (ADT) A mathematical model for
Glossary_of_computer_science
Programming language for statistics
Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland. The language was inspired by the S programming language
R_(programming_language)
Programming paradigm based on asynchronous data streams
In computing, reactive programming is a declarative programming paradigm concerned with data streams and the propagation of change. With this paradigm
Reactive_programming
Small IBM scientific computer released in 1959
computer using magnetic-core memory. The Model I core could hold 20,000 decimal digits with each digit stored in six bits. More memory could be added with the
IBM_1620
Shading language
D3D12 introduced Shader Model 5.1 and later 6.0. Due to technical advances in graphics hardware, some areas of 3D graphics programming have become quite complex
High-Level_Shader_Language
for use in programming languages. Currently, CAMs (or associative arrays) in software are programming-language-specific. Semiconductor memory cell arrays
History_of_computing_hardware
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
categorical models or systems. Declarative, or explicit memory, is the conscious storage and recollection of data. Under declarative memory resides semantic
Memory
General-purpose programming language
general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language
C++
American electronics products business
is a provider of manual and automated data programming and security provisioning systems for flash memory, microcontrollers, and logic devices. Founded
Data_I/O
Family of large language models by Google
purposes, like medical analysis or programming. These include: CodeGemma (2B and 7B): CodeGemma is a group of models designed for code completion as well
Gemma_(language_model)
Language for controlling a computer
Domain-specific modeling Educational programming language Esoteric programming language Extensible programming Category:Extensible syntax programming languages
Programming_language
Abstract computer for designing parallel algorithms
wait-free algorithms Random-access machine Parallel programming model XMTC Parallel external memory (Model) Fortune, Steven; Wyllie, James (1978-05-01). "Parallelism
Parallel_RAM
Series of graphing calculators
TI-Nspire does lack part of the ability of programming and installing additional apps that the previous models had, although a limited version of TI-BASIC
TI-Nspire_series
Computer memory design used in multiprocessing
global address space – Parallel programming model paradigm in computer science Scratchpad memory (SPM) Uniform memory access (UMA) This article is based
Non-uniform_memory_access
Declarative logic programming language
logic programming language. While it is syntactically a subset of Prolog, Datalog generally uses a bottom-up rather than top-down evaluation model. This
Datalog
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
accessible address buses. NOR memory has an external address bus for reading and programming. For NOR memory, reading and programming are random-access, and
Flash_memory
Visual performance model
absence of software prefetching and NUMA organization of memory. An example roofline model with added in-core ceilings, where the two added ceilings
Roofline_model
Process to create executable computer programs
procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages. Today, programmers generally use high-level programming languages that are more easily intelligible
Computer_programming
Computer fault caused by access to restricted memory
to write read-only memory (such as code segment) These in turn are often caused by programming errors that result in invalid memory access: Dereferencing
Segmentation_fault
Component of a computer process
functional programming community. Multithreading is mainly found in multitasking operating systems. Multithreading is a widespread programming and execution
Thread_(computing)
36-bit computer by Digital (1966–1983)
story) Programming 1970, p. 13. Programming 1970, pp. 87–88. Programming 1970, p. 88. Programming 1970, p. 89. Programming 1970, p. 86. Programming 1970
PDP-10
Minicomputer product line
are no conditional jump instructions. Some ambitious programming projects failed to fit in memory or developed design defects that could not be solved
PDP-8
Open source platform
processing and in-memory storage of data and models. Users interact with the H2O platform through several primary interfaces: Programming language interfaces:
H2O_(software)
Ability of a computing system to simulate Turing machines
system of data-manipulation rules (such as a model of computation, a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said
Turing_completeness
Pseudoscientific approach to psychotherapy
Neuro-linguistic programming at Wiktionary Media related to Neuro-linguistic programming at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Neuro-linguistic programming at
Neuro-linguistic_programming
Multi-paradigm system programming language
D is a systems programming language. Like C++, and unlike application languages such as Java and C#, D supports low-level programming, including inline
D_(programming_language)
Programming paradigm
Process-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that separates the concerns of data structures and the concurrent processes that act upon them.
