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Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash
Flash_memory
Data storage device
A USB flash drive (also known as a thumb drive or USB stick) is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. A typical
USB_flash_drive
Electronic data storage device
A memory card is an electronic data storage device used for storing digital information, typically using flash memory. These are commonly used in digital
Memory_card
Integrated circuit that interfaces flash memory to a host like a PC
A flash memory controller (or flash controller) manages data stored on flash memory (usually NAND flash) and communicates with a computer or electronic
Flash_memory_controller
Memory card format
CompactFlash (CF) is a flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices. The format was specified and the devices were first
CompactFlash
Japanese flash-memory and data-storage group
its flash-memory technology to Toshiba, where engineers led by Fujio Masuoka developed flash memory in the 1980s and invented NAND flash memory in 1987
Kioxia
Common Flash Memory Interface (CFI) is an open standard jointly developed by AMD, Intel, Sharp and Fujitsu. It is implementable by all flash memory vendors
Common_Flash_Memory_Interface
Flash memory card format
The SD card is a proprietary, non-volatile, flash memory card format developed by the SD Association (SDA). They come in three physical forms: the full-size
SD_card
manufacturers of flash memory controllers for various flash memory devices like SSDs, USB flash drives, SD cards, and CompactFlash cards. Note: Independent=sells
List of flash memory controller manufacturers
List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers
Flash storage specification
designed to bring higher data transfer speed and increased reliability to flash memory storage, while reducing market confusion and removing the need for different
Universal_Flash_Storage
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
memory in the form of erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory can
Read-only_memory
Phenomenon associated with solid state storage
Write amplification (WA) is an undesirable phenomenon associated with flash memory and solid-state drives (SSDs) where the actual amount of information
Write_amplification
Computer memory that does not lose its contents after being turned off
floating-gate memory cells consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors), including flash memory storage such
Non-volatile_memory
Brand of flash memory and DRAM products
specializes in designing flash memory products. Since 2017, it has been a subsidiary of Shenzhen, China-based flash memory company Longsys. The Lexar
Lexar
Computer storage device with no moving parts
driven storage medium. SSDs rely on non-volatile memory, typically NAND flash, to store data in memory cells. The performance and endurance of SSDs vary
Solid-state_drive
Storage of digital data readable by computers
semiconductor memory known as flash memory has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. Non-volatile semiconductor memory is also used
Computer_data_storage
Interface used for connecting storage devices
PCI Express bus. The initial NVM stands for non-volatile memory, which is often NAND flash memory that comes in several physical form factors, including
NVM_Express
Cartridge containing flash memory developed for use in video game consoles
A flash cartridge (also known as a flashcart) is a homebrew video game cartridge that uses flash memory for storage as well as running applications. These
Flash_cartridge
Low-cost, low-power SoC microcontrollers with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
in package modules combine an ESP32 silicon chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory chip, filter capacitors, and RF matching links into a single 7 mm × 7 mm
ESP32
Sony's removable flash memory card format, launched in July 1998
The Memory Stick is a removable flash memory card format, originally launched by Sony in late 1998. In addition to the original Memory Stick, this family
Memory_Stick
Computer storage device
A flash drive is a portable computer drive that uses flash memory. Flash drives are the larger memory modules consisting of a number of flash chips. A
Flash_drive
Component that stores information
semiconductor memory: volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM memory. Examples of
Computer_memory
Semiconductor memory supply crisis
companies struggling to find suppliers for components such as NAND flash. Memory suppliers are adapting to increased demands and market unpredictability
2025–present global memory supply shortage
2025–present_global_memory_supply_shortage
Persistent computer data storage with no moving parts
unit of storage. SSS devices typically use flash memory, but some use battery-backed random-access memory (RAM). Devices come in various types, form factors
Solid-state_storage
Computer memory used for small quantities of data
reprogrammed, the life of the EEPROM is an important design consideration. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM designed for high speed and high density, at the
EEPROM
Memory cell capable of storing more than a single bit of information
