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Protein engineering method
Directed evolution (DE) is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural evolution to steer proteins or nucleic acids toward
Directed_evolution
Concept in transhumanist discourses
The term directed evolution is used within the transhumanist community to refer to the idea of applying the principles of directed evolution and experimental
Directed evolution (transhumanism)
Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)
Hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve towards some goal
selection as the organizing mechanism in evolution for a rectilinear (straight-line) model of directed evolution. With the emergence of the modern synthesis
Orthogenesis
American chemist and academic (born 1956)
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes. In 2019, Alphabet Inc. announced that Arnold
Frances_Arnold
German-Swiss biochemist and protein engineer
engineer, known for foundational contributions to antibody engineering, directed evolution technologies, and the development of alternative binding proteins
Andreas_Plückthun
Change in the heritable characteristics of populations
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It happens when individuals in a population
Evolution
Scientific discipline
development of directed evolution methods was honored in 2018 with the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frances Arnold for evolution of enzymes
Chemical_biology
Class of enzymes which synthesize nucleic acid chains or polymers
HR-accelerated directed evolution, yielding several enzymes with near-natural speed and fidelity. In 2025, scientists used directed evolution, accelerated
Polymerase
Bioengineering process
general strategies for protein engineering: rational protein design and directed evolution. These methods are not mutually exclusive; researchers will often
Protein_engineering
Representation of possible genetic sequences
are used for the next round of mutagenesis. Protein Sequence space Directed evolution Protein engineering High-dimensional space DePristo, Mark A.; Weinreich
Sequence_space_(evolution)
Rhetorical strategy and accusation
experimental evolution to the control of human evolution. Law professor Maxwell Mehlman has said that "for transhumanists, directed evolution is likened
Playing_God_(ethics)
Directed graph with no directed cycles
particularly graph theory, and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it consists of vertices and
Directed_acyclic_graph
Science of synthetic life forms
synthetic biology.). Auxotrophy Biological dark matter Body plan Directed evolution Expanded genetic code Foldamer Hachimoji DNA Hypothetical types of
Xenobiology
Technique used in protein engineering
Saturation mutagenesis is commonly used to generate variants for directed evolution. Additionally, saturation mutagenesis is commonly used in deep mutational
Saturation_mutagenesis
Technique in molecular biology
Steinberg, Barrett E. (16 April 2020). "SMOOT libraries and phage-induced directed evolution of Cas9 to engineer reduced off-target activity". PLOS ONE. 15 (4)
Site-directed_mutagenesis
Scientific view of guided evolution by God
"Orthogenesis" (goal-directed evolution), "nomogenesis" (evolution according to fixed law), "emergent evolution", "creative evolution", and others. The Jesuit
Theistic_evolution
Self-labeling protein tag
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene. SNAP-tag was obtained using a directed evolution strategy, leading to a hAGT variant that accepts O6-benzylguanine
SNAP-tag
Sports sedan and rally car
The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, popularly referred to as the "Lancer Evo", "LanEvo" or "Evo", is a sports sedan and rally car based on the Lancer that
Mitsubishi_Lancer_Evolution
Use of language of goal-directedness in the context of evolutionary adaptation
Teleology in biology is the use of the language of goal-directedness in accounts of evolutionary adaptation, which some biologists and philosophers of
Teleology_in_biology
2006 American action horror film
Underworld: Evolution is a 2006 American action horror film directed by Len Wiseman from a screenplay by Danny McBride, based on a story by Wiseman and
Underworld:_Evolution
Organism that consists of more than one cell
identified by directed evolution. More recently (2024), snowflake yeast were subject to over 3,000 generations of further directed evolution, forming macroscopic
Multicellular_organism
Evolutionary process
language. Modern humans interbred with archaic humans, indicating that their evolution was not linear but weblike. The study of the origins of humans involves
Human_evolution
2009 film by James Wong
Dragonball Evolution is a 2009 superhero film based on the 1984–95 manga series Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama. Directed by James Wong from a screenplay
Dragonball_Evolution
use. Due to the iterative nature of directed evolution and the necessity for large libraries, directed evolution at the macroscale can be a costly endeavor
Droplet-based_microfluidics
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
the function of a protein. Directed evolution is the attempt to engineer proteins using methods inspired by molecular evolution. Change at one locus begins
