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Mental processes
material and retrieval failure. There are multiple ways of improving the abilities of human memory and retention when engaging in learning. These depend
Memory and retention in learning
Memory_and_retention_in_learning
Topics referred to by the same term
in memory Memory and retention in learning Selective retention Cultural retention Customer retention University student retention Employee retention,
Retention
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over
Memory
Memory effect in educational psychology
test-enhanced learning) suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. It is different
Testing_effect
Decline of memory retention in time
of memory retention across time, showing how information is lost when there is no attempt to retain it. A related concept is the strength of memory that
Forgetting_curve
Learning technique that helps in remembering
(/nəˈmɒnɪk/ nə-MON-ik), memory trick or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating
Mnemonic
Memory about one's environment and spatial orientation
cognitive tasks. Tasks which employ short-term memory include learning, reasoning, and comprehension. Spatial memory is a cognitive process that enables a person
Spatial_memory
Retrieval of events or information from the past
long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items. Memory and retention in learning List of language disorders recall. (2010). In Encyclopædia
Recall_(memory)
Simple drawing
Johnson, and Richard Nixon. Asemic writing Automatic writing Drolleries Fidgeting Graffiti Graphology Marginalia Memory and retention in learning Mr Doodle
Doodle
Process where messages close to one's interests are better remembered
Outside the theory of memory and mind, selective retention may also refer to the retaining of contractual agreements upon moving on in open politics or of
Selective_retention
Category of memory stabilizing processes
trace is the biological change in neural circuits that occurs during learning. Memory consolidation is essential for learning as it allows experiences to
Memory_consolidation
Memorization technique based on repetition
alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, spaced repetition and active learning. Rote learning is widely used in the mastery
Rote_learning
Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
motor learning were conducted. Such studies included the research of handwriting, and various practice methods to maximize motor learning. The retention of
Muscle_memory
Medical diagnostic method
adulthood that measures visual perception and visual memory. It can also be used to help identify possible learning disabilities among other conditions that
Benton_Visual_Retention_Test
Damage to the brain's memory capacity
neuroanatomical structures that hinders the storage, retention and recollection of memories. Memory disorders can be progressive, including Alzheimer's
Memory_disorder
Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events. The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be linked to human
Emotion_and_memory
Learning by physical activities
learners, hands-on learners, doodlers, and students who learn through emotional experiences. Learning and memory in kinesthetic contexts is generally short-term
Kinesthetic_learning
Ability to recall an image from memory after one viewing
Eidetic memory (/aɪˈdɛtɪk/ eye-DET-ik), also known as photographic memory and total recall, is the alleged ability to recall an image from memory with high
Eidetic_memory
Learning technique performed with flashcards
short-term retention, but equally spaced repetition enhances long-term retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
Spaced_repetition
Type of long-term human memory
memory, which stores specific personal experiences, and semantic memory, which stores factual information. Explicit memory requires gradual learning,
Explicit_memory
and memory has been studied since at least the early 19th century. Memory, the cognitive process of storing and retrieving past experiences, learning
Sleep_and_memory
Error caused by a memory fault
involvement in the situation, expectations and environmental changes. As the retention interval between encoding and retrieval of the memory lengthens,
Memory_error
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
working memory. Other suggested names were short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is
Working_memory
Selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind
involving selective memory erasure. Within long-term memory there are several types of retention. Implicit memory (or 'muscle memory') is generally described
Memory_erasure
Memory rehearsal is a term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories. It involves repeating information over and over in order to get the
Memory_rehearsal
Theory regarding human memory
regarding human memory. Interference occurs in learning. The notion is that memories encoded in long-term memory (LTM) are forgotten and cannot be retrieved
Interference_theory
Unconscious memory used to perform tasks
Procedural memories are accessed and used without the need for conscious control or attention. Procedural memory is created through procedural learning, or repeating
Procedural_memory
Self-awareness of memory
properties of retention intervals and their effect on retaining prospective memories" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Metamemory
Psychological effect that people learn more by spreading studying out in time
demonstrates that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out. This effect shows that more information is encoded into long-term memory by spaced
Spacing_effect
Psychological occurrence
contributions into memory research. Janet contributed to false memory through his ideas on dissociation and memory retrieval through hypnosis. In 1974, Elizabeth
False_memory
Theory that memory may be stored in the unconscious mind
cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 20 (5): 1063–1087. doi:10
Repressed_memory
Loss or modification of information encoded in an individual's memory
