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computer science, a parallel external memory (PEM) model is a cache-aware, external-memory abstract machine. It is the parallel-computing analogy to
Parallel_external_memory
Algorithms for processing data too large to fit into a computer's main memory at once
In computing, external memory algorithms or out-of-core algorithms are algorithms that are designed to process data that are too large to fit into a computer's
External_memory_algorithm
Abstraction of parallel computer architecture
Exchange Parallel external memory (Model) Skillicorn, David B., "Models for practical parallel computation", International Journal of Parallel Programming
Parallel_programming_model
Class of sorting algorithms that can handle massive amounts of data
main memory of a computing device (usually RAM) and instead they must reside in the slower external memory, usually a disk drive. Thus, external sorting
External_sorting
Abstract computer for designing parallel algorithms
In computer science, a parallel random-access machine (parallel RAM or PRAM) is a shared-memory abstract machine. As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended
Parallel_RAM
Device controlling access and addressing of memory
simultaneous memory controllers operating in parallel, though some operate with two 64-bit memory controllers being used to access a 128-bit memory device.
Memory_controller
Data transfer channel connecting parts of a computer
connections and Universal Serial Bus (USB) for connecting external devices. Modern buses utilize both parallel and serial communication, employing advanced encoding
Bus_(computing)
Obsolete type of non-volatile computer memory
material is arranged to form a series of parallel tracks that the bubbles can move along under the action of an external magnetic field. The bubbles are read
Bubble_memory
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
access the same memory concurrently. Multi-core processors have brought parallel computing to desktop computers. Thus parallelization of serial programs
Parallel_computing
the internal memory, B is the block size of a disk and D is the number of parallel disks. The measure of performance for an external memory algorithm is
External memory graph traversal
External_memory_graph_traversal
Computer storage interface standard
Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment, also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), is a standard interface designed for IBM PC-compatible
Parallel_ATA
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
externally accessible address buses. NOR memory has an external address bus for reading and programming. For NOR memory, reading and programming are random-access
Flash_memory
Self-correcting computer data storage
Many ECC memory systems use an "external" EDAC circuit between the CPU and the memory. A few systems with ECC memory use both internal and external EDAC systems;
ECC_memory
Divide and conquer sorting algorithm
superfluous. An external merge sort is practical to run using disk or tape drives when the data to be sorted is too large to fit into memory. External sorting
Merge_sort
Process for preserving information in DRAM
charges in the memory cells leak away, so without being refreshed, the stored data would eventually be lost. To prevent this, external circuitry periodically
Memory_refresh
Computer memory unit using cascaded flip-flops
were used as computer memory, displacing delay-line memory systems in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In most cases, several parallel shift registers would
Shift_register
List of models of Sony's PlayStation
aimed to lower manufacturing costs and time. External changes were minor, for example, the removal of external I/O ports, until the introduction of the miniaturised
PlayStation_models
Computer interface
computers without a parallel port. For electronics hobbyists the parallel port is still often the easiest way to connect to an external circuit board. It
Parallel_port
Computer memory design used in multiprocessing
Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative
Non-uniform_memory_access
Computer memory used for small quantities of data
or E2PROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a type of non-volatile memory. It is used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers
EEPROM
Extension of the C programming language
Fortran OpenMP Partitioned global address space Parallel programming model Software transactional memory Official website UPC at LBNL UPC at GWU Archived
Unified_Parallel_C
Feature of computer systems
with a cache and an external memory that can be accessed directly by devices using DMA. When the CPU accesses location X in the memory, the current value
Direct_memory_access
Specialized electronic circuit that accelerates graphics
internal calculation capabilities, or blitters, which performed only basic memory movement operations. The modern GPU emerged during the 1990s, adding the
Graphics_processing_unit
Psychological occurrence
to any "external" information being provided before or after the interpretation. This subsequent set of information can reconstruct the memory. The retrieval
False_memory
Electro-mechanical data storage device
bus types, including parallel ATA, Serial ATA, SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel. Some drives, especially external portable drives, use
Hard_disk_drive
AMD neural processing unit microarchitecture
architecture, where AI Engine (AIE) tiles process data in parallel with minimal external memory access. This design leverages parallelism and data locality
AMD_XDNA
Type of concurrency control mechanism
Transactional memory provides optimistic concurrency control by allowing threads to run in parallel with minimal interference. The goal of transactional memory systems
Transactional_memory
Central computer component that executes instructions
input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as
Central_processing_unit
IBM PC compatible home computer system
768 KB to provide 128 KB for video and 640 KB conventional memory), a DB-25 unidirectional parallel port instead of the edge-connector ports, and the SL's
