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Game theory
Program equilibrium is a game-theoretic solution concept for a scenario in which players submit computer programs to play the game on their behalf and
Program_equilibrium
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
In game theory, a Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain more by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies
Nash_equilibrium
Concept in game theory
In this coordination game, any place and time in the city could be an equilibrium solution. Schelling asked a group of students this question and found
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Game theory concept
theory, a subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE), or subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE), is a refinement of the Nash equilibrium concept, specifically designed
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Game theory solution
In game theory, a correlated equilibrium is a solution concept that is more general than the well known Nash equilibrium. It was first discussed by mathematician
Correlated_equilibrium
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
two-player zero-sum games, the minimax solution is the same as the Nash equilibrium. In the context of zero-sum games, the minimax theorem is equivalent
Minimax
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Paradox_of_tolerance
Mathematical game
dominated strategies. There is a unique pure strategy Nash equilibrium. This equilibrium can be found by iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies
Guess_2/3_of_the_average
Economic model
Q ) = 1 − Q {\textstyle P(Q)=1-Q} . It is a static game, whereby an equilibrium is found where no firms unilaterally change their output level when the
Cournot_competition
Game theory concept
the Nash equilibrium for the game can be computed using these representations, and the BNE can be recovered from the results. A linear program can be formulated
Bayesian_game
Type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium
In signaling games, a separating equilibrium is a type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium where agents with different characteristics choose different actions
Separating_equilibrium
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
"Chicken" and "Hawk–Dove", the only symmetric Nash equilibrium is the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, where both individuals randomly chose between playing
Chicken_(game)
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
maximization and profit maximization as used in conventional general equilibrium models. Stock-flow consistent models (SFC) and agent-based models (ABM)
Bounded_rationality
Problem in process of sharing surplus
player 1 in equilibrium is 1/(1+d), while the payoff for player 2 is d/(1+d). In the limit as players become perfectly patient, the equilibrium division
Cooperative_bargaining
Conflict between safety and cooperation
mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, that is, one in which the players choose either option with some probability. This equilibrium depends on the payoffs
Stag_hunt
Hand game for two or more players
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
disappear." Can be both Nash equilibrium and knife-edge equilibrium. Known as knife-edge equilibrium because the equilibrium "rests precariously on" the
Tit_for_tat
Search algorithm
Dartmouth Workshop met Alex Bernstein of IBM, who was writing a chess program. McCarthy invented alpha–beta search and recommended it to him, but Bernstein
Alpha–beta_pruning
Two-player coordination game in game theory
favored pure strategy equilibrium). It remains unclear how expectations would form that would result in a particular equilibrium being played out. One
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Quality of a strategy in game theory
game has only one unique Nash equilibrium, referred to as a "dominant strategy equilibrium". However, that Nash equilibrium is not necessarily "efficient"
Strategic_dominance
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
the searching of game trees. It is straightforward to write a computer program to play tic-tac-toe perfectly or to enumerate the 765 essentially different
Tic-tac-toe
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
did not refer to it as such, he presented a solution that is the Nash equilibrium of the game in his Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie
Game_theory
Economic phenomenon
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Tyranny_of_small_decisions
Situation where players have only a small incentive to change strategies
epsilon-equilibrium, or near-Nash equilibrium, is a strategy profile that approximately satisfies the condition of Nash equilibrium. In a Nash equilibrium, no
Epsilon-equilibrium
it is listed here. Number of pure strategy Nash equilibria: A Nash equilibrium is a set of strategies which represents mutual best responses to the
List_of_games_in_game_theory
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
assumptions, any Pareto optimum can be obtained by some competitive equilibrium, or free market system, although it may also require a lump-sum transfer
Pareto_efficiency
Situation where total gains match total losses
minimax theorem which is closely related to linear programming duality, or with Nash equilibrium. In contrast, positive-sum or win–win games describe
Zero-sum_game
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
allow it to play perfectly after some point in the game. Computer chess programs are well known for doing this. Awari (a game of the Mancala family) The
Solved_game
Concept in game theory
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Shapley_value
