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computer science, a parallel external memory (PEM) model is a cache-aware, external-memory abstract machine. It is the parallel-computing analogy to
Parallel_external_memory
Algorithms for processing data too large to fit into a computer's main memory at once
graph traversal Online algorithm Parallel external memory Streaming algorithm Vitter, J. S. (2001). "External Memory Algorithms and Data Structures: Dealing
External_memory_algorithm
Class of sorting algorithms that can handle massive amounts of data
main memory of a computing device (usually RAM) and instead they must reside in the slower external memory, usually a disk drive. Thus, external sorting
External_sorting
Abstraction of parallel computer architecture
Exchange Parallel external memory (Model) Skillicorn, David B., "Models for practical parallel computation", International Journal of Parallel Programming
Parallel_programming_model
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
access the same memory concurrently. Multi-core processors have brought parallel computing to desktop computers. Thus parallelization of serial programs
Parallel_computing
Abstract computer for designing parallel algorithms
In computer science, a parallel random-access machine (parallel RAM or PRAM) is a shared-memory abstract machine. As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended
Parallel_RAM
the internal memory, B is the block size of a disk and D is the number of parallel disks. The measure of performance for an external memory algorithm is
External memory graph traversal
External_memory_graph_traversal
Data transfer channel connecting parts of a computer
connections and Universal Serial Bus (USB) for connecting external devices. Modern buses utilize both parallel and serial communication, employing advanced encoding
Bus_(computing)
Device controlling access and addressing of memory
simultaneous memory controllers operating in parallel, though some operate with two 64-bit memory controllers being used to access a 128-bit memory device.
Memory_controller
Type of concurrency control mechanism
Transactional memory provides optimistic concurrency control by allowing threads to run in parallel with minimal interference. The goal of transactional memory systems
Transactional_memory
Obsolete type of non-volatile computer memory
material is arranged to form a series of parallel tracks that the bubbles can move along under the action of an external magnetic field. The bubbles are read
Bubble_memory
Computer memory unit using cascaded flip-flops
were used as computer memory, displacing delay-line memory systems in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In most cases, several parallel shift registers would
Shift_register
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash
Flash_memory
Process for preserving information in DRAM
of memory in parallel, significantly speeding up the refresh process. Although a normal read or write cycle refreshes a row of memory, normal memory accesses
Memory_refresh
Specialized electronic circuit that accelerates graphics
internal calculation capabilities, or blitters, which performed only basic memory movement operations. The modern GPU emerged during the 1990s, adding the
Graphics_processing_unit
Computer memory design used in multiprocessing
Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative
Non-uniform_memory_access
Divide and conquer sorting algorithm
longer be accessed via the shared memory. Sanders et al. have presented in their paper a bulk synchronous parallel algorithm for multilevel multiway mergesort
Merge_sort
IBM PC compatible home computer system
768 KB to provide 128 KB for video and 640 KB conventional memory), a DB-25 unidirectional parallel port instead of the edge-connector ports, and the SL's
Tandy_1000
Computer interface
In computing, a parallel port is a type of interface found on early computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals. The name refers to the
Parallel_port
Extension of the C programming language
Fortran OpenMP Partitioned global address space Parallel programming model Software transactional memory Official website UPC at LBNL UPC at GWU Archived
Unified_Parallel_C
Self-correcting computer data storage
Error correction code memory (ECC memory) is a type of computer data storage that uses an error correction code (ECC) to detect and correct n-bit data
ECC_memory
Computer programming paradigm
and efficient local on-chip memory reuse is attempted in order to minimize bandwidth loss associated with external memory interaction. Uniform streaming
Stream_processing
Psychological occurrence
the same memory of Mandela's death, some while he was still alive. Her speculation that the phenomenon arises from "movement between parallel realities"
False_memory
General-purpose programming language
programming language that emphasizes performance, type safety, concurrency, and memory safety. Rust supports multiple programming paradigms. It was influenced
Rust_(programming_language)
Type of memory used on processors that require high transfer rate memory
High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a computer memory interface for 3D-stacked synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM), initially developed by Samsung
High_Bandwidth_Memory
Compiler transformation of sequential programs for parallel execution