Tandy_1000
Divide and conquer sorting algorithm
step, but increases the algorithm's memory footprint and constant overheads. Other, more sophisticated parallel sorting algorithms can achieve even better
Quicksort
Distributed file system protocol
2 Protocol XDR Description RFC 8154 – Parallel NFS - SCSI Layout Specification RFC 8166 – Remote Direct Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call
Network_File_System
3D-stacked DRAM
is a version of Hybrid Memory Cube developed in partnership with Micron Technology, and a competitor to High Bandwidth Memory. The many cores in the Xeon
MCDRAM
Sony's removable flash memory card format, launched in July 1998
The Memory Stick is a removable flash memory card format, originally launched by Sony in late 1998. In addition to the original Memory Stick, this family
Memory_Stick
Phenomenon involving the change of conductivity in metallic layers
antiparallel state then an external field can switch the superlattice from the antiparallel state (high resistance) to the parallel state (low resistance)
Giant_magnetoresistance
Abstract data type in computer science
and distributed memory architectures are considered. In the case of a shared memory model, the graph representations used for parallel processing are the
Graph_(abstract_data_type)
Data storage device
memory external storage method and device", published October 13, 2000, issued December 7, 2004 "Flash Memory: Where Did It Start?". GetFlashMemory.info
USB_flash_drive
2017 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM
The POWER9 comes with a new interrupt controller architecture called "eXternal Interrupt Virtualization Engine" (XIVE) which replaces a much simpler architecture
POWER9
Specification for expansion and memory cards
slots. The cards contain electronic circuits and sometimes connectors for external devices. The ExpressCard standard replaces the PC Card (also known as PCMCIA)
ExpressCard
Reference to a specific memory location
managed by the memory controller consists of multiple parallel lines, each representing a binary digit (bit). A computer program uses memory addresses to
Memory_address
General-purpose programming language
#[repr(C)] attribute enables deterministic memory layouts for structs and enums for use across FFI boundaries. External libraries such as bindgen and cxx can
Rust_(programming_language)
Concurrent execution of multiple processes
interrupted (cooperative multitasking). Multitasking does not require parallel execution of multiple tasks at exactly the same time; instead, it allows
Computer_multitasking
Random-access memory with processing elements integrated on the same chip
testing internally in parallel, rather than the traditional approach of fully testing one DRAM chip at a time with an expensive external automatic test equipment
Computational_RAM
Personal computer by Commodore
allows for internal expansion. Internal or external CPU accelerators often include their own expansion memory. 16-bit CPUs are limited by the 24-bit address
Amiga_500
Family of microcontrollers
need for external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped
AVR_microcontrollers
Sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent
contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds"
Reality
Physical components of a computer
(CPU), random-access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a
Computer_hardware
Computer programming paradigm
and optimal local on-chip memory reuse is attempted, in order to minimize the loss in bandwidth, associated with external memory interaction. Uniform streaming
Stream_processing
Region of a magnetic material in which the magnetization has uniform direction
exchange interaction between localized spins favored a parallel (in ferromagnets) or an anti-parallel (in anti-ferromagnets) state of neighboring magnetic
Magnetic_domain
Type of computer memory
requires eight 8-bit chips, addressed in parallel. Multiple chips with common address lines are called a memory rank. The term was introduced to avoid confusion
DDR_SDRAM
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
working memory. Other suggested names were short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is
Working_memory
Hybrid RISC digital signal processor
Blackfin uses a byte-addressable, flat memory map. Internal L1 memory, internal L2 memory, external memory and all memory-mapped control registers reside in
Blackfin
Transfer of computational tasks to a separate processor or an external platform
for communication between nodes. In a shared memory model, parallel processes have access to all memory as a global address space. Multiple processors
Computation_offloading
monitoring with automated root cause detection. Links memory leaks, GC inefficiency, slow database and external web service calls, locked threads, and other performance
List of performance analysis tools
List_of_performance_analysis_tools
Type of computer memory
other plate's magnetization can be changed to match that of an external field to store memory. This configuration is known as a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)
Magnetoresistive_RAM
Memory allocation scheme
In computer science, region-based memory management is a type of memory management in which each allocated object is assigned to a region. A region, also
Region-based memory management
Region-based_memory_management
Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
if rats could internally assess the memory strength. Alternatively, if the decline option was motivated by external environmental cues, the rats would
Metacognition
Pocket computer
An external slot is available and accepts memory (from 4 KB to 32 KB) and ROM modules. Eight versions of this pocket computer with 2 KB memory: Sharp
Sharp_PC-1500
Standardized way to automatically access information about a memory module
automatically access information about a memory module. Earlier 72-pin SIMMs included five pins that provided five bits of parallel presence detect (PPD) data, but
Serial_presence_detect