cells and 3D flash, and increased production volumes will continue to bring prices down. Flash memory stores data in individual memory cells, which are
Multi-level_cell
American computer memory manufacturer
manufactures computer memory and computer data storage products, including dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), flash memory, High Bandwidth Memory (HBM), and solid-state
Micron_Technology
Type of memory used on processors that require high transfer rate memory
an unprecedented demand increase, and in general DRAM (DDR4, DDR, and flash memory/NAND) price has in early 2026 "experienced compounded increases, some
High_Bandwidth_Memory
Type of vivid, enduring autobiographical memory
A flashbulb memory is a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event. The term "flashbulb memory" suggests the surprise, indiscriminate
Flashbulb_memory
Data storage device
MOS capacitor per cell. Non-volatile memory (such as EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory) uses floating-gate memory cells, which consist of a single floating-gate
Semiconductor_memory
Novel computer memory type
technology. More recently, interest and research have resumed as flash and DRAM memory technologies are expected to encounter scaling difficulties as chip
Phase-change_memory
Standard for miniature computer expansion cards
JESD233 is another specification called Crossover Flash Memory (XFM) for XFM Embedded and Removable Memory Devices (XFMD). It targets to replace the M.2 form
M.2
Memory card format
xD-Picture Card is an obsolete flash memory card format, developed jointly by Olympus and Fujifilm in 2002 as a proprietary alternative to existing formats
XD-Picture_Card
Type of device file in Linux for interacting with flash memory
A Memory Technology Device (MTD) is a type of device file in Linux for interacting with flash memory. The MTD subsystem was created to provide an abstraction
Memory_Technology_Device
Novel type of computer memory
an alternative non-volatile random-access memory technology that offers the same functionality as flash memory. An FeRAM chip contains a thin film of ferroelectric
Ferroelectric_RAM
File system designed to run on flash memory
A flash file system is a file system designed for storing files on flash memory–based storage devices. While flash file systems are closely related to
Flash_file_system
American digital storage corporation
Founded in 1988, it designs and manufactures flash memory products, including memory cards, USB flash drives, and solid-state drives (SSDs). The company
Sandisk
Radio hardware tool
PC client application. Flash memory is used to store firmware. The early versions of Proxmark3 only had 64 kB of flash memory, but as firmware developed
Proxmark3
This table provides summary of comparison of various flash memory cards, as of 2025[update]. Of memory cards (i.e. intended as such, to use e.g. internally)
Comparison_of_memory_cards
Data storage device
There are two main "hybrid" storage technologies that combine NAND flash memory or SSDs with the HDD technology: dual-drive hybrid systems and solid-state
Hybrid_drive
Semiconductor memory technology
flash (CTF) is a semiconductor memory technology used in creating non-volatile NOR and NAND flash memory. It is a type of floating-gate MOSFET memory
Charge_trap_flash
Ferroelectric flash memory, (ferroelectric NAND, FeNAND, or FeFET-based NAND), is an emerging non-volatile memory technology that incorporates ferroelectric
Ferroelectric_flash_memory
Data storage outside a computer's own hardware
magnetic tape, floppy disk and optical disc), compact flash drives (USB flash drive and memory card), portable storage devices (external solid-state drive
External_storage
South Korean consumer electronics company
in these early years. In 2002, iRiver scrambled to develop its first flash memory player to meet demand from the U.S. Best Buy chain. This led to the release
IRiver
Indian-American business executive and CEO of Micron
of non-volatile memory design and flash memory systems. He has more than 35 years of experience in the non-volatile semiconductor memory industry, including
Sanjay_Mehrotra
Japanese engineer (born 1943)
He is best known as the inventor of flash memory, including the development of both the NOR flash and NAND flash types in the 1980s. He also invented
Fujio_Masuoka
Form of computer memory
other kinds of limitations. These include most types of ROM and NOR flash memory. The use of semiconductor RAM dates back to 1965 when IBM introduced
Random-access_memory
Novel computer memory type
racetrack memory would offer storage density higher than comparable solid-state memory devices like flash memory.[citation needed] Racetrack memory uses a
Racetrack_memory
Part of computer memory
as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory utilize floating-gate memory cells, which rely on floating-gate MOSFET transistors. The memory cell is the fundamental
Memory_cell_(computing)
Low-level computer software
Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory – either read-only memory (ROM) or programmable memory such as EPROM, EEPROM, or flash. Changing a device's firmware
Firmware
manufacturers that also produce hard disk drives or flash memory are identified. Additionally, the type of memory used in their solid-state drives is noted. This