and relationships between memory accesses. Tests for array dependences have therefore been an important area of parallelizing-compiler research. Dependence
Automatic_parallelization
Computer memory used for small quantities of data
or E2PROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a type of non-volatile memory. It is used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers
EEPROM
Reference to a specific memory location
managed by the memory controller consists of multiple parallel lines, each representing a binary digit (bit). A computer program uses memory addresses to
Memory_address
Divide and conquer sorting algorithm
step, but increases the algorithm's memory footprint and constant overheads. Other, more sophisticated parallel sorting algorithms can achieve even better
Quicksort
Computer storage interface standard
Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment, also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), is a standard interface designed for IBM PC-compatible
Parallel_ATA
Sony's removable flash memory card format, launched in July 1998
The Memory Stick is a removable flash memory card format, originally launched by Sony in late 1998. In addition to the original Memory Stick, this family
Memory_Stick
3D-stacked DRAM
is a version of Hybrid Memory Cube developed in partnership with Micron Technology, and a competitor to High Bandwidth Memory. The many cores in the Xeon
MCDRAM
Central computer component that executes instructions
input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as
Central_processing_unit
Early type of computer memory
electronic computer memory, delay-line memory was a refreshable memory, but as opposed to modern random-access memory, delay-line memory was sequential-access
Delay-line_memory
Feature of computer systems
a cache and an external memory that can be accessed directly by devices using DMA. When the CPU accesses a location in external memory, the current value
Direct_memory_access
Standardized way to automatically access information about a memory module
automatically access information about a memory module. Earlier 72-pin SIMMs included five pins that provided five bits of parallel presence detect (PPD) data, but
Serial_presence_detect
Electro-mechanical data storage device
bus types, including parallel ATA, Serial ATA, SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel. Some drives, especially external portable drives, use
Hard_disk_drive
AMD neural processing unit microarchitecture
architecture, where AI Engine (AIE) tiles process data in parallel with minimal external memory access. This design leverages parallelism and data locality
AMD_XDNA
List of models of Sony's PlayStation
was removed, the controller/memory card ports moved to the main PCB and the internal power supply replaced with an external 7.5VDC power adapter with the
PlayStation_models
Data storage device
for the memory chips than parallel access, simplifying the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives. Computers access modern[update] flash memory systems
USB_flash_drive
Phenomenon involving the change of conductivity in metallic layers
antiparallel state then an external field can switch the superlattice from the antiparallel state (high resistance) to the parallel state (low resistance)
Giant_magnetoresistance
Connector type for Atari computers
entire PBI. Atari 1064 Memory Module - Designed specifically for the 600XL, it upgraded the memory of the 600XL to 64kB. Only parallel bus device released
Parallel_Bus_Interface
Type of computer memory
requires eight 8-bit chips, addressed in parallel. Multiple chips with common address lines are called a memory rank. The term was introduced to avoid confusion
DDR_SDRAM
table provides summary of comparison of various flash memory cards, as of 2025[update]. Of memory cards (i.e. intended as such, to use e.g. internally)
Comparison_of_memory_cards
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
working memory. Other suggested names were short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is
Working_memory
Concurrent execution of multiple processes
units (CPUs) and main memory. Multitasking automatically interrupts the running program, saving its state (partial results, memory contents and computer
Computer_multitasking
Random-access memory with processing elements integrated on the same chip
efficiently use memory bandwidth within a memory chip. The general technique of doing computations in memory is called processing-in-memory (PIM). The most
Computational_RAM
Autonomous artificial intelligence agent
driven by large language models (LLMs). Agent systems may also include memory components, planning logic, tool interfaces, and orchestration software
AI_agent
Expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device
random access memory (RAM), its own cooling system, and dedicated power regulators. A graphics card can offload work and reduce memory-bus-contention
Graphics_card
Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
if rats could internally assess the memory strength. Alternatively, if the decline option were motivated by external environmental cues, the rats would
Metacognition
Computer memory module
memory modules installed in matched pairs in order to populate the data bus. The processor would then access the two 32-bit SIMM modules in parallel.
