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Mathematical theory
The stepwise mutation model (SMM) is a mathematical theory, developed by Motoo Kimura and Tomoko Ohta, that allows for investigation of the equilibrium
Stepwise_mutation_model
Type of machine learning model
structure prediction and mutational outcome prediction, a small model using an embedding as input can approach or exceed much larger models using multiple sequence
Large_language_model
Japanese biologist (1924–1994)
number of available peptide and genetic sequences. The stepwise mutation model is a "ladder model" that can be applied to electrophoresis studies where
Motoo_Kimura
Topics referred to by the same term
Conference Solar Maximum Mission or SolarMax, an artificial satellite Stepwise mutation model, of allelic frequencies Maxwell (microarchitecture), a GPU microarchitecture
SMM
DNA analysis of Arabian populations
Nebel, A; et al. (2001). "Haplogroup-specific deviation from the stepwise mutation model at the microsatellite loci DYS388 and DYS392". European Journal
Genetic_studies_on_Arabs
Measure of divergence between populations
microsatellite markers and is based on the stepwise-mutation model (SMM). The Goldstein distance formula is modeled in such a way that expected value will
Genetic_distance
Indian population geneticist (1946–2018)
development of the two main mutation models in population genetics: the infinite alleles model and the stepwise mutation model. Ranajit Chakraborty made
Ranajit_Chakraborty
Artificial intelligence concept
actual task must be solved. TRACE truncates the chain of thought of a model in a stepwise fashion in order to observe at what point the truncated reasoning
Reward_hacking
Formation of cancer
the prevailing accepted theory of carcinogenesis, the somatic mutation theory, mutations in DNA and epimutations that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly
Carcinogenesis
American journalist
Institution of Washington Yearbook 75: 456-459 Evaluation of the stepwise mutation model of electrophoretic mobility: Comparison of the gel sieving behavior
George_B._Johnson
Elimination of mRNA with premature stop codons in eukaryotes
of mRNAs that are transcribed from alleles carrying nonsense mutations. Nonsense mutations code for a premature stop codon which causes the protein to
Nonsense-mediated_decay
Study of what affects viral life spans
year to influence transmission rate in a stepwise or sinusoidal fashion. To connect the epidemiological model to viral genealogies requires that multiple
Viral_phylodynamics
Type of connective tissue in animals
Retrieved 2023-10-25. Canty-Laird EG, Lu Y, Kadler KE (January 2012). "Stepwise proteolytic activation of type I procollagen to collagen within the secretory
Type_I_collagen
Process in machine learning and statistics
traditional regression analysis, the most popular form of feature selection is stepwise regression, which is a wrapper technique. It is a greedy algorithm that
Feature_selection
Type of transposable element
occurs simultaneously while in the sequential model they occur in a stepwise fashion. The concerted model does not require a circular intermediate although
Helitron_(biology)
Bioinformatics software
annotations could be used to determine the functional consequences of the mutations on the genes and organisms, infer cytogenetic bands, report functional
ANNOVAR
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
regression Ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) Linear regression Stepwise regression Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) Regularization
Outline_of_machine_learning
Class of enzymes that unpack genetic material
conditions that arise from mutations in human RecQ helicases. RecQ helicase Sgs1 is missing in yeast cells, making them useful models for comprehending human
Helicase
Hungarian biologist (born 1975)
genome-scale metabolic network modelling combined with experimental tools they studied key issues in evolution, such as mutational robustness, horizontal gene
Csaba_Pal
Cells found in human testes which help produce sperm
differentiation of spermatogonia into mature germ cells that progress stepwise through the long process of spermatogenesis, ending in the release of spermatozoa
Sertoli_cell
Chemical compound
but exhibited tumor control in vivo, which is likely due to sustained stepwise release of active triptolide within cancer cells. A second generation glutriptolide
Triptolide
Statistical method for handling multiple comparisons
procedure, a stepwise algorithm for controlling the FWER that is at least as powerful as the well-known Bonferroni adjustment. This stepwise algorithm sorts
False_discovery_rate