The PS2 also supports full functionality with the original PlayStation memory cards and controllers. The PS2's DualShock 2 controller is an upgraded version
PlayStation 2 technical specifications
PlayStation_2_technical_specifications
table provides summary of comparison of various flash memory cards, as of 2025[update]. Of memory cards (i.e. intended as such, to use e.g. internally)
Comparison_of_memory_cards
also References External links data cache (D-cache) A cache in a CPU or GPU servicing data load and store requests, mirroring main memory (or VRAM for a
Glossary of computer hardware terms
Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms
Low level GPGPU programming interface
INterface) and Data Parallel Virtual Machine, gave developers direct access to the native instruction set and memory of the massively parallel computational
Close_to_Metal
American electronics products business
automated data programming and security provisioning systems for flash memory, microcontrollers, and logic devices. Founded in 1969 and incorporated in
Data_I/O
Concurrency control mechanism in software
(2005). "Composable memory transactions" (PDF). Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming - PPoPP
Software_transactional_memory
Computing system
parallel supports exceptions, virtual functions and other high-level features debugging support compatible with C++11, OpenCL, Java and .NET memory models
Heterogeneous System Architecture
Heterogeneous_System_Architecture
Public company
system was a distributed memory, message-passing parallel computer and is globally classified in the MIMD category of parallel computers. There were two
Parsytec
Expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device
connected to the computer via a docking station or a cable. These are known as external GPUs (eGPUs). Graphics cards are often preferred over integrated graphics
Graphics_card
Family of 8-bit microcontrollers
byte. The MCS-48 can address 4096 bytes of program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 256 bytes of external memory, and eight port I/O addresses. Most arithmetic and
Intel_MCS-48
Early portable microcomputer
character display memory Parallel printer port configurable as an IEEE-488 port RS-232 compatible 1200 or 300 baud serial port for use with external modems or
Osborne_1
Model for designing parallel algorithms
bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) abstract computer is a bridging model for designing parallel algorithms. It is similar to the parallel random access machine
Bulk_synchronous_parallel
8-bit microprocessor
to memory. For example, the 14-bit address, which can access "16 K × 8 bits of memory", needs to be latched by some of this logic into an external memory
Intel_8008
Type of computer memory used from 1955 to 1975
magnetic-core memory is a form of random-access memory. It predominated for roughly 20 years between 1955 and 1975, and is often just called core memory, or, informally
Magnetic-core_memory
Removable cartridge disk storage system
SCSI ID limited to ID 5 and 6). Parallel port external Zip drives are actually SCSI drives with an integrated Parallel-to-SCSI controller, meaning a true
Zip_drive
Object-oriented programming language
C* (or C-star) is a data-parallel superset of ANSI C with synchronous semantics. It was developed in 1987 as an alternative language to *Lisp and CM-Fortran
C*
Home computer introduced in 1992
into memory and booted the machine into Kickstart 1.3, allowing most incompatible software to run. Because Relokick itself occupies 512 KB of memory, some
Amiga_600
Alloy which returns to a preset shape when heated
shape-memory effect during both heating and cooling is said to have two-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of an external force
Shape-memory_alloy
Variant of Serial ATA meant for external connectivity
External SATA (eSATA) is a variant of the Serial ATA (SATA) interface designed for connecting external storage devices to a computer. Standardized in 2004
ESATA
Computer system with a dedicated function
microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits)
Embedded_system
Storage of digital data readable by computers
capacities of secondary storage. Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage) differs from primary storage in that it is not
Computer_data_storage
entire PBI. Atari 1064 Memory Module - Designed specifically for the 600XL, it upgraded the memory of the 600XL to 64kB. Only parallel bus device released
Parallel_Bus_Interface
4-bit microprocessor introduced in 1974 by Intel
Program Memory", something not achievable by a bare 4004 or 4040. Allows connection of "standard" memory (8-bit parallel data and up to 12-bit parallel addressing
Intel_4040
External digital-to-analog audio converter
The Covox Speech Thing is an external digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that plugs into the parallel printer port of a PC. It converts 8-bit digital sound
Covox_Speech_Thing
Personal computer for educational settings
Display 1280 x 800 monochrome, 640 x 400 in 8 colors, 640 x 400 monochrome Graphics NEC 7220 Input Light pen Connectivity Parallel port, RS-232C port
Compis
Type of computer memory
overclocking the memory array by usually 33%. As with standard SDRAM, most generations double the internal fetch size and external transfer speed, DDR4
LPDDR
Fault-tolerant computer system
computer systems that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel. The redundancy (duplication) allows error detection and error correction:
Lockstep_(computing)
8-bit microcontroller
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general-purpose
ATmega328
Array of logic gates that are reprogrammable
Ethernet medium access control units, PCI or PCI Express controllers, and external memory controllers. These cores exist alongside the programmable fabric, but
Field-programmable_gate_array
Retrieval of events or information from the past
Hill RD, Storandt M, and Simeone C tested the impact of memory skills training and external reward on free recall of serial word lists. Effects similar
Recall_(memory)
Processing data technology