DIMM
Storage of digital data readable by computers
bottleneck is to use multiple disks in parallel to increase the bandwidth between primary and secondary memory, for example, using RAID. Secondary storage
Computer_data_storage
Type of computer memory used from 1955 to 1975
magnetic-core memory is a form of random-access memory. It predominated for roughly 20 years between 1955 and 1975, and is often just called core memory, or, informally
Magnetic-core_memory
Memory allocation scheme
In computer science, region-based memory management is a type of memory management in which each allocated object is assigned to a region. A region, also
Region-based memory management
Region-based_memory_management
Effort being used in the working memory
shown that some long-term memory can be encoded while bypassing, or working in parallel with, working memory. Working memory, however, is extremely limited
Cognitive_load
Totality of existing entities
account for the reality of mental entities themselves, given that thoughts, memories, and emotions seem to be part of the world. A closely related criterion
Reality
Specification for expansion and memory cards
readers, and sound cards. Originally developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), the ExpressCard standard is maintained
ExpressCard
to be each connected to the memory controller using a serial interface, rather than a parallel one. Unlike the parallel bus architecture of traditional
Fully_Buffered_DIMM
Model for designing parallel algorithms
bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) abstract computer is a bridging model for designing parallel algorithms. It is similar to the parallel random access machine
Bulk_synchronous_parallel
Computer bus
Q-bus uses: Memory-mapped I/O Byte addressing A strict master-slave relationship between devices on the bus Asynchronous signaling Memory-mapped I/O means
Q-Bus
Abstract data type in computer science
and distributed memory architectures are considered. In the case of a shared memory model, the graph representations used for parallel processing are the
Graph_(abstract_data_type)
monitoring with automated root cause detection. Links memory leaks, GC inefficiency, slow database and external web service calls, locked threads, and other performance
List of performance analysis tools
List_of_performance_analysis_tools
2017 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM
directly attached memory, while Scale Up chips are intended for use with machines with more than two CPU sockets, and use buffered memory. The IBM Portal
POWER9
8-bit microcontroller
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general-purpose
ATmega328
Early portable microcomputer
character display memory Parallel printer port configurable as an IEEE-488 port RS-232 compatible 1200 or 300 baud serial port for use with external modems or
Osborne_1
also References External links data cache (D-cache) A cache in a CPU or GPU servicing data load and store requests, mirroring main memory (or VRAM for a
Glossary of computer hardware terms
Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms
1985–1998 series of personal computers
accessories including parallel and serial ports were produced for this interface. Some of the later models include a built-in parallel port; these could be
Amstrad_PCW
Quickly accessible working storage available as part of a digital processor
same or different registers, or back to main memory. Processor registers are normally at the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way to
Processor_register
The PS2 also supports full functionality with the original PlayStation memory cards and controllers. The PS2's DualShock 2 controller is an upgraded version
PlayStation 2 technical specifications
PlayStation_2_technical_specifications
Distributed file system protocol
2 Protocol XDR Description RFC 8154 – Parallel NFS - SCSI Layout Specification RFC 8166 – Remote Direct Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call
Network_File_System
Transfer of computational tasks to a separate processor or an external platform
for communication between nodes. In a shared memory model, parallel processes have access to all memory as a global address space. Multiple processors
Computation_offloading
Type of computer memory
overclocking the memory array by usually 33%. As with standard SDRAM, most generations double the internal fetch size and external transfer speed, DDR4
LPDDR
Public company
system was a distributed memory, message-passing parallel computer and is globally classified in the MIMD category of parallel computers. There were two
Parsytec
Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously
Muscle_memory
Memory card format
reads, the onboard controller first powers up the memory chips from standby. Reads are usually in parallel, error correction is done on the data, then transferred
CompactFlash
Retrieval of events or information from the past
