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Concurrent programming language
Alef is a discontinued concurrent programming language, designed as part of the Plan 9 operating system by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs. It implemented
Alef_(programming_language)
Beginning programming for dummies (4th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-470-09968-1. OCLC 773827811. "Alef Language Reference Manual"
List of C-family programming languages
List_of_C-family_programming_languages
Programming language
in Pike's earlier Newsqueak language and Winterbottom's Alef. Limbo supports the following features: modular programming concurrent computing strong type
Limbo_(programming_language)
Agda Agilent VEE (Keysight VEE) Agora AIMMS Aldor Alef Algebraic Logic Functional programming language (ALF) ALGOL 58 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68 ALGOL W Alice ML
List_of_programming_languages
concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines
List of concurrent and parallel programming languages
List_of_concurrent_and_parallel_programming_languages
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
list of notable programming languages, grouped by notable language attribute. As a language can have multiple attributes, the same language can be in multiple
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
General-purpose programming language
C is a general-purpose programming language created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. By design, C gives the programmer relatively direct access to the features
C_(programming_language)
Research distributed operating system
slowly, and produce medium quality object code". A concurrent programming language called Alef was available in the first two editions, but was then dropped
Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs
Executing several computations during overlapping time periods
wires between the nodes; includes object-oriented language Limbo – relative of Alef, for system programming in Inferno (operating system) Locomotive BASIC
Concurrent_computing
Topics referred to by the same term
Alef, (perhaps semi-legendary) 11th-century last king of Dumnonia Alef (programming language) Alef (font) Alef Aeronautics (flying car company) Alef Bank
Alef_(disambiguation)
record of notable programming languages, by decade. History of computing hardware History of programming languages Programming language Timeline of computing
Timeline of programming languages
Timeline_of_programming_languages
Programming language
interpreters Procedural programming language — programming paradigm based on the concept of procedure calls General-purpose programming language — designed for
Outline of the C programming language
Outline_of_the_C_programming_language
General-purpose programming language
general-purpose programming language which emphasizes performance, type safety, concurrency, and memory safety. Rust supports multiple programming paradigms
Rust_(programming_language)
Programming language
Go is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is statically typed and compiled. It is known for the simplicity of its syntax and the efficiency
Go_(programming_language)
"genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed
Generational list of programming languages
Generational_list_of_programming_languages
Eastern Iranian language spoken by the Wakhi people
similarities to the orthographies of other Pamir languages, such as Shughni and Munji. Notes: Letter alef at the beginning of a word can serve two functions
Wakhi_language
streaming partner for PBS Kids programming 2 Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel The following programs are currently airing on select local
List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids
List_of_programs_broadcast_by_PBS_Kids
Programming language
The ideas present in Newsqueak were further developed in the programming languages Alef, Limbo, and Go. Inferno (operating system) Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Newsqueak
systems and type checking of multiple programming languages. Brief definitions A nominal type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible
Comparison of programming languages by type system
Comparison_of_programming_languages_by_type_system
Standard library for the C programming language
sometimes referred to as libc, is the standard library for the C programming language, as specified in the ISO C standard. Starting from the original ANSI
C_standard_library
Ways to convert text in Ancient Egyptian language into modern alphabetic symbols
Additional block to Unicode version 1.1 (1992), the addition of Egyptological alef and ayin to Unicode version 5.1 (2008) and the addition of Glottal I alias
Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian
Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian
Programming language
general-purpose programming languages designed for multithreaded parallel computing. They are based on the C and C++ programming languages, which they extend
Cilk
Library of C programs