pre-patterned reactive sites, repeated placement of carbon units, and stepwise formation of polyyne-like carbon chains through successive C–C bond formation
2026_in_science
Enzyme
siRNA. Furthermore, it binds to repressive histone modifications, and any mutations that interfere with this process are associated with a reduction in DNA
RNA_polymerase_IV
Colourless non-flammable greenhouse gas
nitrification, the stepwise oxidation of ammonia (NH 3) to nitrite (NO− 2) and to nitrate (NO− 3) anaerobic heterotrophic denitrification, the stepwise reduction
Nitrous_oxide
System of plant reproduction
Similar to other S-loci, the Nymphoides S-locus appears to have evolved via stepwise duplication events. In Primula the S-locus is composed of five genes, CYPT(or
Distyly
Production of sperm
mammals it occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the male testes in a stepwise fashion. Spermatogenesis is highly dependent upon optimal conditions for
Spermatogenesis
American geneticist and physician scientist
induced pluripotent stem cell models and CRISPR/Cas9-produced mouse models in his lab to explore the pathogenesis of mutations in those specific genes. His
Taosheng_Huang
Protein domain
is a lysosomal enzyme required for the stepwise degradation of heparan sulphate. Mutations on the alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) gene
Glycoside_hydrolase_family_89
Evolutionary biologist
Jiménez-Delgado, S.; Technau, U.; Roy, S.; Marfany, G.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J. (2011). Stepwise assembly of the nova-regulated alternative splicing network in the vertebrate
Jordi_Garcia_Fernàndez
Method in computational chemistry
which is the linear combination of the initial potential A and final B. Stepwise varying λ {\displaystyle \lambda } from 0 to 1 creates an "alchemical"
Free-energy_perturbation
Evolution of novel genes from non-genic DNA sequence
proposed "cultivator model" emphasises that selection acting on regulatory environments of nearby pre-existing genes can promote stepwise fixation of new transcripts
De_novo_gene_birth
Mechanism of nuclear organization
conformational changes in the ring structure, driving DNA translocation and stepwise loop extrusion. ATP is essential for both initiating loop extrusion (e
Loop_extrusion
American biologist, author
this model implies that the stepwise accumulation of microevolution over time does not equate to macroevolution. A two-phased evolutionary model can be
Henry_Heng
forward mutation A mutation that changes a gene from wild-type to mutant; the initial mutation which a back mutation reverses. frameshift mutation A type
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Berta, A.; Gatesy, J. (2008). "Morphological and Molecular Evidence for a Stepwise Evolutionary Transition from Teeth to Baleen in Mysticete Whales". Systematic
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
Roger E.; Hayes, J.M. (October 1992). "Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment". Nature. 359 (6396): 605–609
Great_Oxidation_Event
Invention of new medications based on knowledge of a biological target
the constraints of the binding pocket by assembling small pieces in a stepwise manner. These pieces can be either individual atoms or molecular fragments
Drug_design
1998.0195. PMC 1692181. Hetherington, Alexander J.; Dolan, Liam (2018). "Stepwise and independent origins of roots among land plants". Nature. 561 (7722):
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary_history_of_plants
Genome manipulation method
that model these same diseases. In stem cell research, the CRISPR system has been successfully applied to a wide spectrum of diseases. Mutations in transcriptional
No-SCAR_genome_editing
Evolutionary process
000–40,000 years ago, the use of stone tools seems to have progressed stepwise. Each phase (H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. neanderthalensis) marked a new
Human_evolution
Genus of Placozoa
Schierwater, Bernd; Serrano, Luis; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau (October 2023). "Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution"
Trichoplax
Retrieved 2007-03-24. Behe 1996 Renyi Liu; Ochman, Howard (April 24, 2007). "Stepwise formation of the bacterial flagellar system". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U
Objections_to_evolution
Cellular process
(SSU) or 90S particle happens in a hierarchical fashion – essentially a stepwise incorporation of the UTP-A, UTP-B, and UTP-C subcomplexes. These subcomplexes
Ribosome_biogenesis
Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells
the rate of vesicle formation 100-fold. Some minerals can catalyze the stepwise formation of hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids from hydrogen and carbon