Recall in human memory refers to the mental process of retrieving information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core
Recall_(memory)
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
main memory. A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a processor core, which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations
CPU_cache
Processing data technology
The term in-memory processing is used for two different things: In computer science, in-memory processing, also called compute-in-memory (CIM) or processing-in-memory
In-memory_processing
Circuit components acting like computer memory
In digital electronics, a register is a group of memory cells that stores a collection of bits and continuously outputs the stored data. It typically consists
Hardware_register
artists (songs); Lee Holdridge (score) Various artists Jukebox musical paralleling the history of American popular music. Directed by Ralph Bakshi; written
List_of_musicals:_A_to_L
Physical components of a computer
(CPU), random-access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a
Computer_hardware
Type of computer memory
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (synchronous dynamic RAM or SDRAM) is any DRAM where the operation of its external pin interface is coordinated by
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory
Computing system
parallel supports exceptions, virtual functions and other high-level features debugging support compatible with C++11, OpenCL, Java and .NET memory models
Heterogeneous System Architecture
Heterogeneous_System_Architecture
Family of microcontrollers
need for external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped
AVR_microcontrollers
Pocket computer
An external slot is available and accepts memory (from 4 KB to 32 KB) and ROM modules. Eight versions of this pocket computer with 2 KB memory: Sharp
Sharp_PC-1500
Alloy which returns to a preset shape when heated
shape-memory effect during both heating and cooling is said to have two-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of an external force
Shape-memory_alloy
Object-oriented programming language
C* (or C-star) is a data-parallel superset of ANSI C with synchronous semantics. It was developed in 1987 as an alternative language to *Lisp and CM-Fortran
C*
German philosopher (1788–1860)
flirtatious and seeking to remarry, which he considered an insult to his father's memory. His mother, while professing her love to him, criticized him sharply for
Arthur_Schopenhauer
Hybrid RISC digital signal processor
Blackfin uses a byte-addressable, flat memory map. Internal L1 memory, internal L2 memory, external memory and all memory-mapped control registers reside in
Blackfin
Sequence of bits or bytes of a fixed size
bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle. Word size is thus defined as a structural property of the memory. (The term catena was
Block_(data_storage)
Core of a computer operating system
as shared memory and remote procedure calls. The idea of a kernel where I/O devices are handled uniformly with other processes, as parallel co-operating
Kernel_(operating_system)
Motorola mobile phone model
expandable memory. Some owners complained about dust accumulating between the V3's plastic screen and LCD glass, possibly through an external side button
Motorola_Razr_V3
General-purpose programming language
for managing memory and the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three principal ways to allocate memory for objects: Static memory allocation:
C_(programming_language)
8-bit microprocessor
to memory. For example, the 14-bit address, which can access "16 K × 8 bits of memory", needs to be latched by some of this logic into an external memory
Intel_8008
American actor (1931–2015)
More Than One of Everything", which explored the possible existence of a parallel universe. In the May 9, 2009, episode of Saturday Night Live, Nimoy appeared
Leonard_Nimoy
Open source platform
architecture that allows the platform to cluster nodes for parallel processing and in-memory storage of data and models. Users interact with the H2O platform
H2O_(software)
responsible for licensing the SPMT memory interface specification. SPMT is a memory specification for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that is based on SerDes
Serial_Port_Memory_Technology
Form of memory that involves a planned future action or intention
Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time
Prospective_memory
Low level GPGPU programming interface
INterface) and Data Parallel Virtual Machine, gave developers direct access to the native instruction set and memory of the massively parallel computational
Close_to_Metal
Novel computer memory type
Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, OUM (ovonic unified memory) and C-RAM or CRAM (chalcogenide RAM)) is a type of non-volatile
Phase-change_memory
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PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
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