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Algorithms for processing data too large to fit into a computer's main memory at once
In computing, external memory algorithms or out-of-core algorithms are algorithms that are designed to process data that are too large to fit into a computer's
External_memory_algorithm
Class of sorting algorithms that can handle massive amounts of data
sorting algorithms are external memory algorithms and thus applicable in the external memory model of computation. External sorting algorithms generally
External_sorting
external memory (PEM) model is a cache-aware, external-memory abstract machine. It is the parallel-computing analogy to the single-processor external
Parallel_external_memory
Topics referred to by the same term
term in computing, see auxiliary memory For the use of the term in computer science, see external memory algorithm This disambiguation page lists articles
External_memory
accessing internal memory, the need for efficient traversal of external memory exists. For external memory algorithms the external memory model by Aggarwal
External memory graph traversal
External_memory_graph_traversal
I/O-efficient algorithm regardless of cache size
cache's performance. It is different than the external memory model because cache-oblivious algorithms do not know the block size or the cache size. In
Cache-oblivious_algorithm
Computer algorithm
The buddy memory allocation technique is a memory allocation algorithm that divides memory into partitions to try to satisfy a memory request as suitably
Buddy_memory_allocation
Algorithm that arranges lists in order
technique for overcoming the memory-size problem is using external sorting, for example, one of the ways is to combine two algorithms in a way that takes advantage
Sorting_algorithm
Property of an algorithm
computing tasks. External space: space needed on a disk or other external memory device; this could be for temporary storage while the algorithm is being carried
Algorithmic_efficiency
Algorithm for virtual memory implementation
operating system that uses paging for virtual memory management, page replacement algorithms decide which memory pages to page out, sometimes called swap out
Page_replacement_algorithm
Comparison-based sorting algorithm
to fit in a cache where operations are done. In the external memory model, the number of memory transfers it needs to perform a sort of N {\displaystyle
Cache-oblivious distribution sort
Cache-oblivious_distribution_sort
Sorting algorithm
in the context of the cache oblivious model. In the external memory model, the number of memory transfers it needs to perform a sort of N {\displaystyle
Funnelsort
Sequence merge algorithm in computer science
also referred to as binary merges. The k-way merge is also an external sorting algorithm. A 2-way merge, or a binary merge, has been studied extensively
K-way_merge_algorithm
Inefficient use of storage space
memory. It is a weakness of certain storage allocation algorithms when they fail to order memory used by programs efficiently. The result is that, although
Fragmentation_(computing)
Streaming algorithm
heavy hitters using external memory. Cormode, Graham (2014). "Misra-Gries Summaries". In Kao, Ming-Yang (ed.). Encyclopedia of Algorithms. Springer US. pp
Misra–Gries heavy hitters algorithm
Misra–Gries_heavy_hitters_algorithm
Computer memory management methodology
memory is ever "lost" (i.e. that there are no "memory leaks"). The specific dynamic memory allocation algorithm implemented can impact performance significantly
Memory_management
High-performance algorithm
factors" in between. The algorithm got its name after an article by David H. Bailey, FFTs in external or hierarchical memory, published in 1989. In this
Bailey's_FFT_algorithm
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA) in
Genetic_algorithm
Art genre
Algorithmic art or algorithm art is art, mostly visual art, in which the design is generated by an algorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called
Algorithmic_art
Search algorithm finding the position of a target value within a sorted array
half-interval search, logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array. Binary
Binary_search
Memory allocator in the Linux kernel
suffers greatly from external fragmentation. SLOB currently uses a first-fit algorithm, which uses the first available space for memory. In 2008, a reply
SLOB
Self-correcting computer data storage
Sophisticated algorithms have been built to infer the existence of corrected errors based on non-corrected errors. Many ECC memory systems use an "external" EDAC
ECC_memory
Divide and conquer sorting algorithm
sorting algorithm. Quicksort was developed by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in 1959 and published in 1961. It is still a commonly used algorithm for
Quicksort
Fast Fourier Transform algorithm
The Cooley–Tukey algorithm, named after J. W. Cooley and John Tukey, is the most common fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. It re-expresses the discrete
Cooley–Tukey_FFT_algorithm
Automated method for solving mazes
maze-solving algorithm is an automated method for solving a maze. The random mouse, wall follower, Pledge, Tarry's, and Trémaux's algorithms are designed
Maze-solving_algorithm
Algorithms for compressing in-memory data