Protocell
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
acids are also neutral unless specific intramolecular interactions or stepwise hydration provide sufficient stabilization of the zwitterion. In strongly
Amino_acid
Mammalian protein found in humans
controlled by that E2F-promoter. The preinitiation complex (PIC) assembles in a stepwise fashion on the promoter of genes to initiate transcription. The TFIID binds
Retinoblastoma_protein
Protein engineering method
the best variant from one round as the template for the next to achieve stepwise improvements. The likelihood of success in a directed evolution experiment
Directed_evolution
Process to preserve biological matter
Cellphire) Stem cells. It is optimal in high concentration of synthetic serum, stepwise equilibration and slow cooling. Genetic Material Additionally, cryopreservation
Cryopreservation
Type of blood cancer
cases of this disease are associated with the unexplained stepwise accumulation of gene mutations and changes in gene expression that occur in and progressively
Diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma
Enzyme family
Gan J, Shaw G, Tropea JE, Waugh DS, Court DL, Ji X (January 2008). "A stepwise model for double-stranded RNA processing by ribonuclease III". Mol Microbiol
Ribonuclease_H
Hypothetical stage in the early evolutionary history of life on Earth
by a sequence of reactions that by-pass free sugars and assemble in a stepwise fashion by including nitrogenous and oxygenous chemistries. In a series
RNA_world
Class of enzymes
"The mechanism of dienoyl-CoA reduction by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase is stepwise: observation of a dienolate intermediate". Biochemistry. 40 (41): 12412–12421
2,4_Dienoyl-CoA_reductase
Medical imaging procedure
step-and-shoot CT, is a type of scanning method in which the CT table moves stepwise. The table increments to a particular location and then stops, followed
CT_scan
Protein structural motif
hairpin called chignolin (see Chignolin on Proteopedia) have uncovered a stepwise folding process that drives beta-hairpin folding. This hairpin has sequence
Beta_hairpin
by a series of post-transcriptional modifications. metabolic pathway A stepwise series of biochemical reactions occurring within a cell, often but not
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
Ross, Margaret Fahnestock and Allan J Johnston filed a patent describing stepwise ("base-by-base") sequencing with removable 3' blockers on DNA arrays (blots
DNA_sequencing
Class of enzymes
bonds of dihydroorotic acid break in concert. Class 2 DHODHs follow a stepwise mechanism, in which the breaking of the C–H bonds precedes the equilibration
Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase
Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure
Tsyboulski DA, Rocha JD, Doyle CD, Tour JM, Weisman RB (8 June 2007). "Stepwise Quenching of Exciton Fluorescence in Carbon Nanotubes by Single-Molecule
Carbon_nanotube
System that relates geologic strata to time
Burnet, Thomas (1681). Telluris Theoria Sacra: orbis nostri originen et mutationes generales, quasi am subiit aut olim subiturus est, complectens. Libri
Geologic_time_scale
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
K, Miyoshi T, Kugou K, Hoffman CS, Shibata T, Ohta K (November 2008). "Stepwise chromatin remodelling by a cascade of transcription initiation of non-coding
Non-coding_RNA
Macromolecule
(GlcNAc) residue, elongation of the tetrasacchride linker is continued by the stepwise addition of GlcA and GlcNAc residues. These are transferred from their
Heparan_sulfate
Lack of red blood cells due to vitamin B12 deficiency
diagnosis of atrophic gastritis type A should be confirmed by gastroscopy and stepwise biopsy. About 90% of individuals with PA have antibodies for parietal cells;
Pernicious_anemia
Proposed alternative scenarios related to abiogenesis
synthesized by reactions which by-pass the free sugars, and are assembled stepwise using nitrogenous or oxygenous chemistries. Sutherland has demonstrated
Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios
Protein(s) forming a major part of an organism's immune system
0000016. PMC 212695. PMID 14551913. Bergman Y, Cedar H (October 2004). "A stepwise epigenetic process controls immunoglobulin allelic exclusion". Nature Reviews
Antibody
Species of coronavirus causing SARS and COVID-19
Zhang Y, Shi Z, Zhong Y, Wang LF, Zhang S (March 2009). "Differential stepwise evolution of SARS coronavirus functional proteins in different host species"
SARS-related_coronavirus
Independent evolution of similar features
convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion". Methods in Ecology and Evolution.