Molecular_evolution
General review of religious attitudes towards evolution
the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution — astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to
Acceptance of evolution by religious groups
Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
Use of knowledge for practical goals
greater control over human biological nature through a process called directed evolution. Some thinkers believe that this may shatter humanity's sense of self
Technology
Technique for the automated directed evolution of proteins
Phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) is a phage-based technique for the automated directed evolution of proteins. It relies on relating the desired
Phage-assisted continuous evolution
Phage-assisted_continuous_evolution
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution: In biology, evolution is change in the heritable allele frequencies of biological
Outline_of_evolution
List of alternatives to Darwinian natural selection
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution
in vitro random recombination method to generate mutant genes for directed evolution and to enable a rapid increase in DNA library size. Three procedures
DNA_shuffling
docking orientations, resulting in poor regio-/stereoselectivity. Directed evolution is an enzyme engineering strategy designed to mimic natural selection
Cytochrome_P450_engineering
American chemist
and, by courtesy, of Chemistry. Her research harnesses the power of directed evolution and synthetic organic chemistry to develop novel methods for studying
Alice_Y._Ting
Canadian filmmaker (1946–2022)
Nights (1998), Evolution (2001), My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006), and No Strings Attached (2011). In the early 1990s, Reitman began to direct fewer films,
Ivan_Reitman
Attitude of the Catholic Church to evolution theory
official position on the theory of creation or evolution, leaving the specifics of either theistic evolution or literal creationism to the individual within
Evolution and the Catholic Church
Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church
X-Men: Evolution is an American animated television series about the Marvel Comics superhero team X-Men. In this incarnation, many of the characters are
List of X-Men: Evolution episodes
List_of_X-Men:_Evolution_episodes
American biopharmaceutical company
legacy was revived by Maxygen LLC in 2017 with a focus on providing directed evolution services using the original MolecularBreeding platform. Maxygen LLC
Maxygen
Indian-American microbiologist (1938–2020)
microbiologist, scientist, and researcher, most notable for his work in directed evolution and his role in developing a genetically engineered organism using
Ananda_Mohan_Chakrabarty
"directed evolution". This involves the creation of new viral variants or serotypes specifically directed against tumour cells via rounds of directed selection
Oncolytic_adenovirus
Species of virus
DNA processes, and the virus has also been used for phage display, directed evolution, nanostructures and nanotechnology applications. The phage coat is
M13_bacteriophage
Series of diesel locomotive models
in 2005. The line is the direct successor to the GE Dash 9 Series. The first pre-production units were built in 2003. Evolution Series locomotives are equipped
GE_Evolution_Series
Origin and diversification of primates through geologic time
Human Evolution. 59 (2010): 567–573. Bibcode:2010JHumE..59..567W. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.003. PMID 20188396 – via Elsevier Science Direct. Nekaris
Evolution_of_primates
Finnish technology prize
engineer Frances Arnold wins 2016 Millennium Technology Prize for 'directed evolution' revolution"" (Press release). Archived from the original on 30 May
Millennium_Technology_Prize
Islamic views on evolution are diverse, ranging from theistic evolution to Old Earth creationism. Some Muslims around the world believe "humans and other
Islamic_views_on_evolution
Biological technique to evolve proteins using bacteriophages
diversify the selected protein library, with potential for conducting directed evolution experiments with multiple rounds of selection and diversification
Phage_display
American molecular biologist, biochemist, and organic chemist (born 1973)
rapid evolution of useful proteins. The lab has used PACE and its directed evolution efforts to generate new genome editing tools that allow for expanded
David_R._Liu
Practical application of biological evolution
design by directed evolution". Annu Rev Biophys. 37: 153–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125832. PMID 18573077. Maher B. (2009). "Evolution: Biology's
Applications_of_evolution
American biologist
Jacob C.; Esvelt, Kevin M. (April 2011). "A system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules". Nature. 472 (7344): 499–503. Bibcode:2011Natur.472
Kevin_M._Esvelt
Japanese animated film
Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution is a 2019 Japanese animated fantasy film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and Motonori Sakakibara. It is the twenty-second
Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution
Pokémon:_Mewtwo_Strikes_Back_–_Evolution
2015 film