Finding an optimal algorithm for playing chess
of tree searching. ... A theoretical understanding of such heuristic programming, however, is still very much wanting." Recent scientific advances have
Solving_chess
Standard example in game theory
strategy for both players. Mutual defection is the only strong Nash equilibrium in the game. Since the collectively ideal result of mutual cooperation
Prisoner's_dilemma
Solution concept in game theory
In game-theoretical terms, an ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium, being a Nash equilibrium that is also "evolutionarily stable." Thus
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Evolutionarily_stable_strategy
Decrease in severity of conflicts
in social media, ethics training, diversity training and de-escalation programs. Bell notes that police are different from average citizens. He states
De-escalation
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
Brigade. During this time he was also a member and leader in Nahal, an IDF program that combined compulsory military service with the establishment of agricultural
Amos_Tversky
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
incomplete information. While economic game theory employs utility theory and equilibrium concepts, combinatorial game theory is primarily concerned with two-player
Combinatorial_game_theory
Aspect of game theory
In game theory, self-confirming equilibrium is a generalization of Nash equilibrium for extensive form games, in which players correctly predict the moves
Self-confirming_equilibrium
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Homo_economicus
Economic model
Stackelberg who published Marktform und Gleichgewicht (Market Structure and Equilibrium) in 1934, which described the model. In game theory terms, the players
Stackelberg_competition
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
re-interpreted Nash equilibrium as an equilibrium in beliefs, rather than actions. For instance, in rock paper scissors an equilibrium in beliefs would have
Strategy_(game_theory)
Game theory scenario
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Win–win_game
Formal rule for predicting how a game will be played
game. The most commonly used solution concepts are equilibrium concepts, most famously Nash equilibrium. Many solution concepts, for many games, will result
Solution_concept
Overuse of a shared resource
organization Jevons paradox – Efficiency leads to increased demand Nash equilibrium – Solution concept of a non-cooperative game Overfishing – Removal of
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
couple want to ensure that they will stay together and not be stuck in programs that are far away from each other). The addition of couples to the hospitals/residents
Stable_matching_problem
Simple mathematical game
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Pirate_game
Game theory model of aggression
nothing in equilibrium. So, they have no incentive to bid less. This equilibrium is subgame perfect. There is also a symmetric equilibrium in mixed strategies
War_of_attrition_(game)
Simultaneous game found in game theory
and they both do better if they coordinate than if they played an off-equilibrium combination of actions. This setup can be extended to more than two strategies
Coordination_game
Cooperation between firms to limit competition
leniency program is offering immunity to the first firm who comes clean and gives the government information about collusion. These programs are designed
Collusion
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
pursuits: the analysis of complex correlational structures and FORTRAN programming". Kahneman received a bachelor's degree in psychology and mathematics
Daniel_Kahneman
Concept in game theory
incentive-compatibility (BNIC). This means there is a Bayesian Nash equilibrium in which all participants reveal their true preferences. In other words
Incentive_compatibility
Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
akin to the Nash equilibrium in classical game theory, but with mathematically extended criteria. Nash equilibrium is a game equilibrium where it is not
Evolutionary_game_theory
Concept in game theory
A Markov perfect equilibrium is an equilibrium concept in game theory. It has been used in analyses of industrial organization, macroeconomics, and political
Markov_perfect_equilibrium
Hand game for two players or more
scissors programming contests, many strong algorithms have emerged. For example, Iocaine Powder, which won the First International RoShamBo Programming Competition
Rock_paper_scissors
Game in economic experiments
case where the proposer can choose from many different splits. A Nash equilibrium is a set of strategies (one for the proposer and one for the responder
Ultimatum_game
Condition in economics and game theory
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Perfect_information
Academic discipline
choosing to betray each other is still an equilibrium, however, there can also exist multiple Nash equilibriums that vary based on the entanglement of the
Quantum_game_theory
Economic model of competition
adjusting price level to sell that quantity. The outcome of the model equilibrium involved firms pricing above marginal cost; hence, the competitive price
Bertrand_competition
Process of reasoning backwards in sequence
extensive-form representation of a game. In order to solve for a subgame perfect equilibrium with backwards induction, the game should be written out in extensive
Backward_induction
Solution concept in game theory
Equilibrium (PBE) is a solution with Bayesian probability to a turn-based game with incomplete information. More specifically, it is an equilibrium concept
Perfect_Bayesian_equilibrium
Experimental tool