Convergent_evolution
Pharmaceutical compound
synthesis pathways, they can also be obtained via synthetic routes such as a stepwise solid-phase addition method using Fmoc chemistry. After the venom has entered
Pompilidotoxin
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
Rchiad Z, McConville MJ, et al. (May 2015). "Endosymbiosis undone by stepwise elimination of the plastid in a parasitic dinoflagellate". Proceedings
Dinoflagellate
Organelle-like structure in bacteria with a protein shell containing enzymes
Garsin DA (May 2007). "Enterococcus faecalis mutations affecting virulence in the Caenorhabditis elegans model host". Infection and Immunity. 75 (5): 2634–2637
Bacterial_microcompartment
Risk of plant or animal species becoming extinct due to climate change
debt. In 2022, it was found that those earlier studies simulated abrupt, "stepwise" climate shifts, while more realistic gradual warming would see a rebound
Extinction risk from climate change
Extinction_risk_from_climate_change
Collection of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
the melody occurs in minims or crotchets in all parts, all of which move stepwise (up or down to the nearest note); previous crotchet countersubject inverted
Clavier-Übung_III
Cell renewal process for injured tissue
become known as the cyclical hit model of tumorigenesis. In this model, adult differentiated cells that have acquired mutations can be recruited back into a
Paligenosis
Israeli computational biologist
Rubinstein, Nimrod D.; Pupko, Tal; Gershoni, Jonathan M. (2007-07-01). "Stepwise prediction of conformational discontinuous B-cell epitopes using the Mapitope
Osnat_Penn
Sharov VV, Cybin AN, Makolov SV, Putintseva YA, et al. (February 2019). "Stepwise large genome assembly approach: a case of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica
List of sequenced plant genomes
List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes
InterPro Family
canonical nucleoplasmin. The human NPM1 gene is also of clinical interest, as mutations in it are linked to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In mammalian oocytes
Nucleoplasmin
Protein-coding gene in humans
KS, Lachicotte R, Kitaygorodskiy A (1993). "Supramolecular Control of Stepwise and Selective Carboxylate Ligand Substitution in Aqua-Carboxylato-Bridged
METAP2
Microtechnology
proteins of interest; whereas peptide microarrays use the SPOT technique (stepwise synthesis of peptides on cellulose) or photolithography to make peptides
Bio-MEMS
Protein fold
by the insertion of an internal salt-bridge, yielding HisF-C*C. Further stepwise stabilization and solubilization of HisF-C*C was achieved by optimizing
TIM_barrel
statement, which supplements its two predecessors, described strategies for a stepwise lifting or modification of measures against the pandemic, taking into account
German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic
German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
Male
Hebrew
(תֶּרַח) Hebrew name TERACH means "delay" and "station." In the bible, this is the name of a place in the wilderness where the Israelites stopped on their Exodus. It is also the name of the father of Abraham.
Male
Greek
(ΠαÏαμονιμος) Ancient Greek name possibly derived from the word paramone, PARAMONIMOS means "constant, enduring," or composed of para "beside, beyond" and the name Monimos "to be favorable, pleasing." In ancient Greece there was a slave contract known as the paramone; though of limited duration, it was the most restrictive type of slavery, giving the master absolute rights.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Joslin.English : nickname from Middle English gosling ‘young goose’ (from Old English gÅs + the Germanic suffix -ling, partly in imitation of Old Norse gæslingr from gás).German : from a short form of a Germanic personal name formed with god, got ‘god’ or gÅd ‘good’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : Reaney identifies this as a habitational name from Roselands Farm in Ulcombe, Kent. However, he gives only one (late) citation, and the surname, if it exists at all in the United Kingdom, is now very rare.Americanized form of Norwegian Røys(e)land, a habitational name from about 30 farmsteads, many in Agder, named from Old Norse reysi ‘heap of stones’ + land ‘land’, ‘farmstead’.
Female
English
(תֶּרַח) English feminine form of Hebrew Terach, TARAH means "delay" and "station." In the bible, this is the name of a place in the wilderness where the Israelites stopped on their Exodus. Variant spelling of English Tara, meaning "hill."Â
Biblical
station;
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Terach, TAHATH means "delay" and "station." In the bible, this is the name of a place in the wilderness where the Israelites stopped on their Exodus.Â
Boy/Male
Arabic
Duration; Endurance
Female
English
English unisex form of Hebrew Terach, TERAH means "delay" and "station." In the bible, this is the name of a place in the wilderness where the Israelites stopped on their Exodus. It is also the name of the father of Abraham.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
A Sort of Sound Imitation; Like a River Flow
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mutton.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Long Life; Age; Duration of Life; Lineage
Girl/Female
Greek
Shall be reborn.