Evolution (French: Évolution) is a 2015 French science fiction horror-thriller film directed by Lucile Hadžihalilović. It was shown in the Vanguard section
Evolution_(2015_film)
Use of laboratory and field experiments to explore evolutionary dynamics
Experimental evolution is the use of laboratory experiments or controlled field manipulations to explore evolutionary dynamics. Evolution may be observed
Experimental_evolution
Motor vehicle
engineers before the marque's acquisition by Fiat in 1969. The 2000 was a direct evolution of the Flavia, which it replaced. The 2000 saloon kept the central
Lancia_2000
Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Frances H. Arnold "for the directed evolution of enzymes", who elegantly evolved artificial metalloenzymes to realize
Artificial_metalloenzyme
German zoologist (1843–1898)
German zoologist. He was a popularizer of orthogenesis, a form of directed evolution through mutations that made use of Lamarckian principles. Eimer was
Theodor_Eimer
007. PMID 17055094. Ghadessy FJ, Ong JL, Holliger P (April 2001). "Directed evolution of polymerase function by compartmentalized self-replication". Proceedings
In_vitro_compartmentalization
Enzyme which generates DNA
aforementioned low fidelity. In 2016, scientists successfully used directed evolution to modify the proofreading Tko DNA polymerase into what they call
Reverse_transcriptase
particular organism. Genetic engineering Oncomouse Saturated mutagenesis Directed evolution Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (June 2014). "Development and applications
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)
Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
Telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals
Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO, EVDO, etc.) is a telecommunications standard for the Wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for
Evolution-Data_Optimized
Laboratory technique
TurboID is a biotin ligase engineered via yeast surface display directed evolution. TurboID, an enhanced variant of BioID, enables ~10 minute labeling
Proximity_labeling
Ability of a substance to resist changes in structure under high temperatures
thermostability of proteins. A number of site-directed and random mutagenesis techniques, in addition to directed evolution, have been used to increase the thermostability
Thermostability
Nepali chemist
(2008). Parajuli, N., Williams, G.J. “A high-throughput screen for directed evolution of aminocoumarin amide synthetases.” Analytical Biochemistry, 419
Niranjan_Parajuli
American chemist
Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology. His research focuses on directed evolution, metabolic engineering, bioinformatics and high throughput technologies
Huimin_Zhao
Physical simulation to visualize graphs
force-directed algorithms, being physical simulations, usually require no special knowledge about graph theory such as planarity. Force-directed graph
Force-directed_graph_drawing
Set of genes all related by point mutations that have equivalent function or fitness
L; Kast, P; van Gunsteren, WF; Marlière, P; Hilvert, D (2013). "Directed evolution of a model primordial enzyme provides insights into the development
Neutral_network_(evolution)
Philosophical movement
naturally human. In such a phase, natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or directed evolution. Some theorists such as Ray Kurzweil
Transhumanism
2001 science fiction comedy film by Ivan Reitman
Evolution is a 2001 American science fiction comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman and written by David Diamond and David Weissman, based on a story by
Evolution_(2001_film)
American pharmacologist and academic
through directed evolution in animal cells, developing receptors activated solely by a synthetic ligand (DREADDs), a chemogenetic platform used to direct selective
Bryan_Roth
Use of natural catalysts to perform chemical transformations
development of protein engineering, specifically site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution, enzymes can be modified to enable non-natural reactivity
Biocatalysis
Dutch scientist and entrepreneur (1957–2013)
Charles Stark Draper Prize in 2011 for the pioneering contributions to directed evolution which won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018. He was elected as
Willem_P._C._Stemmer
German chemist and protein engineer (born 1969)
Institute for Interactive Materials in Aachen. He specializes in directed evolution of proteins for material science applications and on the development
Ulrich_Schwaneberg
The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have proceeded in modern day Pakistan during the Eocene epoch (56–34 mya), the second epoch of the Paleogene
Evolution_of_cetaceans
2004 film by Lav Diaz
Evolution of a Filipino Family (Tagalog: Ebolusyon ng Isang Pamilyang Pilipino) is a Filipino film co-produced, edited, written and directed by Lav Diaz
Evolution of a Filipino Family
Evolution_of_a_Filipino_Family
Liberal use of reprogenetics in human enhancement
who do not want or cannot afford genetic enhancements. Biohappiness Directed evolution (transhumanism) Gattaca Mendelian inheritance Eugenics in France Goering
New_eugenics
Electronic sound synthesis method
more similar to the aforementioned phase modulation, rather than a direct evolution of phase distortion; see below. Casio's implementation of PD used oscillators