trust games. The experiments rarely end in the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of "no trust". Often, studies found that having more trust resulted in
Dictator_game
Field of economics and game theory
information), and if it is well-behaved the game has a Bayesian Nash equilibrium. At equilibrium agents choose their reports strategically as a function of type
Mechanism_design
Refinement of Nash equilibrium
Sequential equilibrium is a refinement of Nash equilibrium for extensive form games due to David M. Kreps and Robert Wilson. A sequential equilibrium specifies
Sequential_equilibrium
Concept in conflict studies
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Conflict_escalation
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
ISBN 978-0-664-21961-1. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. "Definitions: Warring party". Accessed April 2013. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. "Definitions: Peace agreement"
Conflict_resolution
Human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasing risk
meet its goals Continued funding for the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program for school children, which research showed doesn't lead to a meaningful
Escalation_of_commitment
Situation where all parties are worse off
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
No-win_situation
Concept in game theory
and actions, has a uniform equilibrium payoff, or a limiting-average equilibrium payoff, or even a liminf-average equilibrium payoff, is a challenging open
Stochastic_game
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's
John_von_Neumann
Political model of international conflict resolution
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Two-level_game_theory
Variant of Nash equilibrium in game theory
theory, trembling hand perfect equilibrium, or simply perfect equilibrium, is a type of refinement of a Nash equilibrium that was first proposed by Reinhard
Trembling hand perfect equilibrium
Trembling_hand_perfect_equilibrium
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
biological weapons programs were pursued by both countries in the first two decades of the Cold War, but the United States program was ended by president
Deterrence_theory
Notion in combinatorial game theory
game tree for chess were first estimated in Shannon, Claude (1950). "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 41 (314)
Game_complexity
Diplomatic policy of concessions
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Appeasement
Game where groups of players may enforce cooperative behaviour
convexity", in Bachem, A.; Grötschel, M.; Korte, B. (eds.), Mathematical Programming—The State of the Art, Berlin: Springer, pp. 235–257 Leyton-Brown, Kevin;
Cooperative_game_theory
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
a mixed strategy of L and M, and thus would not be played in a Nash equilibrium. For some higher values of x the game is dominance solvable. The effect
Ambiguity_aversion
Israeli-American mathematician (born 1930)
correlated equilibrium in game theory, which is a type of equilibrium in non-cooperative games that is more flexible than the classical Nash equilibrium. Furthermore
Robert_Aumann
Trigger strategy
is the cooperative profile while playing (D, D), also the unique Nash equilibrium in this game, is the punishment profile. In the grim trigger strategy
Grim_trigger
Concept in game theory
Equilibrium selection is a concept from game theory which seeks to address reasons for players of a game to select a certain equilibrium over another.
Equilibrium_selection
Trait of a player in game theory
cooperation in a Prisoner's Dilemma against a similar opponent. Program equilibrium has been proposed as a mechanistic model of superrationality. Evidential
Superrationality
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) is the study of constrained optimization problems where the constraints include variational
Mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints
Mathematical_programming_with_equilibrium_constraints
Solution concept in Game Theory
cursed equilibrium is a solution concept for static games of incomplete information. It is a generalization of the usual Bayesian Nash equilibrium, allowing
Cursed_equilibrium
Solution concept in Game Theory
correlated equilibrium is a solution concept for static games of incomplete information. It is both a generalization of the correlated equilibrium perfect-information
Bayes_correlated_equilibrium
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Winner's_curse
Solution concept in game theory
refinements of the Nash equilibrium (NE) solution concept in game theory, defined by John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten. A Nash equilibrium is considered payoff
Risk_dominance
Simple game studied in game theory
of mixed strategies and a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium. This game has no pure strategy Nash equilibrium since there is no pure strategy (heads or tails)
Matching_pennies
Solution concept in game theory
response equilibrium (QRE) is a solution concept in game theory. First introduced by Richard McKelvey and Thomas Palfrey, it provides an equilibrium notion
Quantal_response_equilibrium
Solution concept in game theory
Proper equilibrium in game theory is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium by Roger B. Myerson. Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten's notion
Proper_equilibrium
American AI researcher and writer (born 1979)
Bárász, Mihály; Christiano, Paul; Herreshoff, Marcello (2014). "Program Equilibrium in the Prisoner's Dilemma via Löb's Theorem". Multiagent Interaction
Eliezer_Yudkowsky
Poker game developed by Harold Kuhn