Process-oriented_programming
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
several nodes. Automatic parallelization of programs remains a technical challenge, but parallel programming models can be used to effectuate a higher degree
Computer_cluster
Concept in computer security
of the intended finite-state machine (through memory corruption, hardware failure, or other programming mistakes), the software will keep transforming
Weird_machine
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
representations are explored in genetic programming and graph-form representations are explored in evolutionary programming; a mix of both linear chromosomes
Genetic_algorithm
16-bit IBM minicomputer introduced in 1965
describes the core memory cycle time, as well as the model's ability to have disk storage. A letter A through D appended to the model number indicates the
IBM_1130
Parallel computing platform and programming model
help programmers. CUDA is written in the C programming language, but is designed to work with other programming languages including C++, Fortran, Python
CUDA
Instructions a computer can execute
A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It is one component of software, which also
Computer_program
Memory allocation scheme
Oracle Corporation. Go Programming Language. "Command arena". go.dev. Go Programming Language. Retrieved 8 March 2026. Zig Programming Language. "std.heap
Region-based memory management
Region-based_memory_management
Can automatically carry out a stored sequence of operations
assembler programming on the HP-50g, its then top-of-the-line calculator model. Programs and toolkits to allow on-board assembly-like programming (often
Programmable_calculator
Equal sharing of all resources by multiple identical processors
sacrifice of programmability: Serious programming challenges remain with this kind of architecture because it requires two distinct modes of programming, one
Symmetric_multiprocessing
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported. A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article
Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages
Programming language for programming reactive systems
A synchronous programming language is a computer programming language optimized for programming reactive systems. Computer systems can be sorted in three
Synchronous programming language
Synchronous_programming_language
Magnetic data storage device
working memory, programmers often did optimum programming—the programmer—or the assembler, for example IBM's Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program (SOAP)—positioned
Drum_memory
Japanese robotics company
different systems, the model differences can be used to tell the manufacturing software how to more efficiently use the system programming capabilities. Some
FANUC
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
model programming languages are programming languages and domain-specific languages designed for programming interactions with large language models.
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
Type of large language model
systems that can work with images. The computational and memory requirements of transformer-based models increase significantly as they scale to larger sizes
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Programming language
Shared-Memory Parallel Programming for Node.js". oracle. Retrieved 10 March 2025. Pony is itself inspired by the design of E's programming model Liam Tung
Pony_(programming_language)
Series of graphing calculators
HP 48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion)
HP_48_series
Open standard for parallelizing
OpenMP is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared-memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, on
OpenMP
Comprehensive outline of core abstractions in the field of computer science
relatable concepts. General programming abstractions are foundational concepts that underlie virtually all of the programming tasks that software developers
List of abstractions (computer science)
List_of_abstractions_(computer_science)
Computer memory management scheme
addresses and allows the physical memory used by a program to be non-contiguous. This also helps avoid the problem of memory fragmentation. Paging is often
Memory_paging
Extension of the C programming language
passing programming paradigm. Cilk Coarray Fortran Chapel X10 High Performance Fortran OpenMP Partitioned global address space Parallel programming model Software
Unified_Parallel_C
Concurrent programming language
thread library for C." Alef was superseded by two programming environments. The Limbo programming language can be considered a direct successor of Alef
Alef_(programming_language)
Instructions a computer can execute
mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the machine language specific to the hardware. The introduction of high-level programming languages in 1958
Software
Computer document convention
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent API that treats an HTML or XML document as a tree structure wherein each
Document_Object_Model
Computer program used to develop another program
A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that is used to develop another computer program, usually by helping the developer
Programming_tool
Set of resources actively used by a process
model is an all or nothing model, meaning if the pages it needs to use increases, and there is no room in RAM, the process is swapped out of memory to
Working_set
Overview of and topical guide to Rust
topical guide to Rust: Rust is a multi-paradigm programming language emphasizing performance, memory safety, and concurrency. Rust was initially developed
Outline of the Rust programming language
Outline_of_the_Rust_programming_language
Programming language
interpreters Procedural programming language — programming paradigm based on the concept of procedure calls General-purpose programming language — designed
Outline of the C programming language
Outline_of_the_C_programming_language
Trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character
Evolutionary programming Genetic programming Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Evolution strategy Learnable evolution model Learning classifier
Evolutionary_computation
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