Phase_distortion_synthesis
Australian scientist and businessman
blood cells. He subsequently led biotechnology companies working in directed evolution, industrial biotechnology, biosimilar medicines and immuno-oncology
Russell_J._Howard
Animals without a vertebral column
and vertebrates were closer than invertebrates were. Although goal-directed evolution has been abandoned, the distinction of invertebrates and vertebrates
Invertebrate
2021 film
Evolution (Hungarian: Evolúció) is a 2021 Hungarian drama film directed by Kornél Mundruczó and written by Kata Wéber. Loosely based on Wéber's family
Evolution_(2021_film)
Aspect of molecular biology
be transformed after any diversification step. This allows facile directed evolution of binding proteins over several generations. A prerequisite for the
Ribosome_display
American protein engineering company
Molecular Assemblies to engineer enzymes for DNA synthesis. Codexis uses directed evolution to develop its enzymes. Using this method, scientists genetically
Codexis
Plasmid in bacteria
each other because they do not overly interfere with each other. Directed evolution has been used to generate even more incompatibility groups. Hershfield
ColE1
Process which formed the domestic dog
Schleidt, W. (2003). "Co-evolution of humans and canids: An alternative view of dog domestication: Homo homini lupus?" (PDF). Evolution and Cognition. 9 (1):
Domestication_of_the_dog
American biochemist and synthetic biologist
molecules that bind specific targets. His laboratory's research spans directed evolution, nucleic acid engineering, and synthetic biology, including the development
Andrew_D._Ellington
American superhero animated television series
X-Men: Evolution is an American animated television series based on the superhero comic book series X-Men published by Marvel Comics. Taking inspiration
X-Men:_Evolution
The evolution of the horse, a mammal of the family Equidae, occurred over a geologic time scale of 50 million years, transforming the small, dog-sized
Evolution_of_the_horse
Family of mammals
Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 1. Comstock Publishing Associates: Ithaca. Perini, F. A.; Russo, C. A. M.; Schrago, C. G. (2010). "The evolution of South American
Canidae
Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
Gaillon L, Kast P, van Gunsteren WF, Marlière P, Hilvert D (2013). "Directed evolution of a model primordial enzyme provides insights into the development
Robustness_(evolution)
2005 American police procedural drama television series
February 19, 2020; however, it was revived and re-titled Criminal Minds: Evolution for its sixteenth season, which premiered on Paramount+ in November 2022
Criminal_Minds
The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens, throughout the history
Timeline_of_human_evolution
German chemist (1943–2026)
Institute for Coal Research from 1991 until 2011. His research focused on directed evolution, enzymes in organic chemistry, and stereoselective biocatalysis. Reetz
Manfred_T._Reetz
amino acid (usually alanine or glycine). More modern approaches use directed evolution to screen for amino acid substitutions that enhance glycosynthase
Glycosynthase
Attempt to explain evolution by forces other than natural selection
described in the 20th century's modern synthesis. It proposes instead that evolution is guided differently, by physical forces which shape the development
Structuralism_(biology)
Evolutionary theory of social change
Cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of social change. It follows from the definition of culture as the "information capable of affecting individuals'
Cultural_evolution
Capacity of a system for adaptive evolution
Evolvability is defined as the capacity of a system for adaptive evolution. Evolvability is the ability of a population of organisms to not merely generate
Evolvability
Technique in chemical biology
calculated variations on a known structure, and usually complements directed evolution. As an example, rational design is used to decipher collagen stability
Rational_design
Television series, 2001–2002
series. It is a continuation of the 2001 Ivan Reitman-directed science fiction comedy film Evolution. The series aired on Fox Kids in the United States,
Alienators: Evolution Continues
Alienators:_Evolution_Continues
Chemical compound
Anabaena sphaerica (strain PCC 7120). The other group reported a directed evolution approach, whereby engineered heme protein was expressed in E. coli
Bicyclobutane
Protein fold
has been experimentally validated using rational protein design and directed evolution. Höcker et al. first fused two C-terminal halves of HisF, yielding
TIM_barrel
Religious rejection of evolution
Recurring cultural, political, and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
Truck chassis manufactured by Mack Trucks
Introduced in 2015 it remains in production in 2020. The LR is a direct evolution of the 1994 model LE and the upgraded 2007 TerraPro LE. All three models
Mack_LR
Darwin – Darwinism – Darwin's finches – Richard Dawkins – directed mutagenesis – Directed evolution – directional selection – disruptive selection – Theodosius
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
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