functions are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing date and time manipulation operations. They provide
C_date_and_time_functions
Israeli variant of the Centurion Tank
be referred as the Alef when the Sho't Kal Bet was introduced in 1975, with the Sho't Kal series annexing more variants. The Alef was a major upgrade
Sho't
Dynamic memory management in the C programming language
programming language via a group of functions in the C standard library, mainly malloc, realloc, calloc, aligned_alloc and free. The C++ programming language
C_dynamic_memory_allocation
Family of computing problems
the programming languages Joyce and Super Pascal. The Plan 9 operating system programming language Alef, the Inferno operating system programming language
Producer–consumer_problem
Scripts used to write the Azerbaijani language
'ten'. A-a (آ / ـا); /ɑ/; A back vowel; shown with alef (ا) in middle and final positions, and alef-maddeh (آ) in initial position. Examples include: ad
Azerbaijani_alphabet
President of Iran since 2024
June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024. "ملت با قدرت از سپاه مقتدر دفاع میکند". Alef. 16 June 2024. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 16
Masoud_Pezeshkian
Object-oriented programming language
of C*. Dataparallel-C was based on C*. C*: An Extended C Language for Data Parallel Programming, John R. Rose and Guy L. Steele, Jr., in Proceedings of
C*
Jewish varieties of Arabic language
only when that letter is at the end of a word. It also uses the letters alef and waw or yodh to mark long or short vowels respectively. The order of the
Judeo-Arabic
Handling of strings in the C programming language
The C programming language has a set of functions implementing operations on strings (character strings and byte strings) in its standard library. Various
C_string_handling
Extension of the C programming language
Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of the C programming language designed for high-performance computing on large-scale parallel machines, including
Unified_Parallel_C
Topics referred to by the same term
the mobile game Reverse: 1999 Aleph (ILP), an inductive logic programming system Alef (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Aleph_(disambiguation)
Jewish summer camp
campers, and eventually grew to three sleep-away camps in Pennsylvania, Massad Alef, Bet, and Gimmel, collectively known as the Massad Hebrew Camps in the United
Camp_Massad_(Poconos)
Header file for C programs
<stdarg.h> is a header in the C standard library of the C programming language that allows functions to accept an indefinite number of arguments. It provides
Stdarg.h
Neighborhoods in Beersheba, Israel
Garden, Turkish Railway Station, British War Cemetery, and Aljama Mosque. Alef (Hebrew: א, lit. A or 1) is located to the immediate north of the Old City
Neighborhoods_of_Beersheba
Electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service
funding for programming through the Fund provided they make that programming available on a free-to-view basis. TG4 is an independent Irish language public
Public_broadcasting
Arabic word for God
approximant, a marginal phoneme in Modern Standard Arabic. Since the initial alef has no hamza, the initial [a] is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel
Allah
C standard library header file
operations are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing basic mathematical functions. Different C standards
C_mathematical_functions
extension of the C programming language. The Split-C project website describes Split-C as: a parallel extension of the C programming language that supports
Split-C
Application framework for Java platform
following the functional programming paradigm, designed for building reactive Spring applications. This framework uses functional programming and Reactive Streams
Spring_Framework
Plant species in the mallow family
sylvestris L." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved
Malva_sylvestris
Iranian military officer
آماده کنیم" [Sardar Mousavi: We must prepare ourselves for any situation]. Alef (in Persian). 23 July 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1
Majid_Mousavi
Punctuation or diacritical mark (')
programming language (and many derived languages like C++, Java, C#, and Scala) uses apostrophes to delimit a character literal. In these languages a
Apostrophe
Jewish summer camp school in Quebec, Canada
Massad Alef on Lac Quenouille in the Laurentian Mountains. At its peak Massad had nearly 400 campers. Camp Massad has a long tradition of Hebrew language immersion
Camp_Massad_(Montreal)
Former Israeli television channel
over sudden shutdown". CBS News. מבט נוסף על לוגו ״מבט״ המיתולוגי, Alef Alef Alef, 9 July 2017 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Channel 1 (Israel)
Channel_1_(Israel)
Part of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
(Tzemah), and on 20 May attacked Degania Alef and occupied Masada and Sha'ar HaGolan. The attack on Degania Alef was a failure, after which the Syrian forces
Battles_of_the_Kinarot_Valley
Turkish actor and model