which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. Problems with remembering, learning and retaining new information are a few of the most
Forgetting
Model of human memory
modal model) is a model of memory proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. The model asserts that human memory has three separate components:
Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
Atkinson–Shiffrin_memory_model
Model of human memory
Baddeley's model of working memory is a model of human memory proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974, in an attempt to present a more accurate
Baddeley's model of working memory
Baddeley's_model_of_working_memory
Process of acquiring new knowledge
developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development. Play has been approached by several theorists as a form of learning. Children
Learning
Type of long-term human memory
In psychology and neuroscience, implicit memory is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is acquired and used unconsciously, and can
Implicit_memory
Type of memory referring to general world knowledge
things in the past. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory—the memory of experiences and specific events that occur in one's life that can be recreated
Semantic_memory
Memory of autobiographical events
semantic information and feelings of familiarity. Events that are recorded into episodic memory may trigger episodic learning, i.e. a change in behavior that
Episodic_memory
Ability to process visual and spatial information
testing sleep and memory for pictures it was found that daytime sleep contributed to retention of source memory rather than item memory in females, females
Visual_memory
Ability of a plant to retain information
and long-term. The most basic learning and memory functions in animals have been observed in some plant species, and it has been proposed that the development
Plant_memory
studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics. A memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either
List_of_cognitive_biases
Memory impairment test
learning trials and an optional retention trial following a delay. It was first published in 1996 and is intended for testing individuals ages 16 and
Test_of_Memory_Malingering
Loss of short-term memory
procedural memory (learning done unconsciously through practice). This supports the notion that declarative and procedural memory are consolidated in different
Anterograde_amnesia
Biological memory process in organisms
processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 268-294. Schunk, Dale H. (2012). Learning theories :
Encoding_(memory)
Memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life
Negative memories generally fade faster than positive memories of similar emotional importance and encoding period. This difference in retention period and vividness
Autobiographical_memory
Psychological phenomenon
State-dependent memory or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon where people remember more information if their physical or mental state is the same
State-dependent_memory
Movements that reflect nervous system changes
and the retention of the memory a set amount of time afterwards have been a popular focus in research. It has been shown that over learning leads to
Motor_learning
Cognitive therapy for dementia
Cognitive retention therapy (CRT), also known as the Ashby Memory Method, is a cognitive therapy for dementia, adapted from Mira Ashby's programs for
Cognitive_retention_therapy
Cognitive disorder where memory is disturbed or lost
is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs
Amnesia
Type of vivid, enduring autobiographical memory
initial and subsequent recollection of the 9/11 attack. This indicates very good retention, compared to a lower positive correlation for everyday memories. Participants
Flashbulb_memory
Process of storage and retrieval memory
efficiency of certain cognitive functions such as learning and memory. The theory that sleep benefits memory retention is not a new idea. It has been around since
Long-term_memory
Recurrent neural network architecture
over other RNNs, hidden Markov models, and other sequence learning methods. It aims to provide a short-term memory for RNN that can last thousands of timesteps
Long_short-term_memory
Types of accurate and detailed recall
Exceptional memory is the ability to have accurate and detailed recall in a variety of ways, including hyperthymesia, eidetic memory, synesthesia, and emotional
Exceptional_memory
Musical ability
that the left and right hemispheres of the brain are responsible for different components of musical memory. By studying the learning curves of patients
Music-related_memory
Shared knowledge and values of a social group
"collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase mémoire collective appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. The philosopher and sociologist
Collective_memory
Inability of adults to recall memories from childhood
"Effect of age and punishment condition on long-term retention by the rat of active- and passive-avoidance learning". Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Childhood_amnesia
Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
manipulated memory strength by presenting the sampled odor twice and varying the retention interval between learning and testing. Templer and colleagues
Metacognition
Academic discipline; examines how goal-driven social entities add and create knowledge
Organizational memory is an agglomerate of individual's memory, composed by data, information and knowledge. For those three levels of learning, five retention facilities
Organizational_learning
Aspect of senescence
early life education and memory gains in older age. This effect is especially significant in women. In particular, associative learning, which is another
Memory_and_aging
Development of memory in children
and brain stem, which are all involved in implicit learning and memory. Development of explicit memory depends on a later developing memory system in
Memory_development
Effect from introducing new elements
that are crucial in synaptic plasticity. This converts LTP into stable changes - a key process in memory consolidation as memory retention is prolonged.