List of solid-state drive manufacturers
List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers
Type of computer memory
memory, in contrast to static random-access memory (SRAM) which does not require data to be refreshed. Unlike flash memory, DRAM is volatile memory (as
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Series of wireless routers manufactured by Linksys
except for additional RAM, flash memory, and SpeedBooster software. Versions 1 to 3 of this router have 8 MB of flash memory. Since most third parties'
Linksys_WRT54G_series
Portable device capable of storing and playing digital media
files. Normally, they refer to small, battery-powered devices utilising flash memory or a hard disk for storing various media files. MP3 players has been
Portable_media_player
Series of graphing calculators
exactly like its predecessor, the TI-92 (which lacked flash memory). Besides increased memory over its predecessor, the TI-92 Plus also featured a sharper
TI-92_series
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
quality-adjusted prices of microprocessors, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of
Moore's_law
Firmware for hardware initialization and OS runtime services
motherboard. In later computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored on flash memory so it can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard
BIOS
Chinese semiconductor company
Yangtze Memory Technologies Corp. (YMTC) is a Chinese semiconductor integrated device manufacturer specializing in flash memory (NAND) chips. Founded
Yangtze_Memory_Technologies
American computer hardware manufacturer
business as PNY, is an American manufacturer of flash memory cards, USB flash drives, solid state drives, memory upgrade modules, portable battery chargers
PNY
Phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices
devised to reduce it without compromising the circuit performance. NOR flash memory exploits the principle of hot carriers injection by deliberately injecting
Hot-carrier_injection
Process for preserving information in DRAM
comparable to the memory access time. NAND flash memory may need a form of memory refresh to detect and correct ECC errors, especially if the memory has not been
Memory_refresh
Handheld game console
added dual digital cameras, larger screens, more memory, a faster processor, and internal flash memory, and it was later offered in a larger DSi XL model
Nintendo_DS
Software means of causing computer hardware damage
stop working (or, in casual parlance, to be "bricked"). The resource of flash memory is large, but limited. Since writing to storage is an essential operation
Killer_poke
File-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video
32 GB flash memory), HF S100 (SDHC), HF20 (SDHC, built-in 32 GB flash memory), HF200 (SDHC) August 2009: HF S11 (SDHC, built-in 64 GB flash memory, wired
AVCHD
Device controlling access and addressing of memory
important. Many flash memory devices, such as USB flash drives and solid-state drives, include a flash memory controller. Flash memory is inherently slower
Memory_controller
Self-correcting computer data storage
Flash Memories". Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP). 2001. "ECC DRAM". Intelligent Memory
ECC_memory
Processing data technology
architecture where a database is kept entirely in random-access memory (RAM) or flash memory so that usual accesses, in particular read or query operations, do not
In-memory_processing
IBM Storage enterprise system that store data on flash memory
technology from the 2012 IBM acquisition of Texas Memory Systems. As of February 12, 2020, the FlashSystem brand has replaced both the Storwize and XIV
IBM_FlashSystem
Type of computer memory
Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM) is a type of random-access memory (RAM) that uses latching circuitry (flip-flop) to store each bit. SRAM
Static_random-access_memory
Synchronous serial communication interface
displays, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, flash and EEPROM memory, and various communication chips. Although SPI is a synchronous
Serial_Peripheral_Interface
System-on-a-chip microcontroller model with Wi-Fi
Chinese documentation. The ESP8285 is a similar chip with a built-in 1 MiB flash memory, allowing the design of single-chip devices capable of connecting via
ESP8266
Electro-mechanical data storage device
The revenues for SSDs, most of which use NAND flash memory, slightly exceeded those for HDDs in 2018. Flash storage products had more than twice the revenue
Hard_disk_drive
Software that manages computer hardware resources
(OEM-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. live CD) or flash memory (i.e. a LiveUSB from a USB stick). An operating system is difficult to
Operating_system
American technology company
an American-based company that designed, developed, and manufactured flash memory, microcontrollers, mixed-signal and analog products, and system-on-chip
Spansion
Association of electronic companies
consortium of technology companies working to develop open standards for NAND flash memory and devices that communicate with them. The formation of ONFI was announced
Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group
Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group
Marvel Comics fictional character
Eugene "Flash" Thompson is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko
Flash_Thompson
Memory card format
SanDisk introduced the CompactFlash format, one of the first commercially successful flash memory card types. CompactFlash outpaced competing formats of
MultiMediaCard
Line of graphing calculators produced by Texas Instruments
TI-83 Plus, it has included Flash memory, enabling the device's operating system to be updated if needed, or for large new Flash Applications to be stored
TI-83_series
Small computer on a single integrated circuit
more processor cores along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash, OTP ROM, or ferroelectric RAM
Microcontroller
Memory card for the Dreamcast
second screen functionality, a real-time clock, file manager, built-in flash memory, and sound capability. Prior to the launch of the Dreamcast, a special
VMU
Routers by Linksys
hardware. Powered by a dual-core 1.8 GHz CPU with 256 MB of flash memory and 512 MB of DDR3 memory it is capable of speeds of up to 600 Mbit/s on 2.4 GHz band
Linksys_routers
American electronics products business
and automated data programming and security provisioning systems for flash memory, microcontrollers, and logic devices. Founded in 1969 and incorporated
Data_I/O
Type of computer memory
the best-known form of both NV-RAM and EEPROM memory is flash memory. Some drawbacks to flash memory include the requirement to write it in larger blocks
Non-volatile random-access memory
Non-volatile_random-access_memory
Taiwanese memory manufacturing company
device manufacturer in the non-volatile memory (NVM) market. The company manufactures NOR Flash, NAND Flash, and ROM products for the consumer, communication
Macronix
To負煎戰 what EL-Roi cannot do does not exists
A flash emulator or flash memory emulator is a tool that is used to temporarily replace flash memory or ROM chips in an embedded device for the purpose
Flash_memory_emulator
Finnish software company
project was merged with NTFS-3G. Tuxera FlashFX Tera is a software flash memory controller designed to manage raw flash media in embedded systems. It provides
Tuxera
Computer memory architecture
The NAND flash memory can include flash channel and flash sub-channel, which accessed by the flash memory controller. The number of flash channel increases
Multi-channel memory architecture
Multi-channel_memory_architecture
Early type of computer memory
electronic computer memory, delay-line memory was a refreshable memory, but as opposed to modern random-access memory, delay-line memory was sequential-access
Delay-line_memory
Type of command for solid-state drive
empty page, potentially crippling write performance. SSDs store data in flash memory cells that are grouped into pages typically of 4 to 16 KiB, grouped together
Trim_(computing)
South Korean conglomerate
engaged in various businesses, including manufacture of AI semiconductors, flash memory, deep tech investment and miscellaneous information technology, chemicals
SK_Group
Chinese semiconductor company
sensors and NOR flash memory. It is a subsidiary of Yangtze Memory Technologies (YMTC) and plays an integral part in its 3D NAND memory production. Wuhan
XMC_(company)
Recording of information in a storage medium
from phones to notebooks, the majority of systems today is based on NAND Flash. As for Enterprise and data centers, storage tiers have established using
Data_storage
Taiwanese electronics company
sells controllers for NAND flash memory chips. These are integrated into flash-based products such as USB flash drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives
Phison
Replaceable device used for the distribution and storage of video games
smaller and thinner than previous cartridges. In the case of Game Cards, flash memory is used to store the game data in lieu of dedicated ROM chips used in
ROM_cartridge
American semiconductor manufacturer
derivatives) radio-frequency (RF) devices including Wi-Fi, EEPROM, and flash memory devices, symmetric and asymmetric security chips, touch sensors and controllers
Atmel
Discontinued computer memory type
were less than for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) but more than for flash memory. As a non-volatile memory, 3D XPoint had a number of features that
3D_XPoint
Arduino-certified single-board computer
a clock speed of 400 MHz, together with 256 Mb of DDR3 RAM and 8 Mb flash memory, the Galileo is much more powerful than competing Arduino boards. The
Intel_Galileo
ARM Cortex-M based Microcontrollers by STMicroelectronics
Internally, each microcontroller consists of ARM processor core(s), flash memory, static RAM, a debugging interface, and various peripherals. In addition
STM32
Computer architecture treating code and data similarly, though not usually identically
chips), the use of different memory technologies for instructions (e.g. flash memory) and data (typically read/write memory) in von Neumann machines is
Modified_Harvard_architecture
file system optimized for plain flash memory is advantageous. Many, but not all, file systems optimized for flash memory support TRIM commands to tell the
List_of_file_systems
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