(Mahir Kara) (2012–2015) Mehmed Bir Cihan Fatihi (Sultan Mehmed II) (2018) Alef (Kemal) (2020) A.B.I (Doğan) (2026) Deli Yürek: Bumerang Cehennemi (Yusuf
Kenan_İmirzalıoğlu
Iran's governmental space agency
February 2012. Behnegarsoft.com. "الف - پرتاب ماهواره زهره تا 4 سال آينده". Alef.ir. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2012
Iranian_Space_Agency
but not before she is able to share Other Memory with Odrade, who escapes. Alef Burzmali is Miles Teg's protégé in the Bene Gesserit military who became
List_of_Dune_characters
2014 film by Christopher Nolan
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David;
Interstellar_(film)
Turkish video streaming service
Havası 2020 Boom by İbrahim Selim 2020–2021 Sokağın Çocukları 2020–2024 Alef 2020–2025 Çıplak 2020–2025 Also listed under exclusive content Saygı 2020–2021
BluTV
Eichmann's capturing operation
смерти" [Twins in the Embrace of the Angel of Death]. АЛЕФ (in Russian). Alef Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2 September
Adolf_Eichmann's_capture
Iranian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
the new achievements of the IRGC alef.ir, Retrieved 18 March 2021 Features of IRGC Ascension UAV + video and photos alef.ir, Retrieved 18 March 2021 Unveiling
Meraj_(UAV)
Root vegetable in the flowering plant family Apiaceae
sativa var. brevis Alef. Pastinaca sativa var. edulis DC. Pastinaca sativa var. hortensis Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Pastinaca sativa var. longa Alef. Pastinaca sativa
Parsnip
Species of flowering plant in the poppy family
somniferum" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener Program. Retrieved 21 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival
Papaver_somniferum
Israeli military entertainment band
titled "Maoz Alef Alef" and it became the band's mainstream breakthrough, receiving acclaim from critics, with many of the songs from the program becoming
Lehakat_Pikud_Darom
Israeli rock musician (born 1977)
community center during his childhood. He studied in the theater program at Ironi Alef High School, and at the age of 15 he released his debut album, "Ohev
Dudu_Tassa
GNU implementation of the standard C library
name, it now also directly supports C++ (and, indirectly, other programming languages). It was started in the 1980s by the Free Software Foundation (FSF)
Glibc
Writing system
the writing system used for Arabic (Arabic alphabet) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing
Arabic_script
American actor (1933–2009)
End". The show went so well that DeLuise was soon a regular on Martin's program, participating in both songs and sketches.[citation needed] Garrison also
Dom_DeLuise
Israeli former football club
with the Liga Alef play-offs winner, Ironi Tiberias. Hapoel Katamon lost 1–5 on aggregate (0–3, 1–2), and relegated back to Liga Alef. The team finished
Hapoel_Katamon_Jerusalem_F.C.
Operations in the C standard library that classify characters
C Primer has a page on the topic of: C Character Class Test Library The Wikibook C Programming has a page on the topic of: C Programming/C Reference
C_character_classification
British main battle tank
transmission from 1970 to 1974. The upgraded version was named Sho't Kal Alef, and was later followed by three additional sub-variants called Bet, Gimel
Centurion_(tank)
Israeli journalist (born 1994)
Book Award in 2025. Lee Yaron was born in 1994 in Tel Aviv, attending Ironi Alef High School. She received an Masters of Public Administration in Environmental
Lee_Yaron
Oblast (region) of Ukraine
schools use the Ukrainian language. Nevertheless, the minorities have a free choice—193 schools are Russian, a large Jewish school «Alef» works in Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia_Oblast
Implementation of C standard library for embedded systems based on Linux
Visual Studio Comparison with other languages Compatibility of C and C++ Comparison with Pascal Descendant languages Alef C++ C# D Objective-C Go Vala Zig
UClibc
British mandate territory (1920–1948)
final compromise was to append the initials of the Hebrew proposed name, Alef-Yod, within parenthesis (א״י) after Pālēśtīnā whenever the Mandate's name
Mandatory_Palestine
Being in Jewish folklore made from clay
forehead. But it kept on growing and getting stronger. To stop this, the alef needed to be erased from the word emes, leaving the word meis (dead). And
Golem
Israeli actor
tsair (Hebrew: בראש צעיר) was a nationally syndicated radio program broadcast on "Reshet Alef" (Hebrew: רשת א') in which Kaplan took over the duty of main
Nir_Jacob_Kaplan
Israel's Haredi community. Rabbi Goldvicht died in Jerusalem on the 7th of Adar Alef, at the age of 69. He and his wife Miriam are survived by two children. In
Chaim_Yaakov_Goldvicht
Plant species grown for its oil-rich seed
napus L. subsp. napus var. pabularia (DC.) Alef". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved 18 April 2020. Germplasm Resources
Rapeseed
City in Israel
Orthodox population. Originally, it consisted of two areas: Ramat Beit Shemesh Alef and Ramat Beit Shemesh Bet. In Ramat Beit Shemesh Bet, families belonging