Novelty_effect
Memory used for information that only needs to be stored for a short time
list immediately after learning (it is presumed, from short-term memory) and recall after 24 hours (necessarily from long-term memory). Further evidence for
Short-term_memory
Practicing newly acquired skills beyond the point of initial mastery
technology – Use of technology in education to enhance learning and teaching Muscle memory – Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition Murphy
Overlearning
Recall of fabricated, misinterpreted or distorted memories
improvement in the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of both verbatim and gist memory. However, during late adulthood, there will be a decline in these
Confabulation
Educational psychology concept
information in working memory. The associations reinforce the new information and help assign meaning to it. Learning that takes place in varying contexts
Transfer_of_learning
Learning technique that aids information retention
recall, and assist in the combination and 'invention' of ideas. An alternative term is "Ars Memorativa" which is also translated as "art of memory" although
Art_of_memory
Form of memory that involves a planned future action or intention
planned intention at some future point in time. Prospective memory tasks are common in daily life and range from the relatively simple to extreme life-or-death
Prospective_memory
Effort being used in the working memory
memory. Working memory, however, is extremely limited in both capacity and duration. These limitations will, under some conditions, impede learning.[citation
Cognitive_load
extrinsic stress on memory functions, using for both of them Pavlovian conditioning and spatial learning. In regard to intrinsic memory functions, the study
Effects_of_stress_on_memory
Cognitive psychology process
meaningful whole later on in memory. The chunks, by which the information is grouped, are meant to improve short-term retention of the material, thus bypassing
Chunking_(psychology)
Permanent or temporary loss of long-term memory
a strong role in the hippocampus in learning and memory. Common changes in the hippocampus have been found to be related to stress and induced LTP. The
Retrograde_amnesia
Misidentification during memory recall
In psychology, the misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory
Misattribution_of_memory
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
the original on 2 November 2023. "Data Retention in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization, Optimization, and Recovery" (PDF). 27 January 2015. p. 10
Flash_memory
Educational technique
Active learning is "a method of learning in which students are actively or experientially involved in the learning process and where there are different
Active_learning
Paired structure within the brain temporal lobe
experienced events and must be consciously recalled. It also plays a significant role in the retention of episodic memory. Episodic memory consists of the
Amygdala
Approaches applied to learning
environment in regards to its effect on studying and retention Carey says "a simple change in venue improved retrieval strength (memory) by 40 percent
Study_skills
Study of evolving memory systems
"Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 33 (2): 263–273. CiteSeerX 10
Adaptive_memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP), thought to be the cellular basis for learning and memory, involves a specific signal transmission process that underlies synaptic
Cadherin–catenin complex in learning and memory
Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory
Aspect of learning procedure
conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g., instrumental learning and human associative memory); a number of observations differentiate them
Classical_conditioning
Scientifically discredited form of psychotherapy
Recovered-memory therapy (RMT) is a controversial and scientifically discredited form of psychotherapy that uses one or more unproven therapeutic techniques
Recovered-memory_therapy
Memory triggered by an environmental cue
Involuntary memory is a sub-component of memory that occurs when cues encountered in everyday life evoke recollections of the past without conscious effort
Involuntary_memory
Largely debunked theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning
Learning styles refer to a range of theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. Although there is ample evidence that individuals
Learning_styles
Topic in cultural studies and historiography
English-speaking world. Crucial in understanding cultural memory as a phenomenon is the distinction between memory and history. Pierre Nora (1931–2025)
Cultural_memory
American memory disorder patient
parahippocampal gyrus). In addition to his topographical memory, Molaison showed some learning in a picture memorization-recognition task, as well as in a famous faces
Henry_Molaison
Storage of digital data readable by computers
the retention of digital data via technology consisting of computer components and recording media. Digital data storage is a core function and fundamental
Computer_data_storage
Learning strategy
Ebbinghaus first observed the effect of distributed learning, and published his findings in Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Using himself
Distributed_practice
Type of psychological experiment
Indirect memory tests assess the retention of information without direct reference to the source of information. Participants are given tasks designed
Indirect_tests_of_memory
1956 psychology paper by George Miller on working memory capacity
law. In his article, Miller discussed a coincidence between the limits of one-dimensional absolute judgment and the limits of short-term memory. In a one-dimensional
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two
High-detailed autobiographical memory
"Article in The Guardian explains Dr. James McGaugh's work on Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)". Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
Hyperthymesia
Variety of structures in the brain related to memory
consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of drug memory. The caudate nucleus is thought to assist in learning and memory of associations taught during
Neuroanatomy_of_memory
Psychological concept
"Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 24 (4): 923–941
Serial-position_effect
Psychological model of memory
of processing model, created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental
Levels_of_processing_model
Effect of later events on a previous memory
effect: Attentional and recollective differences between true and false perceptual memories". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 141: 199–208. doi:10
Misinformation_effect
Theory of memory recall
motivation, semantic memory and beliefs, amongst others. People view their memories as being a coherent and truthful account of episodic memory and believe that
Reconstructive_memory
Theory of learning and behaviour
imitate and reproduce the teacher's action, aiding retention. An extension of guided participation is reciprocal learning, in which both student and teacher
Social_learning_theory
Act of improving one's memory
improve long- and short-term retention. Illusion of learning Illusions of learning should be avoided when improving memory. Some learning and studying strategies
Memory_improvement
long-term memory creation, a finding that gives considerable weight to its use in education. Spaced Learning had been developed by Kelley and his team
Spaced_learning
American cognitive psychologist (born 1939)
His research focuses on human learning and memory and on the implications of the science of learning for instruction and training. He is the creator of
Robert_A._Bjork
Memory competitions
Memory sport, sometimes referred to as competitive memory or the mind sport of memory, refers to competitions in which participants attempt to memorize
Memory_sport
Experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time
Working memory capacity, goal neglect, and mind wandering in an executive-control task". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Mind-wandering
MEMORY AND-RETENTION-IN-LEARNING
MEMORY AND-RETENTION-IN-LEARNING
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Emery, EMORY means "work-power."