Male
English
Anglicized unisex form of Hebrew Terach, TERAH means "delay" and "station." In the bible, this is the name of a place in the wilderness where the Israelites stopped on their Exodus. It is also the name of the father of Abraham.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Never Ending; Persistence; Continuity; Perpetuity; Eternity; Uninterrupted Duration; Diligence; Conscientiousness; Truthful; Straightforward; Honest
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
One who Entrusts his Affairs to the Management of Another
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a stonemason, Middle English, Old French mas(s)on. Compare Machen. Stonemasonry was a hugely important craft in the Middle Ages.Italian (Veneto) : from a short form of Masone.French : from a regional variant of maison ‘house’.George Mason (1725–92), the American colonial statesman who framed the VA Bill of Rights and Constitution, which was used as a model by Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence, was a VA planter, fourth in descent from George Mason (?1629–?86), a royalist soldier of the English Civil War who had received land grants in VA. As well as being prominent in the affairs of VA, the family also produced the first governor of MI.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a hill used as a lookout station, from an unattested Old English tÅt hyll ‘lookout hill’, or a habitational name from some place named with this word, for example Tootle Heights in Lancashire, Tothill in Lincolnshire, or Tuttle Hill in Warwickshire. This surname became established in Ireland in the 17th century, and is now more common in Ireland than England.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : nickname for someone thought to resemble a sheep (e.g. a gentle but unimaginative person), or metonymic occupational name for a shepherd, from Anglo-Norman French muto(u)n ‘sheep’ (Old French mouton, probably of Gaulish origin; compare Breton maout ‘sheep’).
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Northamptonshire)
English (chiefly Northamptonshire) : probably from the obsolete slang term facer, denoting a braggart or bully. The earliest citation for this term in OED is c. 1515.Americanized spelling of German Feeser.
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
Girl/Female
Muslim
Lamp, Light
Girl/Female
Latin English
Flower.
Girl/Female
Indian
Little rock, Handsome
Girl/Female
French
Jehovah is God. Feminine of Joel.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Thirumal | திரூமாலÂ
Lord venkateswara
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit, Thai
Maiden; Fairy
Boy/Male
Indian
Snake
Girl/Female
Tamil
Deepansha | திபநà¯à®·à®¾
The light of the lamp
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pushpasri | பà¯à®·à¯à®ªà®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Bunch of flowers
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Merciful and Kind
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
STEPWISE MUTATION-MODEL
n.
The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted; quotation.
n.
A portion of a book or document, separately transcribed; a citation; a quotation.
n.
The act or method of luting vessels.
n.
A table showing the notation, length, or duration of the several notes.
n.
The motion of a flower in following the apparent movement of the sun, from the east in the morning to the west in the evening.
v. t.
To place; to set; to appoint or assign to the occupation of a post, place, or office; as, to station troops on the right of an army; to station a sentinel on a rampart; to station ships on the coasts of Africa.
a.
Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity.
n.
Circumnutation.
n.
Change; alteration, either in form or qualities.
n.
The spot or place where anything stands, especially where a person or thing habitually stands, or is appointed to remain for a time; as, the station of a sentinel.
n.
One of the places at which ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an act of devotion; formerly, the tomb of a martyr, or some similarly consecrated spot; now, especially, one of those representations of the successive stages of our Lord's passion which are often placed round the naves of large churches and by the side of the way leading to sacred edifices or shrines, and which are visited in rotation, stated services being performed at each; -- called also Station of the cross.
n.
Citation; quotation
n.
The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution.
a.
Suiting a stew, or brothel.
n.
Duration.
n.
Irregular change; revolution; mutation.
n.
Change; alteration; mutation.
n.
A very small libratory motion of the earth's axis, by which its inclination to the plane of the ecliptic is constantly varying by a small amount.
n.
Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of facts.