example of a class of algorithms for type (2) virtual memory compression is the WK (Wilson-Kaplan et. al) class of compression algorithms. These take advantage
Virtual_memory_compression
Tree data structure
the running time of a data structure, the time-complexity of external memory algorithms is dominated by the number of read/writes a data structure induces
Fractal_tree_index
American computer scientist
cited researcher. He helped establish the field of I/O algorithms (a.k.a. "external memory algorithms") as a rigorous area of active investigation. He has
Jeffrey_Vitter
Type of computing function
is in contrast to algorithms that are compute-bound, where the number of elementary computation steps is the deciding factor. Memory and computation boundaries
Memory-bound_function
Divide and conquer sorting algorithm
merge-sort) is an efficient, general-purpose, comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations of merge sort are stable, which means that the relative
Merge_sort
Computer memory architecture
performance and controlling technologies. Memory hierarchy affects performance in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions, and lower level programming
Memory_hierarchy
Task of computing complete subgraphs
in very large graphs" (PDF), in Abello, J.; Vitter, J. (eds.), External Memory Algorithms, DIMACS Series on Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer
Clique_problem
File format and file compression program
file format and a file compression program. The program uses the Deflate algorithm to compress and decompress a single file using the gzip file format. gzip
Gzip
Form of computer memory management
objects, the memory usage is twice as high compared to other algorithms. The technique is also known as stop-and-copy. Cheney's algorithm is an improvement
Tracing_garbage_collection
Computational task of sorting whole numbers
already available on Pentium processors. In external memory models of computing, no known integer sorting algorithm is faster than comparison sorting. Researchers
Integer_sorting
Cache management algorithm
Adaptive Replacement Cache (ARC) is a page replacement algorithm with better performance than LRU (least recently used). This is accomplished by keeping
Adaptive_replacement_cache
Hardware that translates virtual addresses to physical addresses
effect known as external fragmentation. This occurs when memory allocations are released but are non-contiguous. In this case, enough memory may be available
Memory_management_unit
Mathematical model describing how an output of a function is computed given an input
describes how units of computations, memories, and communications are organized. The computational complexity of an algorithm can be measured given a model of
Model_of_computation
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
transparently access the remote memory of another compute node. All compute nodes are also connected to an external shared memory system via high-speed interconnect
Parallel_computing
Algorithm for anomaly detection
profile-based methods, creating a very fast algorithm with a low memory demand. The Isolation Forest (iForest) algorithm was initially proposed by Fei Tony Liu
Isolation_forest
Biological theory of intelligence
generation: a spatial pooling algorithm, which outputs sparse distributed representations (SDR), and a sequence memory algorithm, which learns to represent
Hierarchical_temporal_memory
Type of information retrieval using LLMs
described combining a parametric language model with a non-parametric external memory accessed through retrieval at inference time. LLMs can provide incorrect
Retrieval-augmented generation
Retrieval-augmented_generation
follows: algorithmic address generator algorithmic data generator program storage unit loop control mechanisms PBIST was originally adopted by large memory chips
PBIST
Algorithm for minimising register usage
numbers of intermediate values being spilled to memory and then restored. The Sethi–Ullman algorithm (also known as Sethi–Ullman numbering) produces code
Sethi–Ullman_algorithm
Type of logical test in database systems
triggering it. The equivalent in a memory-based rule engine would be to invoke an external method that caused an external event to trigger another ECA rule
Event_condition_action
Abstract computer for designing parallel algorithms
PRAM algorithms Flynn's taxonomy Lock-free and wait-free algorithms Random-access machine Parallel programming model XMTC Parallel external memory (Model)
Parallel_RAM
respectively, for a given algorithm. Usually the resource being considered is running time, i.e. time complexity, but it could also be memory or some other resource
Glossary_of_computer_science
Incremental constraint-solving toolkit
bottleneck. It still uses the same Cassowary algorithm, but it's a from-scratch implementation of the algorithm based on the Cassowary paper, not the existing
Cassowary_(software)
In computing, a conflict over access to a shared resource
to a shared resource such as random access memory, disk storage, cache memory, internal buses or external network devices. A resource experiencing ongoing
Resource_contention
common prefixes. The external generalized enhanced suffix array, or eGSA, construction algorithm which specializes in external memory construction, is particularly
Generalized_suffix_array
Computer memory management technique