Beit_Shemesh
Christian development non-governmental organization operating in Afghanistan
Facilitation (ALEF) The ALEF project worked in three provinces to provide non-formal adult education and vocational training. Using folkbildning methods, ALEF offered
International Assistance Mission
International_Assistance_Mission
Paris, France 1980: Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts, Amman, Jordan; Alef Art Gallery, Kuwait 1981: Galerie Bekhazi (GAB Center), Beirut, Lebanon 1983:
Juliana_Seraphim
power. Iruma's rank is undetermined and by default receives the lowest rank, Alef. Meanwhile, his taming of the guardian and his ring attacking his classmates
List of Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun episodes
List_of_Welcome_to_Demon_School!_Iruma-kun_episodes
Writing system used for Urdu
13th century Iran. It is also related to Shahmukhi, used for the Punjabi language varieties in Punjab, Pakistan. It is closely related to the development
Urdu_alphabet
former director of Kol Yisrael's Reshet Alef ("Network A") Tsega Melaku – radio personality, Amharic language newscaster on Channel 33 and the director
List of Israeli Ethiopian Jews
List_of_Israeli_Ethiopian_Jews
City in Central Israel
Tel Aviv include Shevah Mofet, the second Hebrew school in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and Alliance. Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth
Tel_Aviv
American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment studio conglomerate
Starling AH! Production Enibas Productions Elimac Productions La Grosse Equipe Alef One Satisfaction Iberia Stellify Media: A Northern Irish production company
Sony_Pictures
Israeli television host and newsreader
Palestine, to a Jewish family. He studied at Balfour school and the Ironi Alef High School in Tel Aviv. He served in the Israel Defense Forces as a psychotechnical
Daniel_Pe'er
City in Tel Aviv, Israel
appointment only). Football team F.C. Ironi Or Yehuda currently plays in the Liga Alef South Division, the fourth Israeli division. On 5 April 2019, they lost 5–1
Or_Yehuda
Iranian reality TV series (2020–2023)
Mehr News Agency. 9 May 2021. "درسهای "زندگی پس از زندگی "" (in Persian). Alef. 5 May 2021. "افرادی که با "زندگی پس از زندگی" متحول شدند/ فقط یک مورد سانسور"
Zendegi_Pas_Az_Zendegi
Israeli model
late American photojournalist Paul Schutzer. She attended the Ironi Yud Alef High School in northern Tel Aviv. She was enlisted to the Israel Defense
Esti_Ginzburg
Israeli television and radio host (born 1961)
in Hebrew) when he was four years old.[citation needed] His first hit program was Ma Yesh? ("What's Up?"), broadcast on Galatz, Israel's IDF Radio, where
Erez_Tal
Lebanese artist
Men and Chickens, a street performance in Hamra Street, Beirut 1999 Alef Noun Alef, Eurythmy-Theater at the ‘Festival International de Danse Contemporaine
Chaza_Charafeddine
President of Iran from 2021 to 2024
ɾæʔiːˈsiː]. "اعلام آرای مجلس خبرگان رهبری در خراسان جنوبی" (in Persian). Alef. 27 February 2016. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 5
Ebrahim_Raisi
Type of Jewish mysticism
(2005). Language, Eros Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination. New York: Fordham University Press. Wolfson, Elliot (2006). Alef, Mem, Tau:
Kabbalah
Israeli actor (1963–2025)
Heuberger was born and raised in Tel Aviv. After graduating from Ironi Alef High School, he did his service in the Israel Defense Forces in the Military
Rami_Heuberger
Place in Jerusalem, Israel
its name. The Emek HaEla is where Dovid HaMelech fought Goliath (Shmuel Alef 17:2). Ganei Haela is a planned community located in Ramat Beit Shemesh.
Ganei_HaEla
Combined military forces of Israel
Defense Forces has several types of uniforms: Service dress (מדי אלף Madei Alef – Uniform "A") – the everyday uniform, worn by everybody. Field dress (מדי
Israel_Defense_Forces
National airline of Iran
thing that happened to Al-Mahdi Aluminum also happened to Iran Airtour]. Alef news agency (in Persian). Retrieved 29 October 2023. "The Muslim Brotherhood
Iran_Air
City in Israel
is interested in maintaining it for its sentimental and historical value. Alef also includes a new neighborhood accessed from the western entrance to the
Kfar_Yona
American poet, novelist and critic (born 1956)
their daughter. Moldaw, Carol (1993). Taken from the River. New York, NY: Alef Books. ISBN 978-1882509003. Moldaw, Carol (1998). Chalkmarks on Stone. Albuquerque
Carol_Moldaw
President of Iran from 1989 to 1997
Excuse for Split in Combatant Clergy Association?]. Shargh (in Persian). Alef. 18 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012)
Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani
Music: Gary Butcher | Jimmy Somerville "Hits Of The World | Spain (AFYVE/ALEF MB) 06/18/97". Billboard. PMC. 5 July 1997. Retrieved 8 July 2023. #1 Safe
Jimmy_Somerville_discography
Overview of television serials in Turkey
International Emmy Awards. The BluTV and FX special production crime drama Alef was selected in Variety's "Top 15 International TV Series of 2020" list.