other player). The game has a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium; when both players play equilibrium strategies, the first player should expect to lose
Kuhn_poker
Class of games where players choose their actions sequentially
Simultaneous game Subgame perfect equilibrium Sequential auction Brocas; Carrillo; Sachdeva (2018). "The Path to Equilibrium in Sequential and Simultaneous
Sequential_game
Solution concept for non-cooperative games
perfect equilibrium implements a weak version of backward induction, and increasingly stronger versions are sequential equilibrium, perfect equilibrium, quasi-perfect
Mertens-stable_equilibrium
which payoffs are in some sort of economic equilibrium. One example of such an equilibrium is the Nash equilibrium, where each player plays a strategy such
Outcome_(game_theory)
game theory, a symmetric equilibrium is an equilibrium where all players use the same strategy (possibly mixed) in the equilibrium. In the Prisoner's Dilemma
Symmetric_equilibrium
Combinatorial game theory theorem
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Sprague–Grundy_theorem
Study of strategic decision making
the limit as N → ∞ {\displaystyle N\to \infty } of an N-player Nash equilibrium. A related concept to that of mean-field games is "mean-field-type control"
Mean-field_game_theory
Game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice
dominant strategy in the volunteer's dilemma. In a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, an increase in N players will decrease the likelihood that at least
Volunteer's_dilemma
Theorem in game theory
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Aumann's_agreement_theorem
Resource distribution game
algorithm for characterizing all the Nash equilibrium strategies, includes previously unidentified Nash equilibrium strategies as well as helps identify what
Blotto_game
Two-player extensive form game
also called a centipede game. The unique subgame perfect equilibrium (and every Nash equilibrium) of these games results in the first player taking the
Centipede_game
Zero-sum game where competitions between strategies contain a cycle
equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable
Intransitive_game
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Start
Boy/Male
Tamil
Start
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Way; Program; Road; Path
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Prowess
Boy/Male
Tamil
Yogram | யோகà¯à®°à®¾à®®
Yogram | யோகà¯à®°à®¾à®®
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Cambridgeshire)
English (mainly Cambridgeshire) : variant of Pilgrim.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : variant spelling of Pilgrim.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Way. Program.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Highest Point; Summit
Boy/Male
Arabic
Way; Program
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Brave as the Lord
Girl/Female
Indian, Kannada
Star
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Pakistani
Perfume
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Companion of Prophet (S.A.W)
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Old High German Sigmund, ŽIGA means "victory-protection."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Yanaikkum Kuzhakan | யாநைகà¯à®•à¯à®® கà¯à®œà¯à®¹à®¾à®•à®¨
Lord Murugan
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from Middle English raven, used as a nickname for a thievish or dark-haired person. In some cases it may be from a personal name derived from this word, a survival into Middle English of the Old Norse byname Hrafn or of an Old English cognate name (Hræfn). A few early forms such as William atte Raven (London 1344) suggest that it may also in part be derived from a house sign.North German : from Middle Low German rave(n) ‘raven’, a nickname or an old personal name. Compare 1 above.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Peace
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Loveable
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Beautiful; Glorious
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
PROGRAM EQUILIBRIUM
n.
A printed programme of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors.
n.
A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair, or of coarse silk.
n.
See Programme.
pl.
of Equilibrium
n.
A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.
n.
Alt. of Grogran
v. t.
A list of candidates, prepared for nomination or for election; a list of candidates, or a programme of action, devised beforehand.
n.
Any law, which, after it had passed the Athenian senate, was fixed on a tablet for public inspection previously to its being proposed to the general assembly of the people.
n.
Same as Trigraph.
pl.
of Programma
n.
An image of external objects fixed on the retina by the photochemical action of light on the visual purple. See Optography.
n.
Anything that is scattered abroad in great numbers as a theatrical programme, an advertising leaf, etc.
n.
A level position; a just poise or balance in respect to an object, so that it remains firm; equipoise; as, to preserve the equilibrium of the body.
n.
A pun.
n.
Same as Programme.
n.
An edict published for public information; an official bulletin; a public proclamation.
n.
That which is written or printed as a public notice or advertisement; a scheme; a prospectus; especially, a brief outline or explanation of the order to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in any public exercise, performance, or entertainment; a preliminary sketch.
n.
The production of an optogram on the retina by the photochemical action of light on the visual purple; the fixation of an image in the eye. The object so photographed shows white on a purple or red background. See Visual purple, under Visual.
n.
See Muscle curve, under Muscle.
n.
A preface.