The term in-memory processing is used for two different things: In computer science, in-memory processing, also called compute-in-memory (CIM) or processing-in-memory
In-memory_processing
German philosopher (1788–1860)
comprehending every effect in our sensory organs as having an external cause, the external world arises. With vision, finding the cause is essentially simplified
Arthur_Schopenhauer
Algorithm that arranges lists in order
not possible in the average case. Optimal parallel sorting is O(log n). Swaps for "in-place" algorithms. Memory usage (and use of other computer resources)
Sorting_algorithm
Novel computer memory type
Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, OUM (ovonic unified memory) and C-RAM or CRAM (chalcogenide RAM)) is a type of non-volatile
Phase-change_memory
to be each connected to the memory controller using a serial interface, rather than a parallel one. Unlike the parallel bus architecture of traditional
Fully_Buffered_DIMM
Series of British microcomputers by Acorn
included programming, graphics, sound and music, teletext, controlling external hardware, and artificial intelligence. It developed an ambitious specification
BBC_Micro
1985 Brazilian home computer
the MSX standards, caused a lot of crashes with programs who searched for memory in the wrong place. It did not contribute for the popularity of any of the
Gradiente_Expert
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
(L2), is checked, and so on, before accessing external memory. As the latency difference between main memory and the fastest cache has become larger, some
CPU_cache
Type of computer memory
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (synchronous dynamic RAM or SDRAM) is any DRAM where the operation of its external pin interface is coordinated by
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory
8-bit home computer introduced by Spectravideo in 1983
monitor (or external RF modulator for TV), and two joysticks. However the Super Expander edge connector offered more options: SV-803 Memory expansion card
SV-328
Type of data transfer
single stream of data. The rationale for parallel communication was the added benefit of having Direct Memory Access to the 8-bit or 16-bit registry addresses
Serial_communication
Model of cognition's operation
perspective, the modeling of human perception, reasoning, memory, and action is independent of the external world. Current academic literature generally categorizes
Cognitive_model
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Allegory; Parable
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External; Outside
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Allegory, Parable
Boy/Male
Hindu
Eternal
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saswaty | ஸஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯Â
Eternal
Saswaty | ஸஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯Â
Girl/Female
Biblical
Parables, governing.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Outside external
Girl/Female
Tamil
Eternal
Biblical
a parable; governing
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
All's Well That Ends Well.' A follower of Bertram, Count of Rousillon.
Biblical
parables; governing
Boy/Male
Muslim
Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nabhanyu | நபாநà¯à®¯à¯
Eternal
Nabhanyu | நபாநà¯à®¯à¯
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nithyadevi | நீதà¯à®¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€Â
Eternal
Nithyadevi | நீதà¯à®¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€Â
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External
Girl/Female
Tamil
Eternal
Girl/Female
Biblical
A parable, governing.
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
Boy/Male
Muslim
Servant of the energizer
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Appearance Manifestation
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Paternal
Boy/Male
Hindu
One of the kauravas
Boy/Male
Australian, Vietnamese
Virtuous
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Bliss from Naam
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Will.German : patronymic from any of the Germanic personal names beginning with wil ‘will’, ‘desire’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Purity
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Gods Messenger; Guru's Grace
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
King and Soul of Love
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
PARALLEL EXTERNAL-MEMORY
a.
External; outward; not inherent.
a.
Internal; inward; -- opposed to external.
a.
Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; applicable in all essential parts; like; similar; as, a parallel case; a parallel passage.
a.
Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; as, parallel lines; parallel planes.
n.
One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also, the corresponding line on a globe or map.
v. t.
To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else.
v. i.
To be parallel; to correspond; to be like.
adv.
In a parallel manner; with parallelism.
a.
Eternal; everlasting.
a.
Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; -- opposed to external; as, the internal parts of a body, or of the earth.
v. t.
To produce or adduce as a parallel.
n.
A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as, Johnson's parallel between Dryden and Pope.
n.
A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc.
adv.
In an external manner; outwardly; on the outside; in appearance; visibly.
imp. & p. p.
of Parallel
a.
Of or pertaining to a mother; becoming to a mother; motherly; as, maternal love; maternal tenderness.
a.
Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign nations; as, external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom.
n.
Something external or without; outward part; that which makes a show, rather than that which is intrinsic; visible form; -- usually in the plural.
a.
Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.
a.
Outward; exterior; relating to the outside, as of a body; being without; acting from without; -- opposed to internal; as, the external form or surface of a body.