Turkish_television_drama
Scripts used to write the Uyghur language
Uyghur is a Turkic language with a long literary tradition spoken in Xinjiang, China by the Uyghurs. Today, the Uyghur Arabic alphabet is the official
Uyghur_alphabets
Medium tank
designation of M4A1(76) fitted with HVSS suspension. Sherman M-3 (Sherman degem Alef prior to 1956) – Israeli designation of any Sherman model armed with the
Post–World War II Sherman tanks
Post–World_War_II_Sherman_tanks
Jewish paramilitary in Mandatory Palestine
Hapluga Hayamit (Company Ten or J – the Naval Company, see Palyam) Pluga Yud-Alef (Company Eleven or K) Pluga Yud-Beit (Company Twelve or L) Palmach special
Palmach
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Male
Scottish
 Short form of Scottish Gaelic Alestair, ALEC means "defender of mankind." Compare with other forms of Alec.
Male
Irish
 Short form of Irish Gaelic Alesdair, ALEC means "defender of mankind." Compare with other forms of Alec.
Female
English
English variant spelling of Arabic Aliya, ALEA means "the high, exalted one."Â
Male
English
 Short form of English Alexander, ALEC means "defender of mankind." Compare with other forms of Alec.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Defender of mankind
Boy/Male
English
Fair; handsome. Also both a (noble, bright) and an abbreviation of names beginning with Al-.
Male
English
English unisex short form of Alexandra and Alexander, ALEX means "defender of mankind."Â
Boy/Male
Muslim
Wise, Intelligent
Boy/Male
Greek American English
Defender of men; protector of mankind.
Boy/Male
English American Greek Scottish
Originally a , now frequently used as an independent name, Alec became very popular in the middle...
Male
Welsh
Welsh name ALED means "offspring."
Male
English
English variant spelling of Celtic Alan, possibly ALEN means "little rock."Â
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Old Norse Alfr, ALF means "elf." Compare with other forms of Alf.
Boy/Male
Indian
Wise, Intelligent
Girl/Female
Israeli
Immigrant to a new home.
Male
English
Short form of English Alfred, ALF means "elf counsel." Compare with other forms of Alf.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Ale, a short form of any of the various personal names beginning with Al-.Dutch : unexplained.Estonian : unexplained.Italian (Alé) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (Essex)
English (Essex) : probably a variant of Alley.
Male
German
Low German pet form of German Adolf, ALF means "noble wolf." Compare with other forms of Alf.
Girl/Female
Greek American
A feminine form of Alexander meaning defender of men, used in Britain since early 13th century....
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
British, English
Waterfall
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Shelter of Brave
Boy/Male
Tamil
Kirtivallabh | கிரà¯à®¤à®¿à®µà®²à¯à®²à®ª
Aspirant of fame
Boy/Male
Indian
Volcano
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil
Attraction
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Portrait of Guru
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
One of the Name of Dattatreya Swamy
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
One who can Smile and Make People Smile Like God
Male
Hebrew
(רִמּï‹×Ÿ) Hebrew name of uncertain origin, RIMMOWN means "pomegranate." In the bible, this is the name of several places, the name of a Benjamite of Beeroth.Â
Male
Japanese
(å‰éƒŽ) Japanese name KICHIROU means "lucky son."
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
ALEF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
n.
Formerly, a kind of beer or ale.
n.
A festival in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk.
adv.
On or toward the lee, or the side away from the wind; the opposite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when pressed close to the lee side.
n.
Halloo.
n.
Ale and beer mixed; also, drink generally.
n.
A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used.
a.
Like ale; as, an alish taste.
n.
Ale or cider made in that month.
n.
Sour ale; vinegar made of ale.
n.
A rustic wedding feast; a bridal. See Ale.
n.
Cream; also, the cream or froth on ale.
n.
Ale; also, an alehouse.
n.
Liquor made from barley; strong ale.
n.
See Clef.
n.
An intoxicating liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of a bitter, usually hops.
n.
A kind of strong ale.
n.
Prepared wort added to ale to cleanse it.
n.
A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff.
n.
Ale.