Surname or Lastname
English (found chiefly in the West Midlands and in Ireland)
English (found chiefly in the West Midlands and in Ireland) : habitational name from Hodnet in Shropshire, or any of various places called Hoddnant in Wales. The place names are from Welsh hawdd ‘pleasant’, ‘peaceful’ + nant ‘valley’, ‘stream’.
Female
Irish
Irish form of French Madeline, MADAILÉIN means "of Magdala."
Girl/Female
English American Greek
Melody.
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, MELODY means "melody."
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : nickname for someone with a deformed hand or who had lost one hand, from Middle English hand, Middle High German hant, found in such appellations as Liebhard mit der Hand (Augsburg 1383).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname from German Hand ‘hand’ (see 1).Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Flaithimh (see Guthrie), resulting from an erroneous association of the Gaelic name with the Gaelic word lámh ‘hand’. It is used as an English equivalent for several other names of Gaelic origin too, e.g. Claffey, Glavin, and McClave.Dutch : from a variant of hont ‘dog’, ‘hound’, either a derogatory nickname, or a habitational name for someone living at a house distinguished by the sign of a dog.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Embury or Emery.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name, Emaurri, composed of the elements amja ‘busy’, ‘industrious’ + rīc ‘power’. The name was introduced into England from France by the Normans. There has been some confusion with Amory.This name is recorded in Quebec in 1674, having been taken there from Dordogne, France.
Male
Polish
Polish form of Greek Methodios, METODY means "method."
Surname or Lastname
English (Avon)
English (Avon) : perhaps a variant of Kembery or Cambrey, a Norman habitational name from any of four places in northern France called Cambrai.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of hoops and bands, etc., from Middle English band, bond, Middle High German, Middle Low German bant, German Band denoting something used for tying or binding: ‘hoop’, ‘metal band’, ‘fetter’, ‘shackle’.Old spelling of the Dutch cognates Bant, Bande, from Middle Dutch bant ‘band’.
Female
Serbian
(Bulgarian and Serbian Ðна): Bulgarian and Serbian form of Greek Hanna, ANA means "favor; grace."
Girl/Female
English American Welsh
Merry; mirthful; joyous. Also an abbreviation of Meredith.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, Scottish, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : topographic name for someone who lived on patch of sandy soil, from the vocabulary word sand. As a Swedish or Jewish name it was often purely ornamental.Dutch and Belgian : reduced form of Van den Sand(e), Van den Zande, a habitational name from places such as Zande in West Flanders or various minor places named with zand ‘sand’.English and Scottish : from a short form of Alexander.French : from a Germanic personal name, Sando.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Emery.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Angel; In Each Detection
Male
Japanese
(守) Japanese name MAMORU means "protector."
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : topographic name from Old English land, Middle High German lant, ‘land’, ‘territory’. This had more specialized senses in the Middle Ages, being used to denote the countryside as opposed to a town or an estate.English : topographic name for someone who lived in a forest glade, Middle English, Old French la(u)nde, or a habitational name from Launde in Leicestershire or Laund in West Yorkshire, which are named with this word.Norwegian : habitational name from any of three farmsteads so named, from Old Norse land ‘land’, ‘territory’ (see 1 above).
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly in Lancashire and Yorkshire)
English (chiefly in Lancashire and Yorkshire) : habitational name from any of the numerous places, for example in Lancashire, North and East Yorkshire, County Durham, Humberside, Kent, Norfolk, Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Suffolk, so named from an Old English tūn-st(e)all ‘site of a farm’.
Female
Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian form of Greek Hanna, ANE means "favor; grace."
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