a page frame using the same page replacement algorithm for page stealing. Operating systems have memory areas that are pinned (never swapped to secondary
Virtual_memory
Computer memory design used in multiprocessing
installing an ever-increasing amount of high-speed cache memory and using increasingly sophisticated algorithms to avoid cache misses. But the dramatic increase
Non-uniform_memory_access
Type of computer memory used from 1955 to 1975
storage. Algorithms whose working set size exceeds main memory came to be called out-of-core algorithms, while in-core algorithms fit in main memory. The
Magnetic-core_memory
Computer science algorithm
the algorithm visits each vertex. If the vertex has already been visited, it is ignored and the path is pursued no further; otherwise, the algorithm checks/updates
Graph_traversal
Subset of artificial intelligence
algorithms that mirror human thought processes.[verification needed] By the early 1960s, an experimental "learning machine" with punched tape memory,
Machine_learning
Type of recurrent neural network
neural networks with the algorithmic power of programmable computers. An NTM has a neural network controller coupled to external memory resources, which it
Neural_Turing_machine
Combinational digital circuit
used to convey digital signals between the ALU and external circuitry. When an ALU is operating, external circuits apply signals to the ALU inputs and, in
Arithmetic_logic_unit
Measures of how efficiently algorithms use resources
combination of tolerances and external conditions. The term best-case performance is used in computer science to describe an algorithm's behavior under optimal
Best,_worst_and_average_case
Technique in digital signal processing
buffered in external memory, which can lead to increased cache contention that counters some of the numerical advantage. Both algorithms gain approximately
Goertzel_algorithm
Algorithm used in relational databases
both inputs to the algorithm to be presented in sorted order. This can be achieved via an explicit sort operation (often an external sort), or by taking
Sort-merge_join
Algorithm in numerical analysis
In numerical analysis, the Kahan summation algorithm, also known as compensated summation, significantly reduces the numerical error in the total obtained
Kahan_summation_algorithm
Associative array for storing key–value pairs
which the buckets or nodes link within the table. The algorithm is ideally suited for fixed memory allocation. The collision in coalesced hashing is resolved
Hash_table
presented an MST-algorithm, that was five times quicker on eight cores than an optimal sequential algorithm. Another challenge is the External Memory model - there
Parallel algorithms for minimum spanning trees
Parallel_algorithms_for_minimum_spanning_trees
Searching for patterns in text
A string-searching algorithm, sometimes called string-matching algorithm, is an algorithm that searches a body of text for portions that match by pattern
String-searching_algorithm
Vector quantization algorithm minimizing the sum of squared deviations
data sets that do not fit into memory. Otsu's method Hartigan and Wong's method provides a variation of k-means algorithm which progresses towards a local
K-means_clustering
1985 digital FM synthesizer
create their own unique synthesized tones and sound effects by using the algorithms and oscillators. The instrument weighs 8 kg (17.6 lbs). On its release
Yamaha_DX21
Hybrid RISC digital signal processor
Blackfin uses a byte-addressable, flat memory map. Internal L1 memory, internal L2 memory, external memory and all memory-mapped control registers reside in
Blackfin
Algorithm for solving various problems in computational group theory
the algorithm, possible running times are: O ( n 2 log 3 | G | + t n log | G | ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2}\log ^{3}|G|+tn\log |G|)} requiring memory O
Schreier–Sims_algorithm
Subfield of machine learning
supervised meta-learner based on Long short-term memory RNNs. It learned through backpropagation a learning algorithm for quadratic functions that is much faster
Meta-learning (computer science)
Meta-learning_(computer_science)
Type of computer memory
the capacitor would soon be lost. To prevent this, DRAM requires an external memory refresh circuit which periodically rewrites the data in the capacitors
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Lossless compression algorithm
(stylized as DEFLATE, and also called Flate) is a lossless data compression algorithm that uses a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. It was designed by
Deflate
Dynamic memory management in the C programming language
Simple Memory Allocation Algorithms on OSDEV Community Michael, Maged M.; Scalable Lock-Free Dynamic Memory Allocation Bartlett, Jonathan; Inside memory management
C_dynamic_memory_allocation
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
as well as in storage devices using flash memory, are provided. However, by applying certain algorithms and design paradigms, such as wear leveling
Flash_memory
Form of computer memory
have a memory hierarchy consisting of processor registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, memory paging systems and virtual memory or swap
Random-access_memory
Data structure for a string
basis for parallel and external memory suffix array construction algorithms. Recent work by Salson et al. (2010) proposes an algorithm for updating the suffix
Suffix_array
Efficient sorting algorithm that combines insert and merge operations
Block sort, or block merge sort, is a sorting algorithm combining at least two merge operations with an insertion sort to arrive at O(n log n) (see Big
Block_sort
Constant exchange between memory and storage
related to this article: The Paging Game Page replacement algorithm – Algorithm for virtual memory implementation Congestion collapse – Reduced quality of
Thrashing_(computer_science)
Memory allocation scheme
In computer science, region-based memory management is a type of memory management in which each allocated object is assigned to a region. A region, also
Region-based memory management
Region-based_memory_management
Optimization algorithm
computer science and operations research, the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems
Ant colony optimization algorithms
Ant_colony_optimization_algorithms
Computer science data structure
for the heapsort sorting algorithm. Heaps are also crucial in several efficient graph algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm. When a heap is a complete
Heap_(data_structure)
Sorting algorithm
advantages over more complicated algorithms in certain situations, particularly where auxiliary memory is limited. The algorithm divides the input list into
Selection_sort
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
but are still much faster than main memory. Cache entry replacement policy is determined by a cache algorithm selected to be implemented by the processor
CPU_cache
Normalized Google distance Andrew Viterbi – Viterbi algorithm Jeffrey Scott Vitter – external memory algorithms, compressed data structures, data compression
List_of_computer_scientists
Tree containing all suffixes of a given text
Farach's algorithm has become the basis for new algorithms for constructing both suffix trees and suffix arrays, for example, in external memory, compressed
Suffix_tree
Effort being used in the working memory
potential burden on working memory. While digital tools can reduce cognitive strain by offloading memory demands onto external systems, they also introduce
Cognitive_load
Digital workload distribution techniques
are then coordinated through distributed memory and message passing. Therefore, the load balancing algorithm should be uniquely adapted to a parallel
Load_balancing_(computing)
Attention algorithm for efficient large language model serving
internal fragmentation, and external fragmentation. In their experiments, the paper reported that the effective memory utilization of previous systems
PagedAttention
Data structures used in spatial indexing
(2022). " An RDMA-enabled In-memory Computing Platform for R-tree on Clusters". ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems. pp. 1–26. doi:10
R-tree
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
effects amplify the probability of the desired measurement result. Quantum algorithm design involves creating procedures that allow a quantum computer to perform
Quantum_computing
while providing the block-oriented storage of a B-tree for optimizing external memory accesses. Much like the k-d tree, a K-D-B-tree organizes points in
K-D-B-tree
Search tree data structure
Frederik; Sanders, Peter (December 2010). "Engineering basic algorithms of an in-memory text search engine". ACM Transactions on Information Systems.
Trie
American computer scientist (born 1984)
his doctoral studies in computer science. His Master's dissertation, External-Memory Search Trees with Fast Insertions, was supervised by Bradley C. Kuszmaul
Jelani_Nelson
Data structure with nodes pointing to the next node
this problem by a parallel algorithm is complicated and has been the subject of much research. A balanced tree has similar memory access patterns and space
Linked_list
Family of archive file formats used by 7-Zip
supports several different data compression, encryption and pre-processing algorithms. The 7z format initially appeared as implemented by the 7-Zip archiver
7z
Computation model defining an abstract machine
simplicity, it is capable of implementing any computer algorithm. The machine operates on an infinite memory tape divided into discrete cells, each of which
Turing_machine
Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
set of complex sequences of turns, called algorithms. By building their muscle memory of each algorithm's movements, speed cubers can implement them
Muscle_memory
stands for local, error-driven and associative, biologically realistic algorithm. It is a model of learning which is a balance between Hebbian and error-driven
Leabra
Lossless, but memory-consuming, data compression algorithm
the major drawback of the algorithm is its memory consumption, which is approximately 5 times the size of the input. Such memory usage is required in order
Re-Pair
Calculations where numbers' precision is only limited by computer memory
infinite precision. A common application is public-key cryptography, whose algorithms commonly employ arithmetic with integers having hundreds of digits. Another
Arbitrary-precision arithmetic
Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic
Data storage device
memory external storage method and device", published October 13, 2000, issued December 7, 2004 "Flash Memory: Where Did It Start?". GetFlashMemory.info
USB